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PLUTARCH'S LIVES

PLUTARCH'S
LIVES

WITH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION BY
BERNADOTTE PERRIN

IN ELEVEN VOLUMES
X

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, TIBERIUS

AND CAIUS GRACCHUS
PHILOPOEMEN AND FLAMININUS

CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS

HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS

LONDON

WILLIAM HEINEMANN LTD

MCMLIX

First Printed 1921
Reprinted 1950, 1959

Printed in Great Britain

PREFATORY NOTE

As in the preceding volumes of this series, agree-
ment between the Sintenis (Teubner, 1873-1875)
and Bekker (Tauchnitz, 1855-1857) editions of the
Parallel Lives has been taken as a basis for the text
Any preference of one to the other, and any im-
portant deviation from both, have been indicated.
An abridged account of the manuscripts of Plutarch
may be found in the Introduction to the first volume.
No attempt has been made to furnish either a
diplomatic text or a fall critical apparatus. For
these, the reader must be referred to the major edition
of Sintenis (Leipzig, 1839-1846) or to the new text
of the Lives by Lindskog and Ziegler (Teubner). In
the present edition, the reading which follows the
colon in the brief critical notes is that of the Teubner
Sintenis, and also, unless stated in the note, that of
the Tauchnitz Bekker.

In May, 1920, Professor Perrin put the finishing
touches upon the eleventh and last volume of this
series of the Lives of Plutarch for the " Loeb Clas-
sical Library," a task which he had undertaken nine
years before. On August 31, 1920, he died after a
brief illness, having nearly completed his seventy-
third year. During the nine years, of which he

PREFATORY NOTE

devoted the leisure hours to the translation of his
favourite author, the very magnitude of the task,
and the inspiration of the hope that he might leave
behind him a version of the Lives that would make
the famous men of ancient Greece and Rome, so
wonderfully depicted by the great biographer, as
familiar to the next generation as they were to the
youth in his own boyhood, seemed to sustain and
strengthen his powers. The wide and discriminating
experience with modern men of action which the
translator possessed, combined with the classical
historian's special knowledge of the times which he
was called upon to interpret after Plutarch, an
author whom he had studied with sympathetic in-
terest for many year?, gave Professor Perrin peculiar
qualifications for the task ; and the English-speaking
world already knows with what eminent success he
achieved it.

The American Editor, who had been called in
constant consultation by Professor Perrin during the
progress of the work, has by the wish of his family
undertaken to see the present and final volume
through the press. Volume XI, which will contain
an extensive General Index, will, it is hoped, be
published in 1922.

THE EDITORS,

VI

CONTENTS

PAGE

PREFATORY NOTE V

ORDER OF THE PARALLEL LIVES IN THIS EDITION . . . viii

TRADITIONAL ORDER OF THE PARALLEL LIVES ix

AGIS AND CLEOSIKNES 1

TIBERIUS AND CAIUS GRACCHUS 143

COMPARISON OF AOIS AND CLEOBIENES AND THE

GRACCHI 241

PH1LOPOEMEN 255

TITUS FLAMININUS 321

COMPARISON OF PHILOPOEMEN AND TITUS 387

DICTIONARY OF PROPER NAMES 395

VII

ORDER OF THE PARALLEL LIVES IN THIS

EDITION IN THE CHRONOLOGICAL SEQUENCE

OF THE GREEK LIVES.

VOLUME I.

(1) Theseus and Romulus.
Comparison.

(2) Lycurgus and Numa.
Comparison.

(3) Solon and Publicola.
Comparison.

VOLUME II.

(4) Themistocles and

Camillus.

(9) Aristides and Cato the

Elder.
Comparison.

(13) Cimon and Lucullus.
Comparison.

VOLUME III.

(5) Pericles and Fabius Max-

im us.
Comparison.

(14) Nicias and Crassus.
Comparison.

VOLUME IV.

(6) Alcibiades and Coriola-

nus.

Comparison.

(12) Lysander and Sulla.
Comparison.

VOLUME V.

(16) Agesilaiis and Pompey.

Comparison.

(8) Pelopidas and Marcellus.
Comparison.

VOLUME VI.
Dion and Brutus.
Comparison.
Timoleon and Aemilius

Paul us.
Comparison.

VOLUME VII.
Demosthenes and Cicero.
Comparison.
(17) Alexander and Julius
Caesar.

(22)
(7)

(20)

VOLUME VIII.
(15) Sertorius and Eumenes.

Comparison.

(18) Phocion and Cato the
Younger.

VOLUME IX.
(21) Demetrius and Antony.

Comparison.
(11) Pyrrhus and Caius Marius.

VOLUME X.

(19) Agis and Cleomenes, and
Tiberius and Caius
Gracchus.
Comparison.
(10) Philopoemen and Flam-

ininus.
Comparison.

VOLUME XI.

(24) Aratus.
(23) Artaxerxes.

(25) Galba.

(26) Otho.

vni

THE TRADITIONAL ORDER OF THE
PARALLEL LIVES.

(1) Theseus and Romulus.

(2) Lycurgus and Numa.

(3) Solon and Publicola.

(4) Themistocles and Camillua.

(5) Pericles and Fabius Maximus.

(6) Alcibiades and Coriolanus.

(7) Timoleon and Aemiliua Paulus.

(8) Pelopidas and Marcellus.

(9) Aristides and Cato the Elder.

(10) Philopoemen and Flamininus.

(11) Pyrrhus and Caius Marius.

(12) Lysander and Sulla.

(13) Cimon and Lucullus.

(14) Nicias and Crassus.

(15) Sertorius and Eumenes.

(16) Agesilaiis and Pompey.

(17) Alexander and Julius Caesar.

(18) Phocion and Cato the Younger.

(19) Agis and Cleomenes, and Tiberius and Caius

Gracchus.

(20) Demosthenes and Cicero.

(21) Demetrius and Antony.

(22) Dion and Brutus.

(23) Artaxerxes.

(24) Aratus.

(25) Galba.

(26) Otho.

AGIS AND CLEOMENES

AH2 KAI KAEOMENH2

I. OVK aroTTO)? T^e? ovSe <£avXo>$ avyKelcrOai

TTyOO? TOU? <£iXoSo£oi>? VTTOVOOVCri TOV 67TI Tft) 'l^LOVl a- 1624> P

, ft)? S?) \ajB6vTi rrjv V€(f)e\.r)v avrl T7}?r/Hyoa5
KevTavpwv ovrcos ^vo^kv^v. Kal yap
ovroi TT}? dperris wcnrep el8a)\w Tivl
crvvovres, ovSev €L\lKpiV€S ov&
aXXa voBa KOU ^LKTCL iro\\a TrpaTTOvcriv, aXXore
aA,X,a? (fropas fyepofjievoi, £/;Xo£? KOL Trdtfecnv eVa-
o-rrep ol So^o/cXeou? /9oT/}/}6? eVl
\eyovcriv

yap

' dvdyfcr) Kal aictiTrwvTWV K\veiv.

2 oirep d\r}0a)<{ ol Tfyoo? €7ri0v/jiias o^XaM' Aral

7ro\iTev6/jL€voi Trdcr^ova'L, SofXeiWre? Aral aA;o-
\ov8ovi>T€$ r(va Sq^aycoyol Kal cip^ovre^ ovofjid-
KaOdfrep yap ol Trpcopels rd e^TTpoaOev
TMV KV/SepvijTcov dtyopwcrL TT^O? e'/cet-
vov<$ Kal TO TTpocrTacrcroiJievov VTT* eKeivwv Troiovaiv,
01 7TO\LTevop.evoi Kal vrpo? &6t;av op&vres
/nev rwv 7ro\\a>v elcnv, ova^a Be dp%6v-
TCOV eyovviv.

AGIS AND CLEOMENES

AGIS

I. NOT without rhyme or reason is the supposition
of some writers that the tale about Ixion — how it
was the cloud that he embraced instead of Hera
and begat from thence the Centaurs — has an appli-
cation to lovers of glory. For such men, consorting
with glory, which we may call an image of virtue,
produce nothing that is genuine and of true lineage,
but much that is bastard and monstrous, being swept
now along one course and now along another in
their attempts to satisfy desire and passion. The
herdsmen of Sophocles say,1 in speaking of their
flocks: —

" Of these, indeed, though masters, we are yet the

slaves,

And to them we must listen even though they're
dumb."

And this, in truth, is the experience of public men
who act in conformity with the desires and impulses
of multitudes, making themselves attendants and
slaves in order that they may be called popular
leaders and rulers. For just as a ship's lookout,
who sees what lies ahead before the ship's captain
does, nevertheless turns to him for orders and does
what he ordains, so the public man whose eyes are
fixed on glory is a servant of the multitude, although
he has the name of ruler.

1 Probably in the lost " Poirnenes," or Shepherds (Nauck,
Trag. Graec. Frag.\ p. 249).

3

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

II. 'O /ue?' 'yap aTrrjKpi ftw/jievos Kal

5 /I \ J C>> 5\ rf~i ^ ' }- $ ' -\ \ "

ayavos ovo av oXo>? OO^T?? oeoiTO, TTM^V ocn]
Trdpo&ov €7rl Ta? Trpdteis Sid TOV Trio-TevearQai1
BLSoMTi' ve(p Be CTI QVTI KOL ^Lkori^w Soreoi1 CLTTO
TWV KO\.WV epycov /cal 5o|77 Tt Ka\\W7rio'aa'6ai
/cal KO/jiTrdcrai. (^vo^evai yap ev TO?? TT)~\.IXOVTOI<;
al dpeToi Kal (3d\acrTVOVG'ai TO re Karopdovfj-evov,
W9 (^r]ai @eo</>pacrT09, €K/3e/3aiovvTai
KOL TO \oi7rbv au^ovTai jj.era
2 pojuevai. TO Se c^ya^ Travra^ov

roXtTt/cat? <fci\oTifjLiai<; o\e9piov
et? fJiavLav KOI irapa^pocrvv^v vjraiOpov

orav j,r TO

elvai 6k

TO evBo^oi* elvai. orrep 2 ovv tycoKiatv Trpbs 'Avri-

Trarpov d^iovvrd TL Trap avrov rwv /u,r)

" Ov Bvvao~ai," eljrev, " a^ua KCLI

^pr]<j6ai Kal KO\aK(," TOVTO \eKretv rj O/JLOIGV TL

3 TOVTCO 7T/)0? TOU? TTO/VXoU?" " Ov $Vl>a(T0€ TOP

Kal dp^oi'ra Kal dicoXovOov" errel
ye Kal OVTMS TO TOV BpaKovros, ov
6 }jLV0o$ Trjv ovpav Ty Ke(fia\ij VTaa'idarao'av

rjyelcrBai. jrapd /zepo? Kal /JL^ %ia iravTOS 796
a,KO\ov6elv eKei-vy, \aftovcrav $e
avT^v Te «a/rw? drraXXaTTeiv dvoia
Kal Tr/v Ke^aX^v KaTa^aiveiv, TU0Xot? Kal
[jLepeaiv dvayKa^o/Aevrjv irapa $wfiv eTrecrOat.

4 TOVTO TTOXXOU? TWV 77/30? XaPiV «7r^z/'7"a 7T67roXiT6f-

/j.eva)v opcojuev TrenrovOoTas' e^apT^cravTe^ yap

1 Sta TOV TT., Coraes, Bekker, and Ziegler, after Bryan :

& TOV IT.

2 girep Blass and Ziegler (with Se p.m.) : &ffirtp.

4

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, n. 1-4

II. The man, indeed, whose goodness is complete
and perfect will have no need at all of glory, except so
far as glory gives him access to achievement by reason
of the confidence men have in him ; but a man who
is still young and is fond of honours may be allowed
t-3 plume and exalt himself somewhat even upon
glory, provided that glory is the outcome of noble
deeds. For the virtues, which are incipient and
budding in the young, are confirmed in their proper
development, as Theophrastus says, by the praises of
men, and complete their growth under the incentive
of pride. But excess is everywhere harmful, and in
the case of men who cherish political ambitions, it is
deadly ; for it sweeps them away into manifest folly
and madness as they grasp after great power, when
they refuse to regard what is honourable as glorious,
but consider that what is glorious is good. There-
fore, what Phocion said to Antipater, who demanded
from him some dishonourable service, " Thou canst
not have Phocion as thy friend and at the same time
thy flatterer," this, or something akin to this, must
be said to the multitude : ' ' Ye cannot have the
same man as your ruler and your slave." Since in
this case also one certainly can apply the fable of the
serpent whose tail rebelled against its head and
demanded the right to lead in turn instead of always
following ; so it took the lead, and by the folly of its
progress got itself into mischief and lacerated the
head, which was compelled, contrary to nature, to
follow a part that had neither eyes nor ears. This,
as we see, has been the experience of many of the
men whose whole political activity is directed towards
the winning of popular favour; they made them-
selves dependent on the multitude, which is borne

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

eltci) <^epo^evwv our' ava\a/3eiv

OVT €TTL(TT)](TaL TT)V

TavTa $e rj/ALV eh TTJV Trapa TWV Tro\\wv Bo
eTri}\6ev eiTrelv evvo^aacriv r)\iKrjv €%ei ^vva/jnv
e/c TCOV Tiftepiw KOI Tai'a> rot? Fpay^oi? crv/uiTre-
GQVTWV, ou? KaXkidTa fjikv vvTas, KaXkiara Be

\a/36vra<;, a,7rci)\
afjierpos, &)? (/)OyQo? aSo^ta? e/c Trpocfrdaeci)? ov/c
5 ayevvovs Tre^u/eco?. ju.6yd\r/v yap evvoiav TrpoeiXt]-
00T6? Trapa TMV 7ro\iTO)v yvxyvOrjcrav eyfcardXi-
irelv axnrep ^peo?* a^i\\&iJievoi 8' ael

ra?

/jid\\ov ej; (bv eTroKiTevovTo
rovrov TOV rpoTTOV Ldrj <pt,\OTi{iia 7T/309 re TOV
STJ/JLOV eavrovs Kal TOV S?]/j,ov TT/QO? eavrovs e/CKav-
(rawres, e\a6ov a-fydfjievoi Trpayfidrcov eV ot? ov/cer'
rjv TO eTTifieLvai Ka\6v, ala"%pov 6' rjSr) TO Trav-
craaBai.

6 TavTa fjiev ovv eiritcpiveLS auro? etc T>)?
Trapa /3d\w/j,ev Be avTols AaKcoviKov

, *Ayiv Kal KXeo ^evr/v TOU?
yap OVTOL TOV ^rjfjiov av^oines, axTTrep eKeivoi,

TTO\VV ^povov ava\a/jLj3dvovTes,

VOVTO TO?? SvvaTois fir) /3ov\o/mei>ois dtyeivai TY

arvvijdr) TT\eove%iav. «SeX0oi /j,ev ovv OVK

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, n. 4-6

about at random, and then could neither recover
themselves nor put a stop to the progress of
disorder.

These remarks upon the glory which comes from
the favour of the multitude I have been led to make
because I was reminded of its great influence by the
fortunes of Tiberius and Caius Gracchus. They
were men of most generous natures, and had a most
generous rearing,, and adopted most generous political
principles ; and yet they were ruined, I will not say
by an immoderate desire for glory, but rather by a
fear of losing it. And this fear had no unworthy
origin. For after they had enjoyed great kindness
from their fellow citizens, they were ashamed to
leave it unpaid, like a debt of money ; and so they
were forever striving by the excellence of their
political services to surpass the honours conferred
upon them, and were honoured all the more in
consequence of their grateful political services. In
this way, after kindling an equal ardour in themselves
towards the people and in the people towards them-
selves, they engaged in enterprises wherein, though
they knew it not, it was no longer honourable for
them to persist, and already disgraceful for them
to stop.

As to this matter, however, my reader will judge
for himself from my narrative ; and I shall compare
with the Gracchi a pair of popular leaders in Sparta,
Agis and Cleomenes the kings. For these also tried
to exalt the people, just as the Gracchi did, and tried
to restore an honourable and just civil polity which
had lapsed for a long time ; and like the Gracchi they
incurred the hatred of the nobles, who were unwilling
to relax their wonted greed. It is true that the

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

d\\)]\a)i> OL AaKwves, (rwyyevovs Be Kal a

III. 'E-Trel Trapeio-eBu TrpwTOV e/9 TJ]V TTO\LV
dpyvpov Kal %pv(rov £V}Xo9, real (TwrjKoXovOjjcre TOV
TT\OVTOV Trj /ji€V KTijcrei, 7r\eovet;la real /Ji/cpo\oyia
TTJ Se xpijcrei Kal cnroX^avaei T/3f</>?; KOI paXa/cia
KoL I7ro\vre\€ia, TMV 7r\€icrT(ov e^eTreaev 1} ^TrdpTY)
Ka\wv, Kal Taireiva TrpdrTovo-a Trap1 d^iav Stere-

\€t jiei TWV QVwv eiceivwv ev ot?

e/3acri\€vov,

iSa irals, e/cro? CLTTO 'Ayrja-iXdov TOV
Sia/3dvTO$ et? rrjv 'Aaiav Kal fjieyHrrov '
&vvr)9evTO<$' r)V jap 'A>yr}cri\dov fie
6 Trepl MavBvpiov rr}? 'IraXta? VTTO
d7ro9avo)v, 'Ap%iSdjnov Be Trpeafivrtpos fJiev u/o?
**A<yis, EuSayttt^a? Be vewrepos, 09, "A<yi8os VTTO
'AvriTrdrpov Trepl ^AeydX^v TTO^LV dvaipeOevros
dreKvov, rrjv ftacn\eiav e'cr^e, TOVTOV Be 'Ap^t-
Sa^u-o?, 'ApxiBd/jiov Be ere/Jo? QvBa/jLiBas, l^vBafjiuBa

3 Be ' Ayis, Trepl ov rdBe yeypaTTTar AecoviBa? Be
6 KXeayi'Vfjiov T>}? jJiev erepas ot'/aa? r)V 'AyidBrjs,
07^00? Be CLTTO YLavcraviov TOV vLK^aavio^ ev
riXaTamt? f^d^r] MapBoviov. TIavcravias yap
viov eo")(€ nXeiCTTco^a/cra, TlXeLcrrwpa^ Be nau-
craviaVi ov (frvyovros el$ rYeyeav eK AaKeBai/^ovos
o re Trpeo-jSvrepos f/o? 'A 77/0-^770X^9 efiacriXevcre
Kal TOVTOV TeXeuT?;cra(>'TO9 aTeKvov KXeoya/9/90TO9

4 o vea)T€pos. €K Be KXeo//-/3poToi' rrdXiv aXXo9

OVTC rjp^e TTO\VV ypovov ovre TralBas ec
\L\eojjLevi]*; Be /3acriXeucra9 yLtera 'Ayrjo-iTro'kiv TOV

8

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, n. 6.-m. 4

Spartans were not brothers ; still, they adopted
political courses which were kindred and brother to
one another. The occasion was as follows.

III. When once the love of silver and gold had
crept into the city, closely followed by greed and par-
simony in the acquisition of wealth and by luxury,
effeminacy, and extravagance in the use and enjoy-
ment of it, Sparta fell away from most of her noble
traits, and continued in a low estate that was unworthy
of her down to the times when Agis and Leonidas
were kings. Agis was of the Eurypontid royal house,
a son of Eudamidas, and the sixth in descent from
the Agesilaiis who crossed into Asia and became the
most powerful Greek of his time. For Agesilaiis had
a son Archidamus, who was slain by the Messapians
at Mandurium in Italy T ; Archidamus had an elder
son Agis, and a younger son Eudamidas, who, after
Agis was slain by Antipater at Megalopolis 2 leaving
no issue, became king ; Eudamidas was succeeded
by Archidamus, Archidamus by another Eudamidas,
and Eudamidas by Agis,3 the subject of this Life.
Leonidas, on the other hand, the son of Cleonymus,
was of the other royal house, the Agiad, and was
eighth in descent from the Pausanias who defeated
Mardonius at Plataea. For Pausanias had a son
Pleistoanax, and Pleistoanax a son Pausanias, upon
whose exile and flight from Sparta to Tegea4 his
elder son Agesipolis became king ; Agesipolis, dying
without issue, was succeeded by a younger brother
Cleombrotus, and Cleombrotus, in turn, had two
sons, Agesipolis and Cleomenes, of whom Agesipolis
reigned only a short time and left no sons, while
Cleomenes, who became king after him, lived to

1 In 338 B.C. 2 In 330 B.C. 8 In 244 B.C.
4 In 395 B.C. See the Lysander, xxx. 1.

9

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

jrpecrftvTepov rwv viwv 'A/cporarov en
d\6, veutrepov 8e KXeoavvfjLOV Kare\i7rev, o?
ov/c e/3a<TL\ev(T6V, aXX' "Apevs vioovbs wv KXeo-
, 'A/cpordrov S' woV "A/jew? 8e

aireOave Se /cat OL»TO?

7ro\iv VTTO 'AptcrToSijfjiov rov Tvpdv-
vov, Kara\LTT(i)v eyicvfjiova rrjv yvvalrca. Tra
Be appevo? ^evo^vov Aea)i^8a? 6 KXecovuyLtou

ecr^ev, elra irplv ev ?}7u/aa yeveadat
, our&)9 et? avrov 77 (BacriKela Trepi-
rf\9ev ou irdw rot? TroXtrat? evap/jioa'TOV bvra.
6 KaiTrep yap eyK6K\iKoro)v 77877 TT} Siafydopa TOV
7ro\iT€v^iaro<; 6yL6<xXco? cnrdvTwv, rjv rt? eV T&>
TWV Trarpcowv eVi^a^? e/c^atTTycrt?, are
rj\ivBrjfjL6Vti) Trokvv ev auXat? a-arpaTTi-
/cat reOepaTrevKort. ^eXevicov, etra TOI^ etceWev
oyrcov eh 'RXXyvi/ca TrpdyfjLara KOI

OVK e'yUyLteXw? fjL6TCt<f)epOVTl.

IV. 'O S'^AY^? OI;T&) 7roXi> 7r

-^1^779 OL» fjiovov TOVTOV, aXXa
cLTTavras ocrot, per \Ay^ffi\aov TOV peyav
ware fJLrjBeTTQ) yeyovcos eiKOcnov ero?,
Se TrXouroi? /cal rpu^at? yvvai/cwv,
TT}? re /jir)Tpb<i 'Ayrjo-ia'T paras Kal rfjs

, at TrXetcrra ^p^yct
, TTyoo? re Ta? i)&ovd<t ev&v<?
KCU rov eTTLTTpe^rai /j,d\icrra rfj
10

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, m. 4-iv

lose his elder son Acrotatus, but left behind him
a younger son Cleonymus ; Cleonymus, however, did
not come to the throne, but Areus,1 who was a
grandson of Cleomenes and son of Acrotatus ; Areus
fell in battle at Corinth/2 and his son Acrotatus came
to the throne ; Acrotatus also was defeated and
slain at Megalopolis, by the tyrant Aristodemus,
leaving his wife with child ; and after she had given
birth to a son. Leonidas the son of Cleonymus was
made the child's guardian. But the young king
died before reaching manhood, and the kingship
therefore devolved upon Leonidas,8 who was al-
together unacceptable to the people. For although
the destruction of the constitution had alreadv led

•/

to a general decline in manners, there was in Leoni-
das a very marked departure from the traditions of
his country, since for a long time he had frequented
oriental courts and had been a servile follower of
Seleucus, and now sought to transfer the pride and
pomp which prevailed abroad into Hellenic relations
and a constitutional government, where they were
out of place.

IV. Agis, on the contrary, far surpassed in native
excellence and in loftiness of spirit not only Leonidas,
but almost all the kings who had followed the great
Agesilaiis. Therefore, even before he had reached
his twentieth year, and although he had been reared
amid the wealth and luxury of women, namely, his
mother Agesistrata and his grandmother Archidamia
(who were the richest people in Sparta), he at once
set his face against pleasures. He put away from
his person the adornments which were thought to

1 See the Pyrrhus, xxvi. 8 if.

* In 265 B.C., in battle with Antigonus Gonatas.

8 About 256 B.C.

II

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

s wpaifffjiov BoKovvTa TrepHTTraaas TOV
, teal Traaav eVSu? Kal Bia^vywv 7ro\vre-
\eiav, eyKa\\a)7Ti^€crdai, rco TpifScoviw, Kal Beljrva
Kal \ovTpd Kal BiaiTas AaKcovi/ca? ^Telv, KOI
\eyeiv &)? ovSev Securo T>)? /3acri\,€ias, el
avrrjv avd\r)"fyoiTO TOU? vop.ov<; KOI rrjv

V. 'Ap%r)v f.i€v ovv Bia<f)0opas Kal TOV vocrelv

Ta Trpdyfjiara rwv AaKeSai/jiOViwv
ov rrjv * KOqvai&v KaToXvcravTes
Xpvcriov re /cal dpyvpuov KareTT^rjcrav eavrov?.
ov (Jirjv aXXa /cal TWV O'LKWV ov o Av/covpyos wpicre
dpi& JJLOV €V rat? £iaSo^at?, /cal
TratSl TOV K\r)pov avroXetTro^TO?, a/ia)9 76
TTCO? TI TCL^LS avTr] ital laoTr)? 8ia/j,evov(ra TTJV
'TToX.iv €/c TU>V a\\wv avefyepev ap.apTrj^dTwv.

2 etpopevcras Be Ti? dvrjp &vvaTQ$, avQdo'rjs Se Kal
^aXeTro? TOV TpoTTOv, EtTriTaSevs ovo/ia, TT^OO? TOV
vlov avTU) yevo/nevtis Sia^Oyoa? piJTpav
e^elvai TOV O!KOV avTOv Kal TOV K\rjpov
edeXoi Kal £wvTa Bovvai Kal KaTa\i7relv

3 fjievov. OUTO? /JLCV ovv avTOv TLva Ovfjiov diro-

iStov £.lcn]ve<yK€ TOV VO/JLOV ol Be aXXot
eveKa Be^d/jievoi Kal KvpwcravTes aTrco-
Xecra/; TTJV dpLaTrjv KaTaGTacriv. HKTWVTO yap
d(j)eiBw$ jjBr) TrapayffovvTes ol BvvaTol TOL/? Trpocrij-
Kovras GK TWV BiaBo^wv Kal Ta%v TT}?
et? 6\i<yovs wppveicrris irevia TIJV TTO\LV
acr^o\iav TWV Ka\wv Kal dve\ev6epiav e

12

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, iv.-v. 3

befit the grace of his figure, laid aside and avoided
every extravagance, prided himself on his short
Spartan cloak, observed sedulously the Spartan
customs in his meals and baths and general ways
of living, and declared that he did not want the
royal power at all unless by means of it he could
restore the ancient laws and discipline.

V. And here I may say that the Lacedaemonian
state began to suffer distemper and corruption soon
after its subversion of the Athenian supremacy filled
it with gold and silver. However, since the number
of families instituted by Lycurgus 1 was still pre-
served in the transmission of estates, and father left
to son his inheritance, to some extent the con-
tinuance of this order and equality sustained the
state in spite of its errors in other respects. But
when a certain powerful man came to be ephor who
was headstrong and of a violent temper, Epitadeus
by name, he had a quarrel with his son, and in-
troduced a law permitting a man during his lifetime
to give his estate and allotment to any one he
wished, or in his will and testament so to leave it.
This man, then, satisfied a private grudge of his
own in introducing the law ; but his fellow citizens
welcomed the law out of greed, made it valid, and
so destroyed the most excellent of institutions. For
the men of power and influence at once began to
acquire estates without scruple, ejecting the rightful
heirs from their inheritances ; and speedily the
wealth of the state streamed into the hands of a few
men, and poverty became the general rule, bringing
in its train lack of leisure for noble pursuits and occu-
pations unworthy of freemen, along with envy and

1 See the Lycurgus, viii. f.

13

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

a <f)06vov Kal Sfcr/zeyeta? rrpos TOi/9
4 arrre\€L<^0->'ja'av ovv eTTTaKOcriajv ov TrXetot'e?
Tiarai, KCLI TOVTWV I'cra)^ eKaTOv i]<jav ol

l K\r/pov 6 5' aXXo9 6'%Xo9 aTro/909
ev rfj 7ro\€i TrapeKaOrjro, TOU? fiev
7roXe//ou? a/jyw? /cat aTrpodv/
, aet Se Tiz^a tcaipov eiriTtjp&v
fj-eracn-dcrews rcov Trapovrcov.

VI. Ata ravra Bt] KO\OV o ' \r/i$, &cr7rep r)V,
Tro/ou/ze^o? e^Lcrwcrai Kal dva7r\r)pa)aai rrjv Trokiv,
eTreipdro TU>V dv6pu>7rwv. ol fJLev ovv veoi,
Kal Trap* eXvrtSa? vm^Kovcrav avro), Kal
cravro 7T/30? ir)v dperrjv, wcnrep la&rfra rrjv Siairav
2 eV e\ev6epia crf/^yLtera/^aXXo^Te?. TWV Se irpe-
Tepwv, are Brj Troppw ciacfrdopds yeyovorcov,
rot? TrXetcrrot? axiTrep eVi Seo-Trorrjv
dyo/j.evovs €K Bpacr/jLOv BebievaL Kal rpe/j,eiv TOV
\VKovpyov, Kai Ka9r)7rrovro TOV *Afyi$os oSvpo-
fievov rd irapovra 7rpdy/j.aTa Kal TO 7ra\aiov 798

e o t/i'o? Ka a^6po/c\eta9
e Ayrja-£\ao<i aTreSe^avro Kal

3 avrov TTJV (^L\OTifjiiav> rjv Be A.vcrav$pos /j.ev ev

TWV iroKiT&v, ^lav&oKXei&as Be

7rpy/j.ara

i TO crvverov rovro Kal 8o\epbi> ToX/z?; /j,e/jiiy-
pevov e%a*v 'Ayq<ri\aov Se 6elov ovra TOV ftacn-

6

14

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, v. 3-vi. 3

hatred towards the men of property. Thus there were
left of the old Spartan families not more than seven
hundred, and of these there were perhaps a hundred
who possessed land and allotment ; while the ordin-
ary throng, without resources and without civic
rights, lived in enforced idleness, showing no zeal or
energy in warding off foreign wars, but ever watching
for some opportunity to subvert and change affairs at
home.

VI. Agis, therefore, thinking it a noble achieve-
ment, as it was, to equalize and restore to full
numbers the body of citizens, began to sound the
inclinations of people. The young men, as he found,
quickly and beyond his expectations gave ear to
him, and stripped themselves for the contest in
behalf of virtue, like him casting aside their old
ways of living as worn-out garments in order to
attain liberty. But most of the older men, since
they were now far gone in corruption, feared and
shuddered at the name of Lycurgus as if they had
run away from their master and were being led
back to him, and they upbraided Agis for bewail-
ing the present state of affairs and yearning after
the ancient dignity of Sparta. Lysander, how-
ever, the son of Libys, Mandrocleidas the son of
Ecphanes, as well as Agesilaiis, approved of the king's
aspirations and supported him in them. Lysander
was in the highest repute among the citizens, and
Mandrocleidas was the ablest Greek of his time in
setting schemes on foot, and his sagacity and craft
were mingled with daring ; Agesilaiis, who was the
king's uncle on his mother's side, and a powerful
orator, though otherwise effeminate and avaricious,
was openly urged on and encouraged by his son

IS

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

Kal TrapeOdppvvev, evSo/ayuo? eV
7ro\e/j.ois avrjp Kal /tie/a Si evvoiav TWV vewv
4 8vi'd/.iei'o<s' ->} Be aX>/$&>9 avaireicraaa TOV '
Xaoi' atria TWV Trparrofjievcov

/j.€Ta/3ci\\a)V TTJV TroXtreiay. 009 ovv
Trpocnjydyero TOVTOV o 'A7t?, evOvs eTri%€ipei ^er
avrov Ti]v firjrepa TreiOeiv, dBe\<pr)v ovcrav TOV
'Ayr](Ti\dov, rrr\if)6ei &e TreXarwv Kal (fjiXwv Kal
Xpewarcov /j.eya Svva/jievTjv ev rfj 7ro\€t Kal TroXXa
TCOV Koivaiv SiaTrpaTTO/uievriv.

VII. 'H Be aKovcracra TO /Jiev Trp&rov e^eTrXdyrj
Kal Karejrave TO /jieipaKiov co? ovre SvvarMv ovre
\vcriT€\a)v e^LejJLevov eVel Be ravra IJLCV 6
crtXao? e8L

7T/30? oav avra)
TOV 7r\oi>TOV, a)? xptj/^ao'i, fiev ov Bwdfjievos 7Tyoo9
2 TOU9 aXXou9 /3ao~/Xet9 el-KrcoG'tjvai (aarpaTrwv yap
Kal Bov\ow$ eTTLTpoTrwv

TWV ev ^Trdprrj /3acrtXe&)i/), eay Se
\iror7jrt Kal yueyaXox^-u^/a T«9

Tpv(f)ds laor^ra Kal Koivwv'iav Kara-

009

, OI/TCO
at vvaiKes vrro

TOV veavcrKOv, Ka ToaavTrj
3 (T^eOtjaav olov zTmrvoia 777309 TO Ka\ov, coo~Te TO

16

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, vi. 3-vn. 3

Hippomedon, who had won fair fame in many wars,
and had great influence because he stood in favour
with the young men. But what really induced
Agesilaiis to take part in the king's enterprise was
the multitude of his debts, of which he hoped to rid
himself by changing the constitution. As soon, then,
as Agis had won over Agesilaiis, he straightway
sought with the aid of his uncle to persuade his
mother, who was a sister of Agesilaiis, and owing to
the multitude of her retainers, friends, and debtors,
had great influence in the state and took a large
part in public affairs.

VII. When she heard her son's plea, she was at
first amazed, and tried to stop the young man from
attempting what she thought was neither possible
nor profitable ; but Agesilaiis tried to show her that
the king's project would be feasible and its accom-
plishment advantageous, and the king himself
besought his mother to contribute her wealth for the
advancement of his ambition and glory. For in the
matter of property, he said, he could not equal the
other kings (since the servants and slaves of the
satraps and overseers of Ptolemy and Seleucus had
larger possessions than all the kings of Sparta put
together) ; but if in self-restraint, simplicity, and
magnanimity he should surpass their luxury, and
thereby establish equality and community of posses-
sion among his citizens, he would win the name and
fame of a really great king. The women, lifted up by
the young man's high ambition, were so changed in
their purposes, and possessed, as it were, by so great
an inspiration to take the noble course, that they
joined in urging and hastening on the projects of

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

crvvet;op/nav Kal avvemra^vveiv,

Be rou? <ptA,ou9 irapaKakelv teal rat?
eyecrOai yvvaL^ivtare Br) rovs AaKeBai-
s KarrjKoovs 6Wa9 del rwv

yvvaiKwv, teal rr\elov etceivais TWV ^fjLoaiwv r\
ISiwv aurot? TTokvTrpayiJLOvelv BiSovra?.

&€ rore T&v Aa/cwviKtov TT\OVTWV eV rat?
l TO TrXetcrro^, Aral rovro Trjv Trpd^iv rc5

4 "AytSi Svcrepyov Kal ^aXeTrrjv eTroiycrev. avrk-
(TTrjcrav <yap ai <yvvaiK€s ov /JLOVOV rpu^r}? €KTTL-
TTTOvcrai $1 aireipoKa~\.iav ev&aifjiovi^o/jLev'tjs, aXXa
real Ti[j.r)v Kal Bvva/j-tv, r)v e/c TOU r7T\ovrr€li> €/cap-

7TOVVTO, 7replK07rTO/jL€VT]l> CLVT&V OptoGai. KCU, TTyOO?

rov A.eu)vi$av rpaTro/Jievai TrapeKti\ovv ovra jrpe-
(rfivrepov eTriXafJiBdveffOai rov "Ay^So? KOI ra

5 TrpaTTofjieva SiarcwXiieiv. ej3ov\€ro fjiev ovv 6

rot? 7rXou<rtot? fto^Oelv, Se&ia><$ Be rov
rT/9 /xera/3oXr}? ovStv avre-
\d6pa Be rrjv Trpa^iv etrjrei
/ca/covpyelv /cat Bta(f)0eLpeiv evrvy^dvwv To?9 ap-
%ovcri Kal Bia/3d\\ayv TOV *Ayiv a>? rvpawiBo?
piaQov TOi? Trevrjcn ra TWV TrXoi/crtcoi/ TrpOTeivovra,
Kal 7^9 fJ.eraB6<Tecn Kal xpewv dffreaea'i TroXXoi/9
eavro) Bopvcfropovs, ov rf)

VIII. Ov fjirfv d\\d

€(j>opov yeveaQai TOV AvaavBpov, evdvs elcre^epe
avrov pijrpav et9 rou9 yepovras, ^9
Xpewv p.ev d(f)€0r)vai roL/9 o^)€tXo^Ta9, Trj? Be 7779
dvaBaa~0€iO'r)<$ rrjv /Jiev diro rov Kara HeXXijvrjv
^apdBpov 7T/309 TO Tau76To^ Kal MaX.eai' Kal

18

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, vn. 3-vin. i

Agis, sent for their friends among the men and
invited them to help, and held conference with the
women besides, since they were well aware that the
men of Sparta were always obedient to their wives,
and allowed them to meddle in public affairs more
than they themselves were allowed to meddle in
domestic concerns.

Now, at this time the greater part of the wealth of
Sparta was in the hands of the women, and this made
the work of Agis a grievous and difficult one. For
the women were opposed to it, not only because they
would be stripped of the luxury which, in the general
lack of higher culture, made their lives seem happy,
but also because they saw that the honour and in-
fluence which they enjoyed in consequence of their
wealth would be cut off. So they had recourse to
Leonidas, and besought him, since he was an older
man, to withstand Agis and hinder what he was trying
to accomplish. Leonidas, accordingly, was desirous of
aiding the rich, but he feared the people, who were
eager for a revolution. He therefore made no open
opposition to Agis, but secretly sought to damage his
undertaking and bring it to nought by slandering
him to the chief magistrates, declaring that he was
purchasing a tyranny by offering to the poor the
property of the rich, and by distribution of land and
remission of debts was buying a large body-guard for
himself, not many citizens for Sparta.

VIII. However, Agis procured Lysander's election
as ephor, and at once employed him to introduce a
bill into the senate,1 the chief provisions of which
were that debtors should be relieved of their debts,
and that the land should be divided up, that which
lay between the water-course at Pellene and Taygetus,

1 About 243 B.C.

19

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

s irev-

2 /cal ravr^v p,ev rot? oTrXa tfcepew bwa/JLevois 799
rwv rrepioiKwv ^&pi(jQY\vait rrjv Be eVro? avrols
^rrapridraw ava7r\r)pw6rjvai Sc TOUTOU? CK re
TrepioiKwv teal %evwv, OCTOL rpo(f>ij<;
e\ev6epiov KOI

KOL Ka riKiav aK,ovres elev

TOVTWV ei? Tr€VT€KaiSeKa 'yeveaOai (f)i&L7ia Kara
TCTpaKocTLov^ teal StaKOffiovs, /cal SiaiTav rf
ol nrpo<yovoi SiairdaOai.

IX. Ypa$>ei(Tr)s &e T/}? pijrpas, /cal TWV

€i? TavTO rat9 ^vai^ ou

€KK\r)criav (rvvayayajv 6 AixravSpos auro? re
TO?? TroXtra^?, /cal Ma^8/oo«:XetSa? «al
e&eovro yu,?; St' oXtyou? evrpv<f)<0vra<i
Trepu&eiv eppi/xfjievov TO d^itofia TT}? ZTrdp-
, aXXa TCOI^ re Trporepwv %prjd JJLWV

rj

, KOL

2 'le/ooz; ^e ITacr^aa? /^at {jLavrelov rjv ev ©aXa-
/zat? TLjJLMfJLevov, r]V rives [Jbev io-ropovcri rwv Ar-
\avrL$a)v fjiiav ovcrav etc Aio? TOI^ "A/jL/acova retcelv,
Tiz/e? £e ¥ia<jdv&pav ri]V Ylpta/iov

evravOa teal Sta TO rrdcn (fraivetv rd
Hacri<f)dav rrpocrayopevdelcrav. 6 8e Oi^
'Ayu,uA:Xa Ovyarepa, &,d<$>vi~iv rovvofia, faialv VTTO-
(frevyovdav 'ATroXXaj^a (3ov\6/ji6vov avrfj fuyfjvai,,
/cal /jiera(3a\ovcrav £i? TO (frvrov, ev rijjifi rov 6eov

3 yevecrOai, teal ^avriKriv \aftelv &vva/jiiv. e^acrav

20

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, vm. i-ix. 3

Malea, and Sellasia, into forty-five hundred lots, and
that which lay outside this into fifteen thousand ;
that this larger land should be apportioned among
those of the provincials who were capable of bearing
arms, and the smaller among the genuine Spartans :
that the number of these Spartans should be filled
up from the provincials and foreigners who had
received the rearing of freemen and w^ere, besides, of
vigorous bodies and in the prime of life ; and that these
should be formed into fifteen public messes by four
hundreds and two hundreds, and should practise the
mode of life which the ancient Spartans had followed.

IX. The "rhetra" was introduced in the senate,
and the senators were divided in opinion. Lysander
therefore called together a general assembly and
discussed the matter himself with the citizens, and
Mandrocleidas and Agesilaiis begged them not to
suffer the insolent opposition of a few to blind them
to the prostration of Sparta's dignity, but to call to
mind the earlier oracles which bade them beware of
the love of riches as a fatal thing for Sparta, as well
as the oracles which had lately been brought to them
from Pasiphae.

Now there was a temple of Pasiphae at Thalamae,
and her oracle there was held in honour. Some say
that Pasiphae was one of the daughters of Atlas, and
the mother of Ammon by Zeus, and some that Cas-
sandra the daughter of Priam died at Thalamae, and
was called Pasiphae because she declared her oracles
to all. Phylarchus, however, says that she was a
daughter of Amyclas, Daphne by name, and that,
fleeing the embraces of Apollo, she was changed into
the tree of like name, after which she was honoured
by the god with the gift of prophetic power. Be

VOL. X. 21

15

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

ovv Kol ra TrapcL ravrrj^ /juavrela TrpocrrdTreiv
TO?? J^TrapTidrais f<joi><? yevecrOat, iravra^ Kad^ ov
o AvKovpyo<; e% ap^rjs era^e vojuov. eVl Tracri Be o
/3aai\ev$ Ayi$ eh /Jiecrov irape\0o)v teal

€<f>rj GV[ji(Bo\a<$ SiSovai rfj
TJV KaOicrrrjo-i,' rrjv yap avrov Trpcorov
ovcriav et? JACCTOV riOevai,, iroXXrjv jjuev ovcrav ev

rot? yewpyov/jLevois /cal v€/j,o/ji€vois, avev $f. rov-
e^afcocria rd\avra vo^icr pharos e^ovaav TO
avrb /cal ra? ^rea? Troielv Kal rovs

Kal ol/ceiovs, TrXofcr^wTttToi;? 6Vra?

X. 'O IJLGV ovv S^/zo? ej;€7r\dy)] rrjv fj,eya-

TOU veavicTKOV, Kal ireiarj^ rjv a>?

Si* erwv 6/jiov n BiaKoa-iaii'1 7T€(j)ijv6ro<; d^uov
^TrdpTris ySacriXeo)?' o Be Aew^tSa? Tore &rj fid-
Xicrra Trpo? Tovvavrlov e'^iXozW/^cre. Xoyt^o-
yuet'o? lyayo 6Vt ravrd ^ev avayKacrOi'icreTai Troielv,
ov rrjv avrrjv 8e ^dpLv e^et rrapa rot?
aXXa TTUVTCOV o/xotco? a KeKrijvrai
fjiova) TW dp^a/jievco TrpocrO^crovcrL
rjpcora rov *Ayiv el Strcaiov avSpa Kal (nrovSaiov
2 ijyeirai yeyovevai A.VKOvpyov. o/noXoyrjcravTos &*
€K€ivov, " TIov Tolvvv" €(f>rj, " A VKovpyos
aTTOKOTras eBaiKev 17 %evov<$ Karera^ev eh
iro\iTeiav, 05 ovSe oXw? evofju.^ev vyiaiveiv rrjv

'O Be *Ayi<$ (nreKpivaTo /ULTJ @av/jid%eiv TOV
Aewvi&av, el reOpa/jL/nevo^ ev %evy Kal

1 6f.'.ov n $tano<rlwv Blass (Fuhr) : 6/j.ov
22

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, ix. 3-x. 2
this as it may, it was now said that the oracles

•/ *

brought from this goddess ordained that all Spartans
should be on an equality according to the original
law made by Lycurgus. And finally, King Agis came
forward and after a brief discourse said that he offered
very large contributions to the constitutions which
he was trying to establish ; for in the first place he
put into the common stock his own estate, which
included extensive tillage and pasture, and apart from
this six hundred talents in money ; and, besides, his
mother and his grandmother did likewise, together
with their relatives and friends, and they were
the wealthiest among the Spartans.

X. The people, accordingly, were filled with
amazement at the magnanimity of the young man,
and were delighted, feeling that after a lapse of
nearly two hundred years a king had appeared who was
worthy of Sparta ; but Leonidas, now more than ever,
strove in opposition. For he reasoned that he would
be compelled to do as Agis had done, and that he
would not get the same gratitude for it among the citi-
zens, but that if all the rich alike made their property
a part of the common fund, the honour for it would
be given to him alone who had led the way. He
therefore asked Agis if he thought that Lycurgus
had shown himself a just and worthy man, and when
Agis said that he did, " When, then," said Leonidas,
" did Lycurgus either grant abolition of debts or
admit foreigners into citizenship — a man who held
that the state was in no healthy way at all if it did
not practise expulsion of foreigners ? "

But Agis replied that he was not astonished to find
Leonidas, who had been reared in foreign lands and

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

e/c y/^fov (TaTpaTU/cwv yvoet rov
Avfcovpyov, on TO //ei> o$ei\€iv /cal 8avei£etv a/xa

3 rco vo/jLicr/j-ari <rvvej;el3a\€V etc rfy TroXeo)?, rwv 8'
ev TCU<? iroKevi %evwv TOU? rot? eTTLr^Sev/^acri KCU
rat? Siairais acrv /Ji$v\ov<$ /j,a\\ov eSva^epaive'
real yap eice'ivovs ^\avvev ov rots <rco/iacrt TroXe-

, d\\a rou? y9tou? avTwv KO\ roL/9 T/DOTTOU?

(Tvvava^pwi'vvfievoi rot?
rpv(j)jj<f /cal yttaXa^ta? Aral TrXeoi/e^ta? e

eVel TepTravSpov ye fcal (8)aX??Ta /cat
rjv %evov<; ovras, OTI ra avra TO* Av-
Kovpyta &iere\ovv aSovres /cal (f)i\oao(f)OvvTes,

4 eV ^Trdprr) TifJurjOrji/at SiatyepovTa)?. " "2,v B€

[Jiev" etyrjaev, " eTraivels, o? eipopevcov

rou /jLovaiKOv crKe7rdpi>(p ra?
evvia xopScov e^ere/ie, KOL rot/? eVl
7rd\LV TO auTO TOVTO Trpd^avras, rj/JLas Be yiteyu</>7i 800
rjv teal 7ro\VT€\€tav /cal dXa^oveiav etc T/}?

dvaipovvras, wcnrep ov%l
TO eV jLOvaiK aojSapov fcal TrepiTTOv

evrav6a jir 7roeX.@r (>v\aTTojL€va)vt OTTOV

(i)v Ka rpoTToov /jLerpa Ka

eavrfj

XI. 'E/C TOUTOf TW fJL€V "Ajl&l TO 7r\?)00$ e

/co\ovOrja'6i>} ol oe 7r\ov(7iot rov re Aewvl&av
7rape/cd\ovv {JLTJ cr^>a? Trpoecrdai, /cal TOU? yepovras,
ol? TO KpaTos ?)V ev TO) TrpoftpvXeveiv,
Kal TreiOovTes icr^ua-av, ocrov evl TrXetoi'a?
2 crOat TOI;? a7ro"^r;04o-a/xeVoL'? r^v prfrpav. 6
AvcravSpos eri rrjv dp%r)V €%a)v ajp/^rjcre rov Aeco-

24

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, x. 2-xi. *

had children by an oriental marriage, ignorant that
Lycurgus had banished from the state debts and
loans along with coined money, and that foreigners
in the cities were held by him in less displeasure
than men to whom the Spartan practices and ways
of living were not congenial ; these, indeed, he
sought to drive away, not because he was hostile to
their persons, but because he feared lest their lives
and manners should contaminate the citizens, and
breed in them a love of luxury, effeminacy, and
greed ; for certainly Terpander and Thales and
Pherecydes were foreigners, and yet, because the
teachings of their songs and philosophy always ac-
corded with those of Lycurgus, they were held in
surpassing honour at Sparta. " Thou praisest
Ecprepes," said Agis, " who, as ephor, cut out with
an adze two of the nine lute-strings of Phrynis the
musician, and likewise the magistrates in the time of
Timotheus, who did the same thing in their turn, but
thou blamest me for trying to remove luxury, extra-
vagance, and ostentation from Sparta, as if those
magistrates also wrere not on the watch to prevent
the pompous and superfluous in music from making
such advances as our lives and manners have come to,
whose excess and discord has made the city dissonant
and out of tune with itself."

XI. After this, the common people took sides with
Agis, but the men of wealth entreated Leonidas not
to abandon them. And by prayers and arguments
with the senators, whose power lay in their privilege
of presenting all measures to the people, they so far
prevailed that by a single vote the proposed rhetra was
rejected. Lysander, however, who was still ephor,
set on foot an indictment of Leonidas by virtue of

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

viSav SiwKeiv Kara S?; riva vo^ov rraXatov, fa
OVK ea rbv 'HpaKXeiSijv CK yvvaifcos dX\,oSarrr)s
7€Kvovcrdai, rov &€ drreXOovra TT}? ^rrdprt]^ em

JJ,€TOlKl(T/jLM TTyOO? 6Te'/90U9 aTTo6vr)<J KGtV K€\€V6i.

ravra Kara rov AewviSa \e*/€LV erepovs SiSa^a?,
auro? 7rape(j)v\arr€ per a rwv crvvap^ovrwv TO

3 "Ecrrt Se roto^Se' St' eVcoi/ Ivvka \a(3ovre<$ ol
e(f)Opoi vvKra Ka6apav Kal aaekyvoVy criwrrf) KaOe-
fyvrai TT/OO? ovpavbv arrofiXerrovres. eav ovv
€K (jiepovs nvbs et? erepov yu,e/?o? acrrrjp

KplVOVai TOVS fS(l(TL\€l<$ CO? 7T€pl TO 0GLOV

[jiaprdvovras, Kal Kararravovcrt. TT}?

av CK AeX(/)c5i> rj 'OXf/^vrta? ^J;CT/.IO? e'X^?; Tot?

rjXwKoai rwv ySacrtXecoj' j3orj0&v.

4 TOUTO 5?) TO aij/jLeiov auru) yeyovevai \€ja)V o

KpLuw ry Aea>i>i$a TrpovOrjKe, Kal
rrapel^ev w? e'/c yvvaiKos 'Acrm^r??, r}v

avrw

Kal jjna-ovfjievo^ vrro TT)? <yvvaiKo$ errave\6oi rcapa
'yvoo/jHjv OiKaSe, Kal BiaBo^rj^ epijpov dv6\oiro TO
5 fta<Ji\eiov. dfjia Se ry SiKrj KXeo/ji/Bporov eireiQe
TT}? /Sao-^Xeta? dvrnroieicrOai, yapfipov ovra rov
AewvuSa, <y€vov<$ 8e TOI) fBacri\LKov. (po^yjOel^ ovv
6 AeamSa? Ixerrjf <yiverai Tr)? XaX/ciot/cou, Kal
(jvviKerevev 1} dvydrrjp ra> rrarpi, rbv KXeo/z-
fiporov drroXiTrovffa. KCL\OV fjiivov Se rrpbs rrjv
Bi/crjv avrov Kal prj Karafiaivovros, CKGLVOV

26

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xi. 2-5

an ancient law which forbade any descendant of
Heracles to beget children by a foreign woman, and
ordained that anyone who left Sparta to settle among
foreigners should be put to death.1 After instructing
others to spread these charges against Leonidas, he
himself, with his colleagues, proceeded to observe
the traditional sign from heaven.

This is observed as follows. Every ninth year the
ephors select a clear and moonless night, and in silent
session watch the face of the heavens. If, then, a
star shoots across the sky, they decide that their
kings have transgressed in their dealings with the

c5 ?5 c>

gods, and suspend them from their office, until an
oracle from Delphi or Olympia comes to the succour
of the kings thus found guilty.

This sign Lysander now declared had been given
him, and indicted Leonidas, and produced witnesses
showing that he was the father of two children by a
woman of Asia who had been given him to wife by
one of the lieutenants of Seleucus ; and that owing
to the woman's dislike and hatred of him he had
come back home against his own wishes, where he
had assumed the royal dignity, to which there was
then no direct successor. Besides bringing this
indictment, Lysander tried to persuade Cleombrotus
to lay claim to the royal dignity. Cleombrotus was
a son-in-law of Leonidas, and one of the royal line.
Leonidas, accordingly, took fright, and fled as a sup-
pliant to the temple of Athena of the Brazen House.
His daughter also forsook Cleombrotus and became
a suppliant with her father. When Leonidas was
summoned to his trial and did not appear, he was

1 Plutarch here merges two separate laws. Cf. the Lycur-
gus, xxvii. 3.

27

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

ro>

TrapeBcoKav.

XII. 'Ei> TOVTW Be

rov %p6vov Bi€\06vTO$. ol Be tcara-
€(j)opot, TOP fjiev AecoviBav avearr^crav
iKerevovra, ry Be AvGavBpa) Kal ra> MavBpo-
K\eiBa BiKrjv eirfpyov co? irapa rov VO^JLOV
diroKOTra^ fcal ^r\v dvaBd(Tacr0ai tyrjcjiicra

2 KivBvvevovres ovv eiceivoi Trei&ovcri TOJ)? /3a<ri\ei$
O/JLOV yevo/jievovs j^aipeiv edv rd TCOV ecfropcov /3ov-
\evfjiaTa' TOVTO <ydp TO dp-^etov layysiv e/c Bia-

crtXeo)^, TO> ra jBe\Tiova \eyovTi
Tr)V tyrifyov, OTCLV are/30? epi^rj
7T/30? TO (TVfjL<pepov' d/jL(f)Oiv Be TavTa {3ov\evo-
d\VTOV elvau rr)i> e^ovcriav, Kal
TT/OO? TOU? ftaaiX-eis, wv
SLCLITCLV Kal ftpafteveiv avTols elvat, TrpocriJKov,

3 ov^l 7To\v7rpay/jiOveiv ofJLofypovovvTWv. oirra) Bi)

Kal yttera T&V

dyopdv /cara/Sayre? dve&Trjcrav /lev 6K TWV Bi(f>po)v
TOU? e(f)6pov<;, aXXou? 8' ai/r' avTwv aTreBet^av,
el? YJV yA.yrj(Ti\ao<;. o7rXto*a^re? Be TO)V vewv
Kal Xuua^re? TOU? BeBefj,evov$ eye
rot? virevavTiois a>? TroXXou?
4 vovvres. diTeOave Be ovBels VTT avrcov, d\\d
t? Teyeav vTre^iovT
TOV 'A^crtXaou, Kal

avTov et? Tijv 6Bbv avBpas, TrvOo/jievos 6 *
28

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xi. 5-xn. 4

deposed, and Cleombrotus was made king in hia
place.1

XII. At this point, Ljsander's term expired and
he went out of office. The new board of ephors
encouraged Leonidas to leave his suppliant's asylum,
and brought an indictment against Lysander and
Mandrocleidas for violating the law in proposing an
abolition of debts and a distribution of land. Thus put
in legal peril, Lysander and Mandrocleidas persuaded
the two kings to act together and disregard the
edicts of the ephors ; for that board of magistrates,
they said, derived its power from dissension between
the two kings, by giving their vote to the king who
offered the better advice, whenever the other was at
variance with the public good ; but when the two kings
were in accord, their power was indissoluble, and it
would be unlawful for the ephors to contend against
them, although when the kings were in contention
with one another it was the privilege of the ephors
to act as arbiters between them, but not to interfere
when they were of one mind. Persuaded by these
arguments, both the kings went with their friends
into the market place, removed the ephors from their
seats, and appointed others in their stead, one of
whom was Agesilaiis.2 Then they armed a large
body of young men and set free all who were in
prison, thus striking fear into their opponents, who
thought they would put many of them to death. No
one, however, lost his life at their hands ; on the
contrary, when Agis learned that Agesilaiis had
plotted to make away with Leonidas as he was trying
to withdraw to Tegea, and had sent men to assault
him on the road, he sent out another company of

1 About 242 B.C. • See chapter vi. 3 f.

29

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

erepovs aTreareiXe TTKTTOIX;, 01 TOV Ae&viBav
7r€pi(T%6vT€S d<T(f)a\w$ et? Teyeav KaTe&Tijcrav.

XIII. OVTW Be T?}? 7r/?a^6&)9 aurot? oBta fiaBi- 801
£bu<n?9 Kal /jLTjSevos evicrra/jievov /-iT/Se BtaKO)-
\VOVTOS, el? avr}p, 'A^^crtXao?, avirpe^re iravra
Kal Si€\vp,ijvaro, Ka\\L(nov &iavorj/j.a teal A.CLKU>-
viK(OT(iTOV alcr^io-TO) voatj/Aari Trj <f)i,\o7r\ovTLa

2 £>ia<fi0eLpa<;. €7rei8rj yap eKeKTijro JAW ev rot?
/jLo\icrra 7ro\\r)V teal dyaOrjv ^oopav, wtfreiXe Be

xr;re &ia\i>crai Svvd/jLevos TO, %/oea
T)]V 'Xjoopav irpoeaOai ftovXofjievos eVeicre
a>? d/ji<porepcov /jiev a/jLa irpaTTO^ev
ecroiTO 7T€pl Tijv TTO\IV 6 veutTepicr/jLos, el Be rfj
TMV %pewv dtyecrei OepaTrevOelev ol Krr)fj,art/col
irporepov, evKO\co^ av avrayv teal icaO" ^av^iav 1

3 varepov ev&e^o/jievMV TOV dvaSacr/j,6v. ravra Be
/cat rot? Trepl AvaavBpov eBo/cei, crvve^aTraTa)-
p,evoi<$ VTTO TOV 'A^o'tXaoi', Kal ia irapa rcov
XpeoccTTwv ypafJi/JLaTela avveveyKavTes et? dyopdi',
a K\dpia KaXovcn, Kal Trdvra avvQkwres et? ev

apdeiar]^ Be (^Xoyo? ol ^Lev TT\OV-
Kal Baveia-TiKol TrepiTraOovvTes dirffkOov, 6
Be 'A7?;c7tXao9 waTrep e<pv/3pi£a)v OVK €<prj \afji-
TrpoTepov kwpaKevai <j5a>9 ouBe irvp eKeivov KaOa-
pwrepov.

4 'AgiovvTGW Be TWV 7roX\a)V Kal Trjv yriv evQv<$
vefjLeaQat, Kal TWV /3acri\ea)v ovra) iroielv K€-
\evovT(i)v, acr^oXta? Tii/a? €/A/3d\\a)V o

Xao? ael Kal Trpcxpdcreis \eya)v Traprjye

d^pi ov (TTpareia avveftr) ry "AyiBi,

1 Kal KaO* T]ffvxiav Coraes and Ziegler : icaff ^<
30

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xn. 4-xm. 4

trusted followers who took Leonidas under their
protection and brought him safely to Tegea.

XIII. Thus the enterprise of the kings was making
good progress and no one tried to oppose or hinder
them, when one man, Agesilaiis, upset and ruined
everything. He allowed a most shameful disease of
avarice to wreck a most noble and most truly Spartan
plan. For since he was an exceedingly large owner
of valuable land, but owed huge sums of money, being
unable to pay his debts and unwilling to give up his
lands, he persuaded Agis that if both his projects
should be carried through at the same time the
resulting convulsion in the state would be great; but
that if the men of property should first be won over
by a remission of their debts, they would afterwards
accept the distribution of land contentedly and
quietly. This was also the opinion of Lysander,
who was deceived in like manner by Agesilaiis. So
they caused the mortgages (the Spartans call them
" klaria," or allotment pledges) to be brought into the
market-place, heaped them altogether, and set fire to
them. As the flames rose, the men of wealth and
the lenders of money went away with heavy hearts;
but Agesilaiis, as if in mockery of them, declared
that his eyes had never seen a brighter or purer
flame than that.

And now the multitude demanded also that the
land should at once be divided, and the kings
gave orders that this should be done ; but
Agesilaiis would always interpose some obstacle or
make some excuse, and so consumed time until it
became the duty of Agis to head a military expedi-
tion, when the Achaeans, who were their allies, sent

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

€/c Aa/eeSatynoyo?. AlrwXol yap rjaav
Bia TT}? MeyapLfcfjs efj,/3a\ovvTes et? Ile-

\OTTQVVr\GOV Kal TOVTO KW\.V<JU>V "ApaTO? O TCOI>

arparrjyo^ ijdpoi^e ^vvapiv Kal rot?
eypa<pev.

XIV. Ot 8e TOV *Ayiv €v@vs e^eTre/ATrov eirrip-
TT) <^L\OTifJiia KOI irpoOvfjiia rwv avvrpa-
T€vofjL€va>v. veoi yap ovres ol 7T\elcrToi Kal
teal TI-JV pev UTTO TMV %pewv aSetav
&r) Kal \e\vfjievoi, TOL/? Se dypous e\,7Ti-
, av eTraveXOwaiv IK TT}? crrpareias,

2 Kal dea/jLa rat? iroXecriv rja-av tt/3Xa/3w9

TTyOttft)? Kal fJLOVOV OVK a^O^rjr], &ia7TOp€v6/ji€VOl TTjV

TLeXoTrovvtjcrov, ware davpd^eiv Kal &ia\oyi-
£,ea6ai TOL/? f/E\\7;^a? oiO9 rjv cipa ^ocr/io?
AaKoiviKov o-Tpareu/jLaros 'AyrjcriXaov e^o^TO? 7}
Aixrav&pov €Keivoi> rj AewvL^av TOV irakaiov

11<yOVp,€VOV, O7TOV 7T/90? (JLClpCLKLOV O\LyOV &61V

veayrarov airdvTwv aiSoos Tocravrr) Kal <£o/3o? earl

3 TWV o-varpareuofiei>a)i'.1 Kal ^kvroL Kal at»ro?
o veavlcrKQS evreXetq Kal (f>i>\oiroviq Kal rw /j/)jSei>
tSicorou \afjiTTpoTepov rujL^ieaOai Kal a)7r\i(T0ai
a€/jivvi>o/jL€vo$ a^LoOecLTOs rjv Kal £97X0)1*09 VTTO
rwv 7ro\\(t)i>' eirel rot? ye TrXoucrtoi? OVK 7Jp€(7K6i>
o vea)T6pi(T/jLo<> avrov, &€&i6cri yu-?/ KivrjfjLa Kal

eiy/jLa rot? Tra^Ta^ocre Sry/zot? yevrjrai.
XV. SfyLt/xt^a? &e ra> 'Aparw Trepl K.6ptv0ov 6
6T« (3ov\evofjiei>w Trepl yua^? /cat irapaTa-
7T/3O? TOI/<? TToXe/itou?, eVeSet^aro Acal TT/JO-
dvfuav TToXkrjv Kal ToX^iav ov fj.avixrjv ov&e

1 ffvffTpaTevo/j.fvuiv Blass :
32

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xin. 4-xv. i

for aid from Sparta. For the Aetolians were expected
to invade Peloponnesus by way of Megara ; and
Aratus, the general of the Achaeans, in an effort to
prevent this, was assembling a force and wrote a
letter to the ephors.

XIV. These at once sent out Agis, who was exalted
in spirit by the ambition and ardour of the soldiers
under him. For being young men for the most part
and poor, and having now immunity from their debts
and absolution, and expecting that they would receive
allotments of land if they returned from the expedi-
tion, their devotion to Agis was astonishing. And
they were a spectacle to the cities as they marched
through the Peloponnesus without doing any injury,
without rudeness, and almost without noise, so that
the other Greeks were amazed and asked themselves
what must have been the discipline of a Spartan army
under the command of the great Agesilaiis, or the
famous Lysander, or Leonidas of old, since towards a
stripling who was almost the youngest of the whole
army so great reverence and fear were felt by his
soldiers. And indeed the young man himself, owing
to his simplicity, his love of hardships, and the pride
he took in clothing and arming himself with no
more splendour than a common soldier, won the
admiration and devotion of the multitudes ; for to
the rich, certainly, his innovating ways were not
pleasing, owing to a fear that they might prove a
disturbing force and set a bad example among the
common people everywhere.

XV. Aratus, when Agis joined him near Corinth,
was still deliberating whether or not to meet the
enemy in open battle. Here Agis displayed great
ardour, and courage which was sane and calculating.

33

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

d\6yi(TTOV. €^>rj yap avrq> fiev Sofceiv

Kal fJLrj irapievai, TOV iro\e[jLOv etrjw, ra?
T/}<? Yle^OTTOwrjcrov Trpoejuevovs, iroi^aeiv
Be TO SOKOVV 'Apdry KOI yap Trpecr/BvTepov re
Kal tjT parity e Iv 'A^atw^, ol? ov^t, irpocr-

avrbv OVK

TJKOI, /cal /3oi]0ij<rcov.
2 fO &e ^ivtoTrevs

L <f)rjcn TOV *A<yiv 'Apdrov K€\€VOVTOS, OVK
co<; ol? "A/3aro9 yeypatye irepl TOVTWV,
s on fie\Tiov rjyeiro, TOU? Kap-

, 7rape\6elv rov? TroXe/uou? rj pd^r)
Kiv&vvevcrat, Trepl TWV o\wv.

3 'ETret 8* ouz> "A/oaro? aTreyvco fJid^jeaOaL KOI
TOVS crv/A/jsd'Xovs eiraiveaa^ &ia(f)f}Ke, OavfiaaOels
o TA7i9 dve^evyvvev, ijSr] TWV evbov ev ^Trdprrj 802
66pv/3ov TTO\VV G^OVTWV Kal [JLeTaj3o\r)v.

XVI. O yap 'Ayr)(Ti\ao$ €<popeva)v} d7rij\\ay-
fjievos 049 TaTreivos rjv irpoTepov, ovSevos e^ei
<f>epovro<; dpyvpiov dSiKrj/naro^, d\\d ^

, OVK ajraiTovari^ rore rr)s TrepioSov,

Trapa

TOt9 reXecrt Kal irapeirpaTre. SeSiax; Be TOU?
Kal fjnaov^evo^ VTTO Trdvrwv erpecfre

Kal ^v\arTOfjL€Vo^ VITO TOVTWV
2 Kareftaivev et9 TO dp^elov. Kal TWV fBacri\€wv
TOV fj.ev 6Xa>5 KaTafypovelv, TOV Se

34

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xv. i-xvi. 2

For he declared that in his opinion it was best to
fight a decisive battle and not to abandon the gate of
the Peloponnesus and suffer the enemy to pass inside :
"However/' he said, " 1 will do as seems best to Aratus,
for Aratus is an older man, and is general of the
Achaeans ; I did not come hither to be their leader or
to give them orders, but to give them aid and share
their expedition."

Baton of Sinope, however, says that Agis himself
was unwilling to give battle although Aratus urged
it ; but Baton has not read what Aratus wrote about
this matter,1 urging in self-defence that he thought it
better, now that the husbandmen had gathered in
almost all their crops, to suffer the enemy to pass by,
instead of risking everything in battle.

When, therefore, Aratus decided not to give battle,
and dismissed his allies with praises for their proffered
aid, Agis, who had won universal admiration, led his
forces back to Sparta, where there was already much
commotion and a revolution.

XVI. For Agesilaiis, who was one of the ephors,
being now freed from what had kept him in restraint
before, shrank from no injustice that brought him
money, nay, contrary to the customary arrangement
of the calendar, and when the time for it had not yet
come, he inserted a thirteenth month 2 and exacted
the taxes for it. Moreover, in fear of the victims of
his injustice and hated by all men, he kept an armed
bodyguard, and would go down to his magistracy
under their protection. And as for the kings, he
wished men to think that he utterly despised the one,

1 In his "Commentaries." See the Aratus, iii. 2.

9 This was regularly done thrice during a period of nine
years, but in distinctly specified years. The object was to
equalize the lunar and solar years.

35

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

Sia rrjv (rvyyev€iav fia\\ov rj Sia rrjv
j3ao~i\€iav ev nvu ripy riOecrdat. SteSayfce 8e
\6yov ft>? KOI avOis etyopevcrwv.

Aio /col Qaacrov aTroKiv$vvevcravT€<$ ol 6%0pol
Kal avo-rdvres etc Te7ea? avafyavbov rov A.eo)vi8av
apyj)V Karrjyayoi', 77860)? /cal TMV

a)pyi%ovTo yap TrefavaKicr/AevoL

fjurj vefirjOeLcrYi^. TOV /JLCV ovv

6 f/o? 'ITTTT o^i^wv, Seoytte^o? TWV TroKirwv real
iracri 7rpocr<f)L\r)<? wv Si avSpayaQiav, vjrefyjyaye
Kal Sieacocre' TWV Se ftaaiX-ewv 6 /JLCV 'A^? eVl
Trjv Xa\KioiKOv Karefyvyev, 6 Be KXeo/i/3/9oro? et?
TO rov IlocreiSw^o? lepbv €\0a)i> itce-reve' KOI yap
e&o/cei TOVTW fjia\\ov o AewviSas ^aXevro? eivai,
Kal 7ra/36t9 TOV *Ayiv eVl TOVTOV avefiri (7rparta)-
ra? e^oiv Kal Karrjyopei /zer' opyijs on ya/j,/3pb<>
&v e7ref3ovX6V(T€V avrw fcal
Xero /cal avve%€[3a\e Trjs T

XVII. 'O fjiev ovv K\eo/zy5/ooT09 ovbev
eiTrelv, aXX* rjTroprf/jievos eKaBrjro Kal CTIWTTWV' r)
Be XtXwy/9, 77 rov AecoviSov Ovydrrjp, rrporepov

\>r\ / « \ p.« \^N

/j,ev aoiKOV/jLevy ray rrarpi avvrjOiKeiTO, KOI rov
KXeoya/3poroL' TTJV /3a(Ti\€iav rrrapa\a^ovro^ arco-
aracra rrjv rov rrarpos crvf-Kpopav eOepdireve, Kal
irapovrt, fJL€V avviKereve, favyovros Be nrevOovcra
7ra)9 e%ovcra 77/309 rov KXeo^fiporov
rore 5e av rrd\iv rat9 ru^at9 crva/j.era-

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xvi. a-xvu. i

and held Agis in some slight honour more because of
his near relationship than because he was king. He
also spread reports that he was going to be ephor
again.

For this reason his enemies lost no time in taking
the great hazard, and banding together, openly
brought home Leonidas from Tegea to exercise the
royal power. Even the common people were glad to
see this done, for they were incensed at their decep-
tion in the promised division of the land. Agesilaiis,
accordingly, was taken out of the country and saved
by his son Hippomedon, who entreated his fellow-
citizens, and was beloved of all because of his valour;
and as for the kings, Agis fled for refuge to the temple
of Athena of the Brazen House, while Cleombrotus
went as a suppliant to the sanctuary of Poseidon;1 for
Leonidas was thought to be more bitter against him,
and in fact he left Agis unmolested and went up
against Cleombrotus with soldiers. And when he
arrived he denounced Cleombrotus angrily because,
though a son-in-law, he had plotted against him,
robbed him of the royal power, and helped in driving
him from the country.

XVII. Cleombrotus, on his part, had naught to say
for himself, but sat perplexed and speechless; Chilonis,
however, the daughter of Leonidas, who before this
had felt herself wronged in the wrongs done to her
father, and when Cleombrotus was made king had left
him and ministered to her father in his misfortunes,
— sharing his suppliant life while he was in the city,
and in his exile continually grieving for him and
cherishing bitter thoughts of Cleombrotus — at this

1 On the promontory of Taenarum. See the Cleomenes,
xxii. 5.

37

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

ftd\\ovcra fjiera TOV dvSpb? IKCTIS a>cf)0r) rcaOe-
%0/JLevr], TrepL^e^KrjKvla rav ^elpa^ eKeivq* Kal TWV

5>/ v \ "/] s £•' " /3 ' j ' f v

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TO nrevOos. TroTepov ovv Bel yu,e crov f3aGi\evowro<$
ev ^TrdpTrj /col VIKWVTOS ejKaTafitwvai raurat?
rat? av/j,(popaLS, rj \aftetv ecrOffTa Xa^rrpav Kal
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3 avSpa <por€v6fj,evov; o? el /j,rj TrapaiTeiTau ere
TreiOei TZKVWV Kal yvvaiKos SaKpuai,

Tepav rj crv ftoii\ei BLKIJV v(f)ej;€i T7/9 KaKoftov\ias
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yap e'/ze Bel £,r)v irappr^ffla rrpbs r«9 aXXa?
y /urjTe Trap1 dvBpbs Beo/j.evrj iirjre rrapa
eXeo? eo-Tiv; d\\a Kal yvvrj Kal OvyaTrjp
Kal avvaTi/jLa^eaOai rot? efjLavTijs

4 eyevo/jtyv. TOVTW /AW ovv el Kal ri? fjv \6yos

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evaTro\6<yi]Tov, OVTCO j^eya Kal TrepLfjid^r)TOV drro-
cfiaivcov TO (Bacrikeveiv wcrre Bi avTo Kal
fyoveveiv Kal TeKvcov df.ie\elv elvai BiKaiov
XVIII. 'H fjitv XiXcoi'l? ToiavTa

TO T6 TTpOCrCOTTOV €Trl T1JV K€(f)a\r)V eTTe0r)K6 TOV

K\eojj,/3poTov, Kal TO /SXeyuyua $Lecf>Oapfji€vov
38

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xvn. i-xvm. i

time changed back again with the changed fortunes
of the men, and was seen sitting as a suppliant with
her husband, her arms thrown about him, and a little
child clinging to her on either side. All beholders
were moved to wonder and tears at the fidelity and
devotion of the woman, who, touching her robes and
her hair, alike unkempt, said: "This garb, my father,
and this appearance, are not due to my pity for
Cleombrotus ; nay, ever since thy sorrows and thine
exile grief has been my steadfast mate and companion.
Must I, then, now that thou art king in Sparta and
victorious over thine enemies, continue to live in this
sad state, or put on the splendid attire of royalty,
after seeing the husband of my youth slain at thy
hands ? That husband, unless he persuades and wins
thee over by the tears of his wife and children, will
pay a more grievous penalty for his evil designs than
thou desirest, for he shall see me, his most beloved
one, dead before he is. For with what assurance could
I live and face the other women, I, whose prayers
awakened no pity in either husband or father ? Nay,
both as wife and as daughter I was born to share only
the misfortune and dishonour of the men nearest and
dearest to me. As for my husband, even if he had
some plausible excuse for his course, I robbed him of
it at that time by taking thy part and testifying to
what he had done ; but thou makest his crime an easy
one to defend by showing men that royal power is a
thing so great and so worth fighting for that for its
sake it is right to slay a son-in-law and ignore a
child."

XVIII. Uttering such supplications Chilonis rested
her face upon the head of Cleombrotus and turned

39

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

VTTO Au-Tn?? rrepn}veyKev els rou9

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rov fJLev KXeou/3/ooToy CKeXzvaev dvaardvra (fiev-
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el ytt?; TTUVV &i€(f)0ap/A£iios i]v VTTO /cevijs So£?/9 o

av ijjijcraro rrjv

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KOL TOU? TT/OCOTOU? e^o/Jou? €Kj3a\wv TT}?

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KOI

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eTravaaro (j>evaici^cav xal Karetpa)vev6/J€i>o$,

/cat aLtoa)? /cat

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6 &€

6fov Coraes, Bekker, and Ziegler, after Bryan ; TT)S
6tov. * Kal /c«xP7JAt€'J/OJ Coraes and Bekker delete KOL(.

40

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xvm. 1-4

her eyes, all melted and marred with grief, upon the
bystanders. Then Leonidas, after conference with
his friends, bade Cleombrotus leave his asylum and
go into exile, but begged his daughter to remain,
and not to abandon him, since he loved her so much,
and had made her a free gift of her husband's life.
He could not persuade her, however, but when her
husband rose to go she put one of her children in his
arms, took up the other one herself, and went forth
in his company after an obeisance to the altar of the
god; so that if Cleombrotus had not been wholly
corrupted by vain ambition, he would have con-
sidered that exile was a greater blessing for him than
the kingdom, because it restored to him his wife.

After removing Cleombrotus from his asylum,
Leonidas expelled the officiating ephors from their
office, appointed others in their place, and at once
began to lay plots against the life of Agis. To begin
with, he tried to persuade Agis to leave his asylum
and share the royal power with him, assuring Agis
that the citizens had pardoned him, because, being
a young man and ambitious, he had been one of
those whom Agesilaiis had completely deceived.
But Agis continued to be suspicious and would not
leave his asylum. So Leonidas himself stopped
trying to cheat and play tricks upon him, but
Amphares, Damochares, and Arcesilaiis did not.
They were wont to go up to the temple and con-
verse with Agis ; and once they actually took him
in charge and brought him down from the temple
for a bath, and after he had bathed, restored him
again to the temple. They were all comrades of
his, but Amphares had also borrowed recently some

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

l/ndna /col Trortfpia TWV fjro\VTe\wv Trap& rfjs
'Ayijo'KTTpdTas eTrefiovXeve Bia ravra TW ftaori\ei
real TOU9 yvvai^lv w? airoa'Tepi'ifJwv. Kal /jLoXtard
ye at>T09 i>TraKovcrai TO> AewviBa \eyeTai teal
Trapo^vvai TOVS efyopovs, &v /cat auro? et? r)v.

XIX. 'ETrel Se o *A<yi$ TOP pev ciXXov ev r&
lepw Sierpifte ^povov, elwOeu Be KcnaftalveLV ore

TV%Ol 7T/30? TO \OVTpOV, €K€i GvXXa/SeLV CLVTOV

eyvwcrav, QTCLV e£w TOV lepov <yevr)rai. /ecu irapa-
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2 irai^ovTes &)? vrpo? avvrjOrj Kal veov. eKrpojrrjv
Be Tiva TT}? oSoO TrXayiav TT^O? TO

eyevovro KCIT* avrrjv f3aBi£oVT€S, 6

Bia TO ap^€iv a^lrd/jievo^TOv

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evpwaros wv KOI /jLeyas, TO IfidnoV

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avTov et9 TO Bea'/JLtoT'ijpiov. evOvs Be rrapfjv 6 jj,ev

TO

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*A<yiv elaijXOov, KOI TWV yepovTwv et? TO

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etcaXei KCU BLKTJV v<f>e£ovTa T?}?

, olov

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xvm. 4-xix. 4

costly vestures and beakers from Agesistrata, and
therefore plotted to destroy the king and the
women, that he might not have to return what he
had borrowed. And he, certainly, more than any-
one else, as we are told, followed the counsels of
Leonidas and embittered the ephors, of whom he
was one, against Agis.

XIX. Now Agis spent most of his time in the
sanctuary, but was wont to go down from time to
time to his bath. There, then, they determined to
seize him, when he was outside the sanctuary. So
they waited till he had finished his bath, and then
came to meet him with friendly greetings, and
walked along with him, conversing and jesting with
him after the manner of youthful comrades. But at
a certain point the road branched off towards the
prison, and when they were come to that place,
Amphares, by virtue of his office, laid hands on Agis
and said : " I shall lead thee, Agis, to the ephors, to
answer for thy measures of state " ; and Damochares,
who was tall and robust, threw his cloak about the
king's neck and dragged him along. Others pushed
him along from behind, as had been agreed, and
since he had no helper but was without a friend,
they thrust him into the prison. At once Leonidas
was at hand with a large band of mercenaries and
surrounded the prison, while the ephors went in to
Agis. After sending for those of the senators who
were of the same mind as themselves, as though the
king were to have a trial, the ephors ordered Agis
to defend his conduct of affairs. The young king
laughed at their dissimulation, whereupon Amphares
threatened that he would rue the day and be
punished for his temerity; but another ephor, as

43

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

TO) "Ayioi KOI SeiKVvwv aTrofivyrjV 7779 alrias,

ilpaiTijo'ev el ravra eirpa^ev VTTO Avo-avSpov /cal

5 *Ayi]cri~\,dov ftiaaOeis. airoKpiva/jievov Se TOV

TOV Av/covpyov eTrl Trjv
e\6oi 7ro\iT€iav, Trd\iv 6 auTO? r/pcoT^crev el
/jieTavoet Tot? TreTTpay/jievcis. <j>ijaavTOS $6 TOV
veavLcrtcov /jirj /neTavoelv e-rrl TO?? Ka\\io~Ta fteftov-
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6 e/ce\€vov dye iv els TIJV /ca\ov/j,evrjv Ae^aSa. TOVTO
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o Aa/uo^apr;? ov TO\jjLO)VTas dtyacrOat TOv"AyiSo$,
Be Ka\ TWV fjii(r0o(f)6pct>v TOU? Tra/aeo-TWTa?
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yap yaurivTO TroXXot Ttjv (rv\\rr)~^riv, /cal
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teal oe6/j,evai TOV /SacriXea Twv^TrapTiaTwv
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44

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xix. 4-xx. i

though plainly offering Agis a way ot escape from
the charges against him, asked him if he had done
what he did under compulsion from Lysander and
Agesilaiis. And when Agis answered that he had
suffered compulsion from no one, but that in admira-
tion and imitation of Lycurgus he had adopted the
same public policy as his, the same ephor asked again
if he repented of what he had done. But the young
king declared that he had no repentance for what he
had most excellently planned, and would not have,
even if he saw that he was to suffer the extremest
penalty. So they condemned him to death, and
ordered the officers to lead him into the " Dechas,"
as it was called. This is a chamber of the prison in
which they strangle those who are under sentence of
death. But Damochares, when he saw that the
officers did not dare to lay hands on Agis, and like-
wise that even the mercenaries who were there
shrank from the deed and were loth to do it, feelin<r

y o

as they did that it was contrary to the laws of God
and man to lay hands upon the person of a king,
heaped threats and abuse upon them and himself
dragged Agis into the chamber of death. For
already many people were aware of the arrest, and
there was a noisy throng at the door and many
torches, and the mother and grandmother of Agis
were there, with cries and prayers that the king of
the Spartans should have a hearing and a trial before
the citizens. For this reason especially the ephors
hastened on the king's execution, believing that he
would be taken out of their hands in the night if
the concourse should increase.

XX. Agis, then, on his way to the halter, saw one
of the officers shedding tears of sympathy for him.

45

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

r>v-ra Kal rrepiTraOovvra, " ilavcrai //£," eljTer,
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2 -1\0l' €KOV<TLCdS. 6

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) ' Xyrjcna-TpaTa TT/PO? TOV

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xx. 1-5

"My man/' said he, "cease weeping; for even
though I am put to death in this lawless and unjust
manner, I have the better of my murderers." And
saying these words, he offered his neck to the noose
without hesitation. But Amphares went to the door
of the prison, where Agesistrata fell at his feet in an
appeal to his friendship and intimacy. Amphares
lifted her up and assured her that Agis was not to
suffer violence or death ; and he bade her, if she
wished, go in to her son. And when Agesistrata
begged that her mother might go in with her,
Amphares said there was nothing to prevent. So
he admitted both the women, and after ordering
the door of the prison to be locked again, delivered
Archidamia first to the executioners. She was now
a very aged woman, and had lived all her days in
very high repute among her countrywomen. After
she had been put to death, Amphares ordered
Agesistrata to enter the chamber of execution. So
she went in, and when she saw her son lying dead
upon the ground, and her mother's dead body still
hanging in the noose, with her own hands she helped
the officers to take her down, laid her body out by
the side of Agis, and composed and covered it.
Then, embracing her son and kissing his face, she
said : " My son, it was thy too great regard for
others, and thy gentleness and humanity, which has
brought thee to ruin, and us as well." Then
Amphares, who stood at the door and saw and heard
what she did and said, came in and said angrily to
her : " If, then, thou hast been of the same mind as
thy son, thou shalt also suffer the same fate." And
Agesistrata, as she rose to present her neck to the

47

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7619 7re/ot AevKrpa KXeo/z/9/30TO?. ^Lecrcrrjvitov Be

KOi ©eOTTO/LLTTOV VTT 'AyOf (7TO/A6VOV$ 7TeO~€.lv \€y6l>TCi)V

3 ou <^)acri Aa/ceBai/jiovioi, irKTjyijvat Be p,6vov. d\~\a
ravra p.ev e^et Tivas d/jL^iXoyias. ev Be Aa/ceBai-
IJLOVI TT/JCUTO? *A7*9 fiacriXevwv VTTO TO)V e(f>6pcov

, /ca\d fjiev epya real Trpeirovra rfj ^irdpjy
£e yeyovcbs ev y dp.aprd-
vovres av0pa)7roio-v<yyva>fj,'r]<; Tvy%dvovo~i, /zeya^^ek

^€ VTTO TWV (f)L\.COV BlKdlOTepOV T) TWV C^OpCOV, OTl

KOI AewvLBav Trepieo-wo-e teal rot? a'XXoi? eVt-

KCU TrpaoraTos

48

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xx. 5-xxi. 3

noose, said : " My only prayer is that this may bring
good to Sparta."

XXI. YVhen tidings of the sad event had been
carried to the city and the three bodies were carried
forth for burial, the fear felt by the citizens was not
so strong as to prevent them from manifesting sorrow
over what had been done, and hatred for Leonidas
and Amphares. It was thought that nothing more
dreadful or heinous had been done in Sparta since
the Dorians had dwelt in Peloponnesus. For against
a king of the Lacedaemonians, as it seems, not
even their enemies would willingly raise their hands
if they met him in battle, but they would spare
him, out of fear and reverence for his dignity.
And for this reason, although there had been
many conflicts between Lacedaemonians and other
Greeks, only one Spartan king had been slain up
to the time of Philip of Macedon, namely, Cleom-
brotus, who was smitten by a spear at Leuctra.1
The Messenians, however, say that Theopompus also
fell in battle, at the hands of Aristomenes ; but the
Lacedaemonians deny this, and say that their king
was only wounded. This matter may be disputed :
but Agis was certainly the first king of Sparta to be
put to death by the ephors. And yet he had chosen
a line of conduct that was noble and worthy of Sparta,
and was of an age in which men are usually pardoned
for their errors, and his friends could with more
justice blame him than his enemies, because he
spared the life of Leonidas, and, most mild and
gentle man that he was, put faith in his other foes.

1 See the Pelopldas, xxiii.

49

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

KAEOMENH2

I. 'KnoOavovTos Be avrov TOV /uev dBe\<bbv 805
'Ap%iBa/jiov OVK e<f)0-r) (rv\\a/3eiv 6
e/cffrvybma, TTJV Be yvraiKa TrcuSbOV
veoyvbv etc r?}? olfcias drrayaycDV /3ta

Tft) VIW (TVVWKlGtV OV TTCLVV yd/LLWV WpCtV

TIJV Be avOpa)7Tov a\\(p SoOr/vai
r)V jap overlap re /j.eyaXri^ €7TiK\i)po$ TJ '
Tv\L7nrov rov Trarpos, copa re KOL Ka\\ei TTO\V
TWV 'E'XXrjviSwv SiCKpepovaa teal TOV Tpojrov
CTTieiKifc. Sib TroAAa fjiev erroL^o'ev, co? (fiadi, /Arj
ftiaa9r)va(, Seo/jLevrj, avi><ik6ovo-a Se tt? ravrb TCO
KXeo/jieveL TOV fjiev AewviSav e/jiiaeL, Trepl Be avrbv
TOV veav'iCTKov r^v ayadrj yvvr] KOL (f)i\6crTOpyos,

iKws afia TU> \aftelv TT/JO?
i TLva Tponov av/j.TraOovi'Ta TTJ TT/OO? TOV

evvoia Kal jLVr T>9 vvaiKos, wcrre /cal rrvv-

7roXXa/ci? nepl TWV yeyovoTwv
eTrf/u-eXw? Sn^OL'/zeVr;? efceivr)? T)V b
e Bidvoiav Kal Trpoaipecnv.
Be /cal (friXorifjios fjiev Kal ^eya\6(f)pa)i' 6
Kal TT/QO? ey/cpdreiav /cal dtyeXetav ov%
TOV "AyiBos ev TretyvKws, TO ^e ev\a/3es
ayav e/ceivo /cal irpaov OVK ei^ei1, d\\a Kevrpov TI
dvfjiov TT) (frvaei Trpoae/ceiTo /cal //-era ff<poBp6ryj-
TO? opfjbr) 7T/309 TO (^aivbfjLevov del Ka\bv. e^alve-TO
Be /cd\\L(TTov fjiev avru) /cpareiv e/covTwv, /ca\6v
Be /cal fjLr] Tf&iQo^vwv Trepielvai TT/JO? TO fte\Tiov

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, i. 1-3

CLEOMENES

I. Upon the death of Agis l his brother Archidamus
at once took to flight, and thus escaped arrest at the
hands of Leonidas ; but his wife, who had an infant
son, was taken from her home by Leonidas and com-
pelled to marry his son Cleomenes. Cleomenes was
too young for marriage, but Leonidas was unwilling
to have Agiatis marry anyone else. For she was heir
to the great estate of her father Gylippus, in youthful
beauty she far surpassed the other women of Greece,
and she had an excellent disposition. Therefore she
begged most earnestly, we are told, that she should
not be forced into this marriage, but after she
was united to Cleomenes, though she hated Leonidas,
to the young man himself she was a good and affec-
tionate wife. And he, as soon as Agiatis was his,
became passionately fond of her, and in a way sym-
pathized with her devotion to the memory of Agis,
so that he would often ask her about the career of
Agis, and listen attentively as she told of the plans
and purposes which Agis had formed.

And, besides, Cleomenes was aspiring and magna-
nimous, and no less prone by nature than Agis to
self-restraint and simplicity. He had not, however,
the scrupulous and gentle nature for which Agis was
remarkable, and his natural courage was always
goading him on, as it were, and fiercely impelling him
towards that which in any case appeared to be the
honourable course. He thought it a most excellent
thing to rule over willing subjects, but a good thing
also to subdue such subjects as were disobedient, and
force them towards the better goal.

1 About 241 B.a

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

II. OvK Jjpe&Ke /JLeV OVV dVTO) TO, Kara T1]V

7r6\iv, CLTrpay/jiOcrvvrj real rjBovf) KaTaKeKi-jXrjfjLei'wv
T0)v 7ro\iTwv Kal TOV (3a<Ti\ew<$ TrdvTa TO, irpdy-
fjiara %aipeiv ecoiro?, el /nr/Bels avTOv €vo%\oir)
cryoXa^eii; ev afyOovoLS tcai rpv(£>dv /3ov\6/n€vov,
du€\ov/j.ev(0v Se TWV KOIV&V, rear olrciav kKciarov
Trpo? avrbv eXtcovros TO Kep$a\eov dcrK^aew^
Be Kal (jwfypcxTvvris rewv Kal Kaprepias teal icro-
TT;TO? ov$e acr^aXe? rjv TOVTWV rwv Trepl *A.yi,v

Be Kal \oywv <$>i\ocr6(f)c0v rov K.\eo-
'xeiv en fxeipctKiov ovra, ^(fraipov TOV
BopvcrOeviTov Trapa(3a\6vTo<; eh TTJV AaKeBai/jiova
Kal Trepl TOVS veovs Kal TOV$ €<f>i]/3ovs OVK ayiteXw?
SiaTpijBovTos. o Be 2</>ai/oo? ev rot? TrpcoTois eye-
TWV Ziijvwvos TOV KtTiew? fj,ad^T(t)i>, Kal TOV
eoiKe TT}? ^ucrew? TO dvBpwBes dya-

T€ Kal TrpocreKKavaai Trjv
3 AewviBav /j,ev yap TOV Tra\aibv \eyovo-iv, eirepw-
7To?o? Ti? avTw (fraiveTai, 7ron)Trjs ye-

Tu/3rat09> elirelv "'Aya^o? veu>v

€/jL7rnr~\.d/jLevoi yap viro TMV
evOova'iaa'iJLOv Trapd ra? /ita^a? rj<peiBovv
o Be ^TCOIKOS Xoyo? e^ei TL TTpos ra?
(frvcreis Kal o£aa? eVfcr^aXe? Kal irapd-
fio\ov, (Badel Be Kal irpam Kepavvv^evos jjOei,
udXiaTa et? TO olxelov dyaOov eTTiBiBcocriv.
III. 'Evret Be TeXeuT^^crayTO? TOU AewviBov rrjv
?ra/)eXa/9e Kal TOU? TroXtTa? TOTC Bij
eVXeXu/zeVou? ewpa, TWV /.iev TT\OV-
criwv Ka@* rjBoi'd? ISia? Kal vrXeoi'e^ta? Trapo-

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, n. i-m. i

II. Of course, then, the condition of the city was
not pleasing to him. The citizens had been lulled to
sleep by idleness and pleasure ; the king was willing
to let all public business go, provided that no one
thwarted his desire for luxurious living in the midst
of his wealth ; the public interests were neglected,
while every man was eagerly intent upon his own
private gain; and as for practice in arms, self-restraint
in the young, hardiness, and equality, it was even
dangerous to speak of these now that Agis was dead
and gone.

It is said also that Cleomenes studied philosophy
when he was still a stripling, after Sphaerus of
Borysthenis had made a voyage to Sparta and busied
himself sedulously there with the youth and young
men. Sphaerus had become one of the leading
disciples of Zeno of Citium, and it would appear that
he admired the manly nature of Cleomenes and in-
creased the fires of his high ambition. For Leonidas
of old, as we are told, when asked what manner of
poet he thought Tyrtaeus to be, replied; "A good
one to inflame the souls of young men." And indeed
they were filled with divine inspiration by his poems,
and in battle were prodigal of their lives. However,
for great and impetuous natures the Stoic doctrines
are somewhat misleading and dangerous, although
when they permeate a deep and gentle character,
they redound most to its proper good.

III. But at the death of Leonidas1 Cleomenes
came to the throne, and saw that the citizens
were by that time altogether degenerate. The rich
neglected the common interests for their own private

1 In 235 B.C. Cleomenes was then about twenty -four years
of age.

TOL. T. 53

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

pcf)VT(0v TO, Kotvd, TWV Be TroXXooi/ Bid rb
Trepl TCL ol/ceia KCU irpb^ TOV
teal 7T/9O? TTjV ajwjrjv
avTOv Be ovo^a {BaaiXevovTOs

2 fjibvov, TI Be dp\i] Trdcra TGOV e<$bpu>v, evOvs

et? vovv e0€TO TCL TrctpovTct pzQ iGTcuvai real Kivelv,
6Wo? Be avTM <f)i\ov Izevdpovs, epaarov <yeyovbro<$
(TOVTO Be efJurvelaOai Aa/ceBai/jiovLOi

rovrov Biairvv6avop.ei>os TOV *
ryevoiro fiaai\evs KOI T'IVI Tpbirw KOI
ejrl TUVT^V e\9oi Tr/v 6B6v. b Be
TO fjiev TrpwTov OVK drjBws e/me/^i>r)TO TWV irpay-
p,aT<t)v erceivfov, <W9 eTrpd^Or] tcaff efcaaTa fMv0o\o- 806

3 <ywv KOL Bir/yov/jievos' co? Be rjv KaTafyavr)1? b

efjiTraOecrTepou Trpoae^wv KCU KLVOV-
77730? TYJV KaivoTo^iav TOV "AyiBo?

KOI Tavra TroXXa/ff? dicoveiv

W 7T/309 bpyr)V b

i re'Xo? direaTrj TOV Bia\€<yea'0ai KOI <$>OLTCLV
avTov, ovBevl ^kvTOi TTJV aiTiav efipaae T?}?
Bia(f)0pa$, aA,X' CLVTOV efii] yivwcr/ceiv eitelvov.
4 Oi/rft) ^e TOV tlevdpovs dvTiKpovcravTOS b KXeo-
teal TOL/? aXXou? o^ota)? e^eiv
ev eavTro <rvveTi0ei TTJV Trpafyv.
8* av ev TToXe/xw p,a\\ov r) /car' elpijwrjv
aai TCL Trapbvra, crvveKpovcre TT/JOV rou?

Trjv Trb\tv, avTovs BiBbi'Tas e<yK\r)/jidTQ)v Trpo-
(f)d(rei<t. b yap "A/oaro? Icr^ycov ^L^KJTOV ev rot?
*A^aiot? efBovkeTO /JLCV e£ dp%rjs et? /j,iav avvTa^iv
dyayeiv T\.e\OTrovvria-iov<;, Kal TOVTO TWV 7ro~\Xwv
CLVT& KUL TT}? p.aKpd^ TroXtreta? t]v

54

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, in. 1-4

pleasure and aggrandizement; the common people,
because of their wretched state at home, had lost all
readiness for war and all ambition to maintain the
ancient Spartan discipline; and he himself, Cleomenes,
was king only in name, while the whole power was
in the hands of the ephors. He therefore at once
determined to stir up and change the existing order
of things, and as he had a friend, Xenares, who had
been his lover (or inspirer, as the Spartans say), he
would make trial of his sentiments by inquiring in
detail what sort of a king Agis had been, and in what
way and with what assistants he had entered upon
the course of action so fatal to him. At first Xenares
was quite glad to recall those matters, and rehearsed
the events at length and in detail ; but when it was
apparent that Cleomenes took an unusual interest in
the story, and was profoundly stirred by the innova-
tions of Agis, and wished to hear about him over and
over again, Xenares rebuked him angrily, calling him
unsound in mind, and finally stopped visiting and
conversing with him. To no one, however, did he
tell the reason of their variance, but merely said that
Cleomenes understood it.

And so Cleomenes, finding Xenares averse, and
thinking that everybody else was of like mind with
him, began to arrange his project all by himself.
And because he thought that he could better bring
about his reforms in time of war than in the midst of
peace, he embroiled the state with the Achaeans,
who were themselves giving grounds for complaint.
For Aratus, the most powerful man among the
Achaeans, was from the outset desirous of bringing
all the Peloponnesians into one confederation, and
this was the end pursued by him during his many

55

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

av oi/Tft>9

6 ZcreaOai TO?? eVro? iroKefjiio^. eVet 3e T&V d\\wv
(r%toov drrdvTwv avTU) TTpocryeyovoTwv ttTreXet-
TTOVTO AaKeBai/Liovioi Kal 'HXetot teal ooroi Aarce-
^ai/JiovioL^ 'Ap/cdSwv Trpoael^ov, ajJLO, rw rov
Aewvi&av cnroOaveiv 7raprfvu>-^\et, rot? 'Ap/cdcri Kal
TrepietcoTrrev avT&v jjidXiara TOU? rot?

/cal rov KXeo/jievovs co? veov Kal direipov Kara*

IV. 'E/c TOVTOV KXeofMevrj Trpwrov ol e

ara\ri^rop.evov TO irepl rrjv Be\/3ivav
. e/x/SoXr/ Be TT}? AaKwviKrjs TO
eVrt, Kal Tore vrpo? TOI;? MeyaXoTroXt'ra?
&LKOV. KaTa\afBovTOs Be TOVTO Kal
TOU KXeo/zeVou? o "A/jaro? ovdev e'-y/caXeVa?, aXXa
VVKTOS eKGrparevcras eTre^eiprjae Teyedrai^ Kal
2 JOp%o/uieviot<$. TWV Be irpo^orwv dTroBeiKLacrdvTwv
6 /iei/ "A/oaro? dve^jcap^cfe \e\rjdevai VOJJLL^WV, o
Se KXeoyLteVr;? elpwvela %pc0[j,evos eypatye

y a)? 8^ irapa <^L\ov TrvvOavo/JLevos trov
OS e%e\0oi. rov Be avriypatyavros w? e

/JLe\\etv Tei^i^eiv aKovcra? Kara/Bail]
TOVTO K(D\V<J(I)V, ird\iv 6
TOVTO

Kal Ta? /cXt/^a/tac," etjrev, " el /JLTJ TL aoi

Bia(j)epeit rypdtyov f)iMV, em Tt crof irapr]KO\ov-
3 QovvT TOV Be ' ApaTov vrpo? TO cr/cw^a <ye\d-
Kal TTvvOavofievov TTOIO? Tt? o veavitr/eos
o AaKeBai/novLOS (frvyds, " Et

" TT/OO? aKeaijjLovovs, wpa

56

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, in. 4-iv. 3

generalships and his long political activity, since he
was of the opinion that in this way alone would they
be safe from the attacks of their enemies without.
Nearly all the other Peloponnesians adopted his views,
but the Lacedaemonians, the Eleians, and the Arca-
dians who sided with the Lacedaemonians, held aloof.
Therefore, as soon as Leonidas was dead, Aratus be-
gan to harass the Arcadians, and ravaged the terri-
tories of those especially who were adjacent to Achaea.
His object was to put the Lacedaemonians to the
test, and he despised Cleomenes as a young and in-
experienced man.

IV. Upon this, the ephors began operations by
sending Cleomenes to occupy the precinct of Athena
at Belbina. This commands an entrance into Laconia,
and was at that time a subject of litigation with the
Megalopolitans. After Cleomenes had occupied and
fortified this place, Aratus made no public protest,
but led out his forces one night and tried to surprise
Tegea and Orchomenus. Those who were to betray
the places to him, however, played the coward, and
Aratus withdrew, thinking that his attempt had
escaped notice. But Cleomenes wrote him an ironical
letter, inquiring, as from a friend, whither he had
marched out in the night. Aratus wrote back that
hearing of Cleomenes' intention to fortify Belbina he
had gone down there to prevent it. Whereupon
Cleomenes sent back word again that he believed
this story to be true; "but those torches and ladders,"
said he, "if it is all one to thee, tell me for what
purpose thou hadst them with thee." Aratus burst
out laughing at the jest, and inquired what manner
of youth this was. Whereupon Damocrates, the
Lacedaemonian exile, replied : " If thou hast designs

57

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

aoi Ta^vveiv Trpb TOV KevTpa (pvcrai TOVTOV TOV

>»

V€0<J"(70V.

'E/e TOVTOV KXeo/teVet yuero. iTnriwv oXiycov Kal
TpLaKoaiwv ev 'Ap/oiSia crTpaTOTreSevo/jLevw
irpocreTa^av dva^wpelv ol e^opoi, (£>o(3ov/j,€voi TOV
4 TcoKefiov. eirel 8e dvaj(wpri(TavTO^ avTov Kac^ua?
€\a/3ev 6 "ApaTO?, av0i<? e^eire/jiTrov TOV KXeo-
/nevrj. Xa/Soi'To? Se avTov MeOvSpiov Kal TTJV
KaTaSpa/novTOS, e^e&TpdTevcrav ol
$(crp,vpiois Tre^ot? Kal p^tXtot? r;

KXeo/xei'OL'? /cat fiovXo/jievov
, (f)o/3?jdels TTJV To\fiav 6 "Aparo? OVK
eiacre BiaKivSwevcrat. TOV aTpaTiyyov, aXX' a7rrj\0e
\oi&o povfjievos p,ev VTTo TWV 'Axaiwv, y^keva^o-
Se Kal KaTa^povov/jLevo^ VTTO TMV AaxeSai-
ovoe TrevTaKKT^iXiwv TO 7r\f}@os OVTWV.

ovv TU> <oviiaTi <e<ova)<; 6

TT/PO? TOU? TroXtra?, Kal TWV
aurou? dve/jLi/jLvrjcTKe (BaaiKewv GITTOVTOS ov
QTI l AaKeSaifjiovioi TcvvOdvovTai Trepl TWV

iwVt OV TTOCTOi 61CTLV, d\\a 7TOV 6L(riV.

V. Evret 8e rot? 'HXe/ot? TroXe/xou^te^oi? VTTO
TWV ^A^aia)v (SoyO rfGrast Kal Trepl TO AvKaiov

jBrj rot? 'A^ctfOi? €7TL^a\(t)v, airav /nev 807
Kal SieTTTOijcrev avTwv TO

dveiXe Kal ^covTas eXa/Bev, cocrre
Trepl 'Aparof (p'rjfjirjv exTreaeiv et? roi'9
a)? TedvrjKOTOS, o fjiev "Aparo? apiaia TW Kaipy
€K TT}? T/JOTT?}? eKeiv^ evOvs eVl

ou /uarrjy 6Vi Sinteuis (com.) and Blass, after
Stephanus : tlirAvros on \ta.Ti\v (MSS.).

53

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, iv. 3-v. i

upon the Lacedaemonians, see that thou hastenest,
before this young cock grows his spurs."

After this, when Cleomenes with a few horsemen
and three hundred foot-soldiers was making an expe-
dition in Arcadia, the ephors, fearing the issue of the
war, ordered him to come back home. After he had
returned, however, Aratus seized Caphyae, and the
ephors sent Cleomenes forth again. He seized Me-
thydrium and overran the territory of Argolis, where-
upon the Achaeans marched out with twenty thousand
foot-soldiers and a thousand horsemen under Aristo-
machus as general. Cleomenes met them at Pallan-
tium and offered battle, but Aratus, in fear of this
boldness, would not suffer his general to hazard the
issue, and retired. For this he was reproached by
the Achaeans, and jeered at and despised by the
Lacedaemonians, who were less than five thousand
strong. Cleomenes was therefore greatly lifted up
in spirit and began to show a bold front to the citizens ;
and he would often remind them of one of their
ancient kings 1 who said, and not idly either, " The
Lacedaemonians are wont to ask, not how many, but
where, their enemies are."

V. After this, he went to the aid of the Eleians,
upon whom the Achaeans were making war, and
falling upon the Achaeans near Mt. Lycaeum, as they
were withdrawing, he put their entire army to panic
flight, slew great numbers of them, and took many
prisoners, so that even Aratus was widely reported
among the Greeks to be dead. But Aratus, making
the best use of his opportunity, immediately after

1 Agis II. (427-398 B.C.); cf. the Morals, pp. 190 c;
215 d.

59

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

Mavriveiav ?)\9e KOI /z^Sez/o? dv TrpocrBoKijcravros
2 el\e rr]v rro\iv KOI Karea%e, rcov Be

rravrdrracri rat? va)/Aai<; dvarreaovrwv KOI TO>

K\eo/jL€vei vrpo? ra? arpareias e

fjirjcre /neraTTe/^Treadat rov "A^ytSo? d$e\(f)ov '

SdfJLOV €/C M.€(T(7rjVT]<;, <j> /3a<Tl\€VeiV CLTTO T

olrcia? TJV Trpocrfjfcov, olo/nevos afjL^\vrepav TTJV rcov

3 A^al o\oK\rjpov <yevofjLevri<$. ol Be avr)pr)Korres irpo-
repov TOV* k<yiv alaQo^voi TOVTO, fcal (f)o/3r)6ei'T€S
fir) BLKIJV BW<TI rov *Ap%i$dfj,ov /caTe\06i>Tos, eSe-
%CLVTO fjiev avrov ei? TVJV TTQ\,IV irapa'yevo^Levov
vfya KOL o-wyKaTrjyov, ev9vs Be aTrktcizivav, etre

a/covros TOU KXcoyLteVou?, &)? oterat
elre Treicrflei'Tos iiiro TWV $i\wv real 7rpoe/j,evov rbv
avOpwrrov avrols. rfjs yap dina? TO rr\el(Trov eV
etceivovs rfkOe fteftidaOai rov KXeoyLteV^ Borcovvras.
VI. Ou priv d\\a Kivelv evOus eyvwfecos ra Kara
rrjv rro\iv, eVetcre TOU? e'^opoi;? xptfpatnv OTTO)?
avrw tyijcfiia'wvrai crrpareiav. eOepaTrevcre £e ical
rwv d\\o)i> cru^ou? Bid TT}?

<p6iBo)s crvy%opr)'yov(Tr)/$ Kal
, r) ye Kal yd/Jiov /JLTJ Beo/j.ei'rj \eyerai, Bid
rov vlov dvBpa \aftelv rrpwrevovra Bo^rj Kal
2 Bvvd/Jiei rwv rro\ira)v. effayayobv Be rrjv arpa-
reiav Kara^\.a/jt,{3dvei, T?}? MeyaXoTroXtVtSo? %wpiov
AevKrpa' Kal yevo/JLevij? vryoo? avrov o^eta? rwv

60

AG1S AND CLEOMENES, v. i-vi. 2

this defeat marched to Mantineia, and to everybody's
surprise captured and held the city. At this the
Lacedaemonians were altogether disheartened and
opposed any further expedition on the part of Cleo-
menes. He therefore determined to summon from
Messene the brother of Agis, Archidamus,1 who was
the rightful king from the other royal house, thinking
that the power of the ephors would be diminished
if the royal power were restored to its full strength so
as to counterbalance it. But those who had formerly
murdered Agis comprehended this design, and fear-
ing that they would pay the penalty for their crime
if Arcliidamus was restored, thev did indeed receive

+ •/

him when he came secretly into the city, and
assisted in his restoration, but immediately put
him to death. Cleomenes may have been opposed
to this, as Phylarchus thinks, or perhaps he was
persuaded by his friends to abandon the hapless man
to his murderers. For the greater part of the blame
attached itself to them, since they were thought to
have constrained Cleomenes.

VI. However, having determined to attempt at
once his reforms in the state, Cleomenes bribed the
ephors to send him on an expedition. He also won
the favour of large numbers of the citizens with the
help of his mother Cratesicleia, who assisted him
liberally in providing ways and means, and shared
his ambitions. It is even said that although she had
no desire to marry again, for the sake of her son she
took a husband who was foremost among the citizens
in reputation and influence. So Cleomenes led forth
his forces and occupied Leuctra, a stronghold of
Megalopolis. The Achaeans, under the command of

1 See chapter i. 1.

61

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

(SorjOelas 'Apdrov err parity ovvro<$, VTTO
rrjv TroXiv avrrjv Trapara^dfjievos i]rri'-j9ri fiepei
Tivl rov arparev/jiaros. errel Se %apd8pav nvd

OVK el'aae ^iajBrvai TOU? 'Amou? 6

3 "Aparos, aXX' eVecrr^cre TI^V &l
Se AvSidSas 6

7T€pl CLVTOV /TTTTeZ? KOL

KOI rd<f)p(i)v KOL iziyJMV fiearbv eVo-etcra?

8iacnraa'0els irepl ravra

$a)v 6 K.\fOfjLevrj<? dvrjfce Tovs'Ydpavrivovs teal TOL>?

K^^ra? eV avrov, v(f>* a)v 6 Av&idSas d^vvop.ei>o^

€up(t)O"rco$ eVecre. TT/JO? rovro Oappijo-avres ol
/nerd /Soi)? eve/3a\ov roZ? '
\ov rov crrpar€v/j,aro^

4 diroOavovrwv Se avyy&v TOU? /uei' aXXoi;? UTTO-
CTTTO^SOU? 6 KXeo^te^? aTre'&rotfe, TOZ^ 8e

vetcpov d^Orfvai TT/OO? avrov KeKevcras,

iSi, teal crrefyavov emOeis, 77/309 ra9

. ouro?

6 Kara&e/uevos rr)i> rvpavviSa Kal rot?
aTToSot'9 T^I/ 6\,ev0epiav Kal rrjv 7ro\iv

VII. 'E/e rovrov KXeo/jievris /jLeya (ppovwv rj^rj,

Kal

7T/J09

€7TLKparr)(jeiv, eSiSacrKe rov r/}9 yLt^T/309 dvSpa

009 %/3^ TCOI^ etyopwv drra\\a<yev'Ta/s
6elvai rd Krrf/^ara rot? 7ro\i~aL<^ Kal
rr/v 2<7rdprr)v larjv yei'Ofievrjv eyeipeiv Kal Trpodyeiv
eVt r^f T7}9 'EXXaSo9 rjyefjLoviav. rfeKrOkvro^ 8'
€K€ivov Svo rwv d\\wv (f)i\Q)v rj rpeis Trpocre-

62

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, vi. 2-vn. i

Aratus, came swiftly to the aid of their allies against
him, and Cleomenes, after drawing up his forces under
the very walls of the city, was worsted at one point.
But Aratus would not permit the Achaeans to cross
a certain deep ravine, and brought his pursuit to a
stop. Lydiadas the Megalopolitan, however, chafing
at this, dashed on with the horsemen under his com-
mand, and pursuing the enemy into a place full of
vines, ditches, and walls, had his ranks broken and
thrown into disorder thereby, and bes;an to fall into

•* •* o

difficulties. Cleomeiies, observing this, sent against
him his Tarentines and Cretans, at whose hands
Lydiadas, defending himself sturdily, fell. At this
the Lacedaemonians took courage and with a shout
fell upon the Achaeans and routed their entire army.
Great numbers of them were slain, and their bodies
Cleomenes restored at the enemy's request; but the
body of Lydiadas he asked to have brought to him,
arrayed it in a purple robe and put a crown upon
the head, and then sent it back to the gates of
Megalopolis. This was the Lydiadas who renounced
the tyranny, gave back to the citizens their freedom,
and attached the city to the Achaean league.

VII. After this, Cleomenes, being now greatly
elated, and persuaded that if he could keep the
control of things entirely in his own hands during
the war with the Achaeans, he would easily obtain
the mastery, began to instruct his mother's husband,
Megistonoiis, that they must needs get rid of the
ephors, put the property of the citizens into a
common stock, and rouse and incite the Spartans,
thus put upon their old footing of equality, to
assume the supremacy in Greece. Megistonoiis was
convinced, and enlisted in the cause two or three of
his friends besides.

63

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

2 ^vveftrj Be rrepi ra? rjuepas etceivas /cal rcov
efyopwv eva /coi/j,a)/ji6vov ev Tlacr/^aa? ovap IBeiv
OavfJLacrrov eB6/cei <ydp ev w TOTTM rot? efyopois
€$09 ecrrl /cafle^o/uLevots j^prffiaTi^eiv eva 8i(f>pov
tcelcr@ai, TOU? 8e rerrapa? avijprj(r&ai, KOL
&VTOS avrov $(t)i'r)v e/c rov tepov

3 ^ovaav <w? TOVTO rfj ^Trdprrj \u>ov eari. ravrrjv
rrjv o^riv Sirjyov/jievov rov efiopov Trpbs TOV KXeo- 808
fjL€i»), TO fjiev TrpwTov Sierapd^drj /cad' V

Tivd TTGipd^ecrO ai SOKWV, &>? Se eTreicrOr)
&€<T0ai rov £>ir]>yov/A€vov, eddpprjo-e. KOI \a/3u>v
oVou? vrrooTTTeve /jidkicrra TWV 7ro\ira)v evavrio)-
<T€(T0ai 7T/309 rifv Trpd^iV, 'Hpaiav xal ^ A\aaiav
ra? vroXet? rarro/^eva^ VTTO rot? 'A^atot? el\e,
Ka\ crliov eiGijyayev 'Op^o/^e/a'oi?, /cal Mavnveia

4 TrapecrrparoTreBevae, Kal 6'Xw? di'w /cal Karco

Tro/oeuu? diroTpvaa^ TOU?

direXnrev avrwv SerjOevrcov TOU? TroXXou? ev
TOU? 8e jJiicrOofyopovs e^cov at»ro? eVl
e^wpei. Ka\ /caQ' 68ov ol? eTTLcrreve

TT/JO? avrbv e%eiv dve/coivouro

KOL Trpor/ei (j-^eB^v, ct>? Trepl TO BeiTrvov
overt, rot? ecfropois eViTrecroi.

VIII. Tcvo/jievof Be TT}? TroXeco? eyyvs, Rvpv-
K\eiSav /J,ev et? TO rcov e^opwv trvaaLnov djre-
aTei\ev co? riva Trap' avrou \6jov diro arpanct?
KO/j.i£ovTa, ®r)pv/CLQ)v Be /cal ^oi/^i? /cal Buo TWV
(rvvrpofywv rov K.\eo/jL€vovs, 01)9 {jboOatcas /caXov-
criv,

64

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, vn. 2-vin. i

Now, it came to pass about that time that one of
the ephors, who was sleeping in the precinct of
Pasiphae, had an astonishing dream. He dreamed
that in the place where the ephors were wont to sit
for the prosecution of business, one chair only stood,
but the other four had been taken away ; and that
in his amazement at this a voice came to him from
the temple saying that this was better for Sparta.
This dream the ephor related to Cleomenes, who at
first was much disturbed, and thought that the other
had some suspicion of his design and was making trial
of him ; but when he was convinced that the relater
spoke the truth, his courage revived. So taking all
the citizens who, as he suspected, would be most
opposed to his designs, he seized Heraea and Alsaea,
two cities belonging to the Achaean league, intro-
duced supplies of food into Orchomenus, and en-
camped by Mantineia, from whence he made long
marches up and down the land, and utterly wore out
the Lacedaemonians, so that it was at their own
request that he left most of them in Arcadia, while
with his mercenaries he himself set out for Sparta.
On the march he imparted his design to those whom
he believed to be most favourably disposed to him,
and went forward slowly, that he might fall upon the
ephors while they were at supper.

VIII. When the city was close at hand, he sent
Eurycleidas to the mess-table of the ephors, osten-
sibly to carry some message of the king from the army;
but Therycion, Phoebis, and two of the Helots, who
had been bred up along with Cleomenes l (they call
them " mothakes "), followed after with a few

1 Such Helot companions afterwards became freemen, and
sometimes even citizens in Sparta.

65

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

en Be TOV T&vpVK\6iBa Bia'keyo/jievov rot? e<fiopoi<>
emSpafiiovTes ecriracr/mevai^ Tat9 //a^atpat? eTreuov
2 avTovs. 6 fjuev ovv 7r/90)T09 *A.yv\aios, &>? efn-\rjyr)t
7T€O~a)i> Kal TeOvdvat B6£as arpe^a crvvayayajv
7rape\Kwv eavrov etc TOV olKijfjiaros e\aOev ei'?
SwjAaTiov elcrepTTvcras /bUKpov, o <p6/3ou fiev
iepov, aXXw9 Se K€K\ei(7/jievov aei, Tore e'/e
avewyfjievov eTvy^avev. et? TOVTO <jvveicrev€ryKU)V
eavrbv a7T6K\€Lcre TO Bvpiov. ol Be Tea-crapes
avrjpe0^crai>, KOI T&V eTTijBoriOovvTwv auroi? ov
TrXetoi^e? 77 Be/ca. TOU? (y^/3 t]crv")(iav ayovras ovtc
eKTeivav, ovBe TOU? aTTto^ra? eV T/}? TroXew? e

ecfreicravTo Be Kal TOV 'Ayv\aiov

e/c TOV Iepov Trpoe\9ovTOS.

JX. "EcrTt Be AaKeBai/AovLois ov (f)6j3ov JJLOVOV,
aXXa Kal OavaTOV Kal 7eXa)TO? Kal TOIOVTCOV
a\\a)V TraO^fJLCiTwv tepd. TifJiuxri Be TOV

01)9

{3\a/3ep6v, d\\a TYJV TroXiTeiav /zaXicrra avve-
2 'xecrOai fyoftw VOJJLI^OVTGS. Bio Kal TrpoeKrjpvTTov

o e<)opOL roi9 Trotrai? et? rrjv upx*l

TOV fJLV<JTCLKa

Trpoae^eLV rot9 VO^JLOL^, i'va fir) ^aXeTrol &CTIV
aurot9* TO TOU fjLvaTaKos, ol/jiai,

07TC09 ATal 7T6/)l TCL [JilKpOTaTa TOl/9

Kal T7]v dvBpeiav Be \JLOI BOKOVCTIV OVK
a$o(Biav, aXXa fyojSov -^rojov Kal Beos dBo^ias ol
7i~a\aiol vo/jiL^eiv. ol <yap ^etXoTarot Trpos TOVS
v6/j,ov<; 6appa\€<t)TaTOt, irpos TO 1/9 TroXeyutoi'9 eld*
66

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, vm. i-ix. 3

soldiers. These men, while Eurycleidas was still
making his report to the ephors, ran in upon them
with drawn swords and smote them. The first of
them, Agylaeus, on receiving the blow, fell and lay
still as though dead ; but afterwards he quietly pulled
himself together, dragged himself out of the room,
and crept unobserved into a little building which
was a temple of Fear. Usually it was closed, but
at this time it chanced to be open. Into this build-
ino; he betook himself and locked the door. But

O

the other four were slain, and also about ten of
those who came to their aid. For the people who
kept quiet were not killed, nor were those who
wished to leave the city prevented. And even
Agylaeus was spared when he came out of the
temple next day.

IX. Now, the Lacedaemonians have temples of
Death, Laughter, and that sort of thing, as well as of
Fear. And they pay honours to Fear, not as they do
to the powers which they try to avert because they
think them baleful, but because they believe that fear
is the chief support of their civil polity. For this
reason, too, when the ephors enter upon their office,
as Aristotle says, they issue a proclamation command-
ing all men to shave their moustaches, and to obey
the laws, that these may not be severe upon them.
They insist upon the shaving of the moustache, I
think, in order that they may accustom the young
men to obedience in the most trifling matters. And
the men of old, in my opinion, did not regard
bravery as a lack of fear, but as fear of reproach
and dread of disgrace. For the men who feel
most dread of the laws have most courage in

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

Kal TO Tradelv V\KIGTCL Seoiacnv ol pokier TO- <f>o/3ov
4 pevoi TO KCIKWS oKovaai. Sib /cal /ca\a)<$ o elircov

v \ ^ / "/i \ '^'
. . . iva yap 6eo9, ei^c/a /tat atooo?.

? T€ /^ot eaai, <f>i\e etcvpe, Set^o? re

TO <yap ala")(yvea9ai //.aXicrra avfjiftaivei irpo^ of;?
t TO SeSoitcevai Tot9 TroXXot?. 3to /cat ?ra/?a TO
€<p6pa>v crvaffiTLOv TOV fyojBov iSpuvTai Aaxe-
iJ,ovap%ia<$ eyyuTciTco

TO

X. 'O S* ovv K.\eo/jL€vr)s T^yue

oy^o^Kovra TWV 7ro\t,TO)v 01)9 e
i, /cal TOU? &L(j)povs avel\e TMV efiopwv
evos, ev c5 KadtjfAevos e/jL€\\€V CLVTOS xpij-
iv. €KK\rja-iav Se 7rot>;Va? direXoyeiTo irepl
TreTrpay/jievwv. ex/»; yap VTTO TOV Av/covpyou
Tot? /3acn\€V(TL (rv^/jLix&ijvai TOI)? yepovTas, Kal

TTO\VV %pOVOV OVTO) ^LOLKeldOai Tj)l> TTO\iV OV&CV

2 eTe/ja? aycr^r}? $eo[i€vr)v, vaTepov ^e ToO TT/JO?
TTO\€/JLOV fjiaicpov yevo/Aevov TOV<$ fia-

7T/J09 TO KpiveiVy aipetadai Tivas etc T&V <f)i\a)i>
KOI a7ro\€L7reiv Tot9 7roXtTat9 ai^^' eauT&v, €(f)6povs 809

Kal &taTe\elv ye Toi/roi/9 TO

68

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, ix. 3-x. 2

facing their enemies; and those shun death least
who most fear ill fame. Therefore it has been well
said 1 :

"... for where dread is, there also is reverence."
And Homer says 2 :

" Revered art thou by me, dear father-in-law, and

dreaded too ; '
and

" Without a word, in dread of their leaders.3 "

For by the multitude reverence is most apt to be felt
towards those whom they also fear. For this reason,
too, the Lacedaemonians erected a temple to Fear
alongside the mess-hall of the ephors, after they had
endowed this magistracy with almost absolute powers.
X. And now to resume ; Cleomenes, when day came,
published a list of eighty citizens who must go into
exile, and removed all the ephoral chairs except one;
in this he purposed to sit himself for the transaction
of public business. Then he called a general assembly
and made a defence of his proceedings. He said that
Lycurgus had blended the powers of senate and
kings, and that for a long time the state was admin-
istered in this way and had no need of other officials.
But later, when the Messenian war proved to be
long, the kings, since their campaigns abroad left
them no time to administer justice themselves, chose
out some of their friends and left them behind to
serve the citizens in their stead. These were called
ephors, or guardians, and as a matter of fact they

1 By Stasinua of Cyprus. Of. Plato, Euthyphro, 12 a ;
Kinkel, Ep. Graec. Frag. i. p. 30.

2 Iliad, iii. 172, Helen to Priam.

8 Iliad, iv. 431, of the Achaeaus marshalled for battle.

69

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

v vTTvjperas TWV /3acri\ea)i> ovras, elra Kara
fjbi/cpov fit'? eavrovs TTJV e^ovcriav e7ricrTp€(f)Oi>Ta<;
OUTGO? \ci6elv tSiov dp%eiov

3 arj,€Lov £e rovrov TO

TOV ftacriXea TWV e<f)opa)v TO irpwrov a
/cal TO Bevrepov, TO $e rpiTOV Ka\ovvra)V ava-

777509 avrovs' /cal TOV Trp&TOV
T^V ap^rjv KCU avaTeivd^evov
vaTepov TroXXa?? €(f)0pov
fi67 •pia'Cpvi as p-tv ovv CLVTOVS, 6<j)ij,

KaTa\vovTa<$ ap")(rjv, wcrTe T&V /BacriXetov
TOU? fikv e%€\avveiv, TOVS $e aTTOKTivvveiv dtcp[-
aTceL\elv ^e TO?? TroOovcriv CLV&IS ejriSelv

al 0eiOTa.Trjv ev ^TrdpTr
4 OVK aveterov. el [JLZV ovv SWCLTOV r)V avev

Ta? eireiad/eTovs

s KOA, TroXuTeXeta? KOI %/oea Kal
/cal TO, Trpeaftinepa TOVTCOV /ca/cd,
Tcevlav Kal TT\OVTOV, evTv^eaTaTov av
aikewv eavTov wairep laTpov
TTJV iraTpuBa' vvv Be TT}? dvdy/cqs eyje.iv
TOV Av/covpyov, o? OUT6 /3acri\.ev<> a)v
t'cUooTr;? 8e ^aan\evei.v eiri^etp&v ev
Tot? OTrXot? rrporfkOev et? dyopdv, axTTe
TOV /SaatXea \dpi\\ov eirl ficouov
5 aXX' e/celvov fxev ovTa %pi]<TTov Kal (j)i\o7raTpti'
Ta^v TO) Av/covpyw T&V irpaTToaevcov
70

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, x. 2-5

continued at first to be assistants of the kings, but
then gradually diverted the power into their own
hands, and so, ere men were aware, established a
magistracy of their own. As proof of this, Cleomenes
cited the fact that down to that day, when the ephors
summoned a king to appear before them, he refused
to go at the first summons, and at the second, but at
the third rose up and went to them ; and he said
that the one who first added weight to the office, and
extended its powers, Asteropus, was ephor many
generations later. As long, then, he said, as the ephors
kept within bounds, it had been better to bear with
them ; but when with their assumed power they
subverted the ancient form of government to such an
extent as to drive away some kings, put others to
death without trial, and threaten such as desired to
behold again in Sparta her fairest and most divinely
appointed constitution, it was not to be endured. If,
then, it had been possible without bloodshed to rid
Sparta of her imported curses, namely luxury and
extravagance, and debts and usury, and those elder
evils than these, namely, poverty and wealth, he
would have thought himself the most fortunate king
in the world to have cured the disease of his country
like a wise physician, without pain ; but as it was, he
said, in support of the necessity that had been laid
upon him, he could cite Lycurgus, who, though he
was neither king nor magistrate, but a private person
attempting to act as king, proceeded with an armed
retinue into the market-place, so that Charillus the
king took fright and fled for refuge to an altar. That
king, however, Cleomenes said, since he was an
excellent man and a lover of his country, speedily
concurred in the measures of Lycurgus and accepted

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

tca\ TTJV fJLGTa^oX^v Se^acrOaL T/}? TroXtreia?, epyw
Be fiapTvprjcrai TOV AvKovpyov ori Tro\neiav /uera-
(BaXelv avev /3ia9 fcal (£o/3ou ^aXerrov GGTIV, ol?
avrov e'(£?7 /jLerpLcorara Ke^p^vQai, rou^ eVicrra-
fjievovs Tr) crwr^pia ri}^ Aa/ce^at/xoi^o? eK7ro&a)v
6 Troirjcrd/jLevov. TO!? ^6 a\\oi<? €(j)rj TTCLGI TTJV re
<yr)v airaaav et? fiecov TiQkvai, KOL %pewv rou?
o(f>€L\oi>Ta$ a7ra\\drTeivt KOI rwv %evwv Kpiaiv
fcal BoKi/jLaaiav, OTTW? oi fcpaTicrroi, yevo-
TrapTidrai crai^aMTt TTJV 7ro\iv Tot? O7rXo£9,
Kal 7ravcra)/jL€0a rrjv Aarccovi/crjv AtVwXw^ tca\
\eiav ovaav e

XI. 'E«r TOI^TOU Trp&Tov fjiev auro? et?

ovcriav €0rjK€ KOI MeyicrTOvovs 6
CLVTOV Kal TWV d\\cov fyiXwv e/cacrro?, eVetra Aral

Ot \Ol7Tol TToXiTtti TTaf T6?, ?; &6 X(*>P&

K\yjpov Se /cat TWI' UTT' avrov yeyovorw
direveifJiev efcdaTW, Kal Kard^eiv airavra^ a>yLto-
\6yrjcr6 rwv Trpay/jLarcov ev ri<rv%
2 ai'aTT\ripu)aas Se TO TroXtreu/ia rot?

TWV TTCplOLKGOV OTrXtTtt? TGTpaKl cr

Kal Si&d^as avrovs dvrl &6paTO$

&L d/jL(f)OT€pa)V Kal rrjv acrTrtSa (fropeiv Bi

TTopTraKOS, €7rl TTJV Trai&eiav ra)v vewv
Kal rrjv \eyo/jL€vr)v dytoytjv, 77? ra TrXeFcrTa
o ^^atpo? avTfp avyKadiarrj, Ta%v TOV
TrpocnjKovra TWV re yv/^vaaicov Kal TWV (rva-

cri>crTeXXo-

72

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, x. 5-xi. 2

the change of constitution ; still, as a matter of fact
Lycurgus by his own acts bore witness to the difficulty
of changing a constitution without violence and fear.
To these, Cleomenes said, he had himself resorted
with the greatest moderation, for he had but put out
of the way the men who were opposed to the salva-
tion of Sparta. For all the rest, he said, the whole
land should be common property, debtors should be
set free from their debts, and foreigners should be
examined and rated, in order that the strongest of
them might be made Spartan citizens and help to
preserve the state by their arms. e< In this way," he
said, " we shall cease to behold Sparta the booty of
Aetolians and Illyrians through lack of men to
defend her."

XI. After this, to begin with, Cleomenes himself
placed his property in the common stock, as did
Megistonoiis his step-father and every one of his
friends besides ; next, all the rest of the citizens did
the same, and the land was parcelled out. Cleomenes
also assigned a portion of land to each man who had
been exiled by him, and promised to bring them all
home after matters had become quiet. Then he filled
up the body of citizens with the most promising of
the free provincials, and thus raised a body of four
thousand men-at-arms, whom he taught to use a long
pike, held in both hands, instead of a short spear,
and to carry their shields by a strap instead of by a
fixed handle. Next he devoted himself to the
training of the young men and to the " agoge," or
ancient discipline, most of the details of which
Sphaerus, who was then in Sparta, helped him in
arranging. And quickly was the proper system of
bodily training and public messes resumed, a few out

73

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

ciXiywv pev vrf dvdyKris, eKovalws &e rwv
Tr\e'icrra>v et? rrjv evreXfj Kal AaKcoviKrjv eKeivrjV
3 Statrav. o/xw? £e TO rr)<$ /jLovap^ias b'vo/j,a rrapa-
fjiv6ovp.€vos aTreBet^e /ueO* eavrov /3acri~\.ea rov
d&e\(j)bv RvK'XeiSav. KOI Tore JJLOVOV
€K fJLLa^ oi/cfca? crvvefBr) Svo a^elv

XII. Alcr06/jLevos Be TOU? \\%aiovs Kal rbv
"Aparov, a>? eV/o-^aXw? avrw TWV
e^ovTcov bid rbv ve^TepLarfJibv, OVK av olofie
nrpoeXOelv e£a) TT}? AaKeSai/jLOvos ov&e d7ro\L7relv

/jL6T€C0pOV eV KlVr'jfjiaTl Tr)\lKOVT(p Tf}V TTOX.IV, OVK

dyevves ov$e a%pr)(TTov r/jijuaro

2 rov o-rparev/jiaros eirtBel^at roT?

ovv et? TTJV ^/Ieya\o7ro\iri/cr)v w^eXetas- re
-t'jOpoicre Kal <f)0opdi> TTO\\TJV diret-pyd-
craro TT}? %oypas. reXo? Se TOL»? rrepl rbv ktovvcrov 810
Te^tra? ex Mecr<T?;'w;9 SiaTr opevop.evovs \a/3a>v,
KOL 7rr)£dfA€vos dearpov ev rfj 7ro\euia, /cal rrpo-
6e\s drrb rerrapaKovra fivcov dywva, fiiav ^fjuepav
eOearo KaOrfiuei'os, ov Se6/J.ei>os 6eas, aXV olov
€vrpv<f)oov Tot9 TroXe/xtof? Kal rcepiovcriav rivd rov
Kparelv TroXu rw Karatypoveiv em&eiKvviJLevos.

3 evrel aXXco? ye rwv eEi\\r)viK(i)v Kal (Bacn\iK&v
arparev/jidrcov eKelvo fjibvov ov /JLLJAOVS rrapaKO-
\ov6ovvras el^ev, ov 0av/naro7roiovs, OVK o
arpiSas, ov -^ra\rpias, aXXa

Kal /9ft)/xoXo^/a? Kal rravr^yvpKTfJLOv KaOapbv ijv,
rd fj.ev TroXXa fjLe\er(£vrwv rwv vewv Kal TWV
TTpecrfivrepcov SiSao-KcvrMv, T«? $e TraiSm?, brrbre
a"xo\d£oiev, Tat? (rvvr)9e<TLV 6vrpaire\iais Kal rro
\eyeiv rt, %dpiev Kal AaKcoviKov TT^O? a

74

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xi. a-xn. 3

of necessity, but most with a willing spirit, subjecting
themselves to the old Spartan regime with all its
simplicity. And yet, desiring to give the name of
absolute power a less offensive sound, he associated
with himself in royal power his brother Eucleidas.
And this was the only time when the Spartans had
two kings from the same house.

XII. Learning that Aratus and the Achaeans
believed that this revolution had jeopardized his
position, and therefore did not think that he would
venture forth outside of Sparta, or leave the city
while it was still in the suspense of so great an
agitation, he thought it a fine and helpful thing to
make a display of the ready zeal of his army to his
enemies. Accordingly, he invaded the territory of
Megalopolis, collected large booty, and devastated the
country far and wide. And finally arresting a
company of actors who were passing through the
country from Messene, he built a theatre in the
enemy's territory, instituted a contest for a prize of
forty minae, and sat spectator for a whole day; not
that he felt the need of a spectacle, but in exultant
mockery, as it were, of his enemies, and to show to the
world by his contempt for them that he held com-
plete control of affairs, with something, as it were,
to spare. For at other times, the Spartan alone
of Greek or Macedonian armies had no players
in attendance, no jugglers, no dancing-girls, no
harpists, but was free from every kind of licence,
scurrility, and general festivity ; while for the most
part the young men practised themselves and the
elder men taught them, and for amusement, when
their work was over, they had recourse to their
wonted pleasantries and the interchange of Spartan

75

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

. i}v Be e^ei TO TOIOVTOV r???

', ev TW Av/covpyov /3iw yeypaTTTai.
XIII. HdvTMV B' ai)ro? eyuyveTO BiBd(TKa\o$,
evreXrj Kal d</>eX?} KCU (froprifcov ovBev ovBe vrrep
TOU? TToXXou? e~%ovra TOV eavrov (Biov

ev j,ecr(a eevo^' o KCU

7T/30? ra? fEX\r;;^/ca? TTpd^ei^ pOTrrjv Tiva Trape-
aura), rot? /lev yap aXXot? e

o avw-TTOL aa-ievcnv ov ovrco

rovs TrXourou? ical ra? TroXureXeta?, co? e386\vr-
TOVTO TTJV virepo^rlav avrwv fcal TOV oyxov
eVa^;(9a)? KOU T/^a^eco? Trpoo-fapo/jLevw rot? eV-

2 Tvy^dvovcrL' irpos 8e KXeo/^evr] fiaBi^omes, OVTCL
re $rj (Sacri\ecL KOI Ka\ou/Aevov, elra o/3w^re? ov
7rop(})vpa<; TLVCLS ov ^XatVa? ire pi avrov ovoe K\L-
viBicov fcal (popeLwv KaTaa/cevas, ouS' VTT

o%\ov teal tfvpaypwv r) Sia ypa^/jLareicoif
£ovra ^aXeTrw? KOL /xoXt?, aXX' O.VTOV ev I

TO) TVfcOVTL TTyOO? Ttt? Se£ld)Cr€LS CUTCaVTMVTa KCU

ov Kai a")(o\d^ovTa rot? '%pr]£ov(ri,v
/col (f)i\avdpos)7rco<>, €KT]\OVVTO Kal /care-
yovvTO, Kal [JLOVOV aft 'H.pa/c\eovs eiceivov
yeyovevai.

3 Tw^ Be SeiTTvcov avTOV TO /JLCV /caOtj pep LVOV
ev TpiK\ivw (i(j)6Bpa avveo~Ta\p,evov Ka
VLKOV, el Be 7r/3ecr/3et5 rj %evov$ Se^oiro, Bvo
aXXat TrpoaTrapeftdXXovTo K\ivai, JJLLKP& Be fjid\-
\ov oi VTrrjpeTai T)]V Tpdrre^av eireXdf^Trpvi'ov, ov

~ vBe Trejiiiacriv, aXX'

Tio~v ove Tre/ji/iiacriv, a w<jre

elvai ra9 irapaOecreL'S Kal <^L\av9pa)-
TTOTepov TOV olvov. Kal yap €7reTtyu?;cre Tiva TMV

76

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xn. 3-xm. 3

witticisms. Of what great advantage this sort of
amusement is, I have told in my Life of Lycurgus.1

XIII. In all these matters Cleomenes was himself
a teacher. His own manner of life was simple, plain,
and no more pretentious than that of the common man,
and it was a pattern of self-restraint for all. This
gave him a great advantage in his dealings with the
other Greeks. For when men had to do with the
other kings, they were not so much awed by their
wealth and extravagance as they were filled with
loathing for their haughtiness and pomp as they gave
offensive and harsh answers to their auditors ; but
when men came to Cleomenes, who was a real as well
as a titled king, and then saw no profusion of purple
robes or shawls about him, and no array of couches
and litters ; when they saw, too, that he did not make
the work of his petitioners grievous and slow by
employing a throng of messengers and door-keepers
or by requiring written memorials, but came in
person, just as he happened to be dressed, to answer
the salutations of his visitors, conversing at length
with those who needed his services and devoting
time cheerfully and kindly to them, they were
charmed and completely won over, and declared
that he alone was a descendant of Heracles.

His usual supper was held in a room which had
only three couches, and was very circumscribed and
Spartan ; but if he was entertaining ambassadors or
guest-friends, two more couches would be brought
in, and the servants would make the table a trifle
more brilliant, not with sauces or sweetmeats, but
with more generous dishes and a kindlier wine. And
indeed he censured one of his friends, when he heard

1 Chapter xii.

77

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

<£>i\(ov aKovGas on £eyoi/9 ecrTiwv ^WJJLOV avTols
fjieXava /cal fid^av, wcnrep €$09 TJV ev rot? <£>L$L-
rto£9, irapeOrj/cew ov yap e<pij Beiv ev TOVTOLS ovSe

7Ty009 TOU9 £eVOVS \ldV aKpl/3a)S \CLKWV l£,€W*

4 airapOeicrr]^ $e rr}? rpavre^? elcreKO/n-i^eTO Tpijrovs
Kparrfpa ^dXKOVv e%G)v oivov /UL€<TTOV KOI (j)id\as
dpyvpas $IKOTV\OV<; Svo Kal TTortfpia rwv dpyv-
pwv o\ija TravTCLTracriv, e^ wv e-nivev 6 /3ov\6-

Koi'Ti &€ ouSet? iroTi^piov 7rpo<je$>epev.
Se OVT v]V our' eVe^reiro' €7rai$aya)>yei
yap auro? ofjiikia TOV TTOTOV, ra ^lv epwiMV, ia
Be ^Lrj'yovp.evo^, ovre Tyv a7rov$r]V drj^rj TWV
\6ya>v Tt'iv re TraiSiav eiri^apiv teal dao\otKov

5 e^ovrwv, a? fJitv yap ol \oi7rol TMV /3acri\€(ov eirl
TOU? dvOptoTTovs drjpas eirotovvTO, ^p^aai KOI
$a> peals ^eXea^o^re? avrovs /cal

drexyovs /cal dSlrcovs evofu&v elvat' TO oe o
teal \6yrn yjdpiv e^ovTi /cal TTIO-TLV OLKeio
real TrpoadyeaPai TOU? evrvy^dvovra^ e<paivero
Ka\\i<jTOV avrw /cal fiaaiX-i/cc

(f)epovTa JJLKI 6 WTOV r) ro3 TOV

l \6yqy, TOV Be VTTO ^prj/jaTwv d\i<TKeadai.

XIV. TIptoTOV p,ev ovv oi MavTtvels avTov
ydyovTO, /cal vv/CTWp €t9 rrjv 7ro\n> TrapetcrTreGovTi
Tr]V (ppovpdv T^V 'A%aiwv avveK(3d\ovTe<; ei>€%ei-
picrav auTOvs. 6 oe /cal TOL/9 vo/u.ov$ avTols /cal
Tr)v 7ro\LTeiav aTro&ovs avBrj/j,epbv dTcri\Oei> et9
Teyeav. okiyw S' vcrrepov CK7repie\6a)v Bi 'A/9-
fcaoias /caTeflaivev eirl ra9 '

78

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xm. 3-xiv. i

that in entertaining guest-friends he had set before
them the black soup and barley-bread of the public
mess-tables; " for," said he, "in these matters and
before foreigners we must not be too strictly Spartan."
After the table had been removed, a tripod would be
brought in on which were a bronze mixer full of
wine, two silver boAvls holding a pint apiece, and
drinking cups of silver, few all told, from which he
who wished might drink ; but no one had a cup
forced upon him. Music there was none, nor was
any such addition desired ; for Cleomenes entertained
the company hinself by his conversation, now asking
questions, now telling stories, and his discourse was
not unpleasantly serious, but had a sportiveness that
charmed and was free from rudeness. For the hunt
which all the other kings made for men, ensnaring
them with gifts and bribes and corrupting them,
Cleomenes considered unskilful and unjust. In his
eyes it was the noblest method, and one most fit for
a king, to win over his visitors and attach them to
himself by an intercourse and conversation which
awakened pleasure and confidence. For he felt that
a hireling differed from a friend in nothing except
that the one \vas captured by a man's character and
conversation, the other by a man's money.

XIV. To begin with, then, the Mantineians invited
him to help them, and after he had made his way into
the city by night, they expelled the Achaean garrison
and put themselves in his hands. Cleomenes restored
to them their laws and constitution, and on the same
day marched away to Tegea. Then, shortly after-
wards, he fetched a compass through Arcadia and
marched down upon the Achaean city of Pherae. His

79

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

/3ov\6fjievos rj f^d^rjv OecrOcn Trpos TOU? '
rf Bia/3d\\eiv rov'" A par ov a>9 djroBiBpda-Kovra KCLI
Trpole/jLevov avrw rr/v ^wpav. ecrrpar^yei p,ev yap
"TTTepftaras rare, rov Be 'Apdrov TO TTO.V rjv
2 A-/9aro? ev rot? 'A^mot?. e%e\06vT

rcot' 'A^atfoi^ Kal <TTpaTOTTeSeva-a/Ji€V(i)v ev
vrepl TO 'Ej/caTO/jifiaiov, e7re\0coi> 6
fiev ov /ca\ws eV yttecrw r/}? re
, 7TO\e/JLLas ovcrrj^, fcal rov

e TrporcaXov-

viKi]cra<; Kara Kpdros /cal rpe^dfjievos TTJV <pd-

\ajya TTO\\OV$ f^ev ev rfj fJid^rj bie^Qeipev CIVTWV,
7ro\\(ov $e KOL favTcov eKVpLevaev. eire\6(t)v Se
Adyycovi Kal TWV ^A^aicov TOU? (ppovpovvTas
e'^eXacra? djreScoKev 'HXetoi? rrjv 7ro\tv.

XV. OvTCO Be (TVVT€TpifJL^eVOl^ TOt? 'A^GUOt? 6

"Ayoaro?, ela)6a)$ Trap' eviavrov del crrpanj-

yev, TreiTraro rrjv dp^rjv Kal Traprjrrjcraro

\OVVTWV Kal Beo/jLevcov ov /caXw?, olov ev
irpajfjLdTWV fie'i^ovi, fietfels erepriy rov oaica,
Kal Trpoe/nevos rrjv e^ovcrLav. 6 Be KXeo/AeV?/1?
Trpwrov [lev /jberpia rot? 'A^atoi? eBoxei Trpecrfiecriv
eTrtrdrreiv, erepov^ Be TT e [JLTT wv eKekevev avra>
TrapaBiBovai TTJV rjyefjLOviav, &>? rd\\a p.rj Bioicro-
fjievos 7rpo9 avroi;?, d\\a Kal rovs al^fj,a\a)Tov<?
2 evOvs aTToBcoawv Kal ra ^wpia. /3ov\o^eva}v Be
rwv 'A^atwi/ eVl rovroi? Be%€cr0at, ra? BiaXvaeis
Kal TOV K.\eo/j,ew)j KaXovvrcov et? Aepvav, OTTOV

So

AC7IS AND CLEOMENES, xiv. i-xv. 2

desire was either to fight a battle with the Achaeans,
or to bring Aratus into disrepute for running away
and abandoning the country to him. For although
Hyperbatas was general at that time, Aratus had the
entire power in the Achaean league. Moreover, after
the Achaeans had marched out with all their forces
and pitched their camp at Dymae, near the Hecatom-
baeum, Cleomenes came up against them. He did not
think it well, however, to pitch his own camp between
the city of Dyinae, which was hostile, and the army
of the Achaeans, and therefore boldly challenged the
Achaeans and forced them to engage. He was
completely victorious, routed their phalanx, slew
many of them in the battle, and took many prisoners
also. Then he went up against Langon, drove out
the Achaean garrison, and restored the city to the
Eleians.

XV. The Achaeans having been thus utterly over-
whelmed, Aratus, who was wont to be their general
every other year, refused the office and declined to
listen to their invitations and prayers ; thus unwisely,
when the ship of state was in a heavy storm, handing
over the helm to another and abandoning the post
of authority. Cleomenes, on the other hand, at the
first was thought to impose moderate terms upon the
Achaean embassy, but afterwards he sent other en-
voys and bade them hand over to him the leadership
among the Greeks, assuring them that on other points
he would not quarrel with them, but would at once
restore to them their captives and their strongholds.1
The Achaeans were willing to settle matters on these
terms, and invited Cleomenes to come to Lerna,

1 Cf. the Aralus, xxxviii. 5 f.

Si

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

TOP

o^evaai'Ta Kal 'xpr/crdftevov rrapa Kaipov
iq atyLtaro? ir\ffdo^ aveveyfcelv Kal
cficovrjv dTTOKOTrfjvai. Bio TWV fjiev a
aTreVe/Li^e rot? 'A^a^oi? TOV<$ eVf<^a
TOV Be crv\\oyov vTrepOe/jievos ave^wp^crev

XVI. Tovro ^LekvjJH]vaTo ra TrpdyfjLara
'EXXaSo?, ayaco? 76 TTW? e/c TO>Z> irapovruiv ava\a-
(Belv CLVTTJV en KOI Siafivyeiv TI~JV Ma/ce&oi'tov
vfipiv KOI irXeove^iav &vvap.€V)]s. 6 'yap "Aparos,
elre airiaTia Kal (/>o/3ro TOV KXeo/ze^ou?, etre
(frQovwv evTv^ovvTL Trap1 eXiriSa Kal vo^i^wv errj
Tpia Kal rpiaKovra TTpwrevovTOS avrov Seivov
elvai Tj]v &6j;av a/j.a Kal T^V ovvapiv zirifyvvTa
2 veov tiv&pa KaOe\elv, Kal 7rapa\a^elv 7Tparyp,drrwv

VTT avrov Kal

TOGOVTOV apyi)v, Trpwrov [lev efreipdro rows
'A^afou? Trapaftid^ecrOai Kal SiaKco\v€iv co? ^e
ov TTpoael^ov avra) TOV KXeo/^ei'OL'? eKTren^jy-
fjievoi TO Opdaos, a\\a Kal Si/eatav enoiovvro
Trjv d^icocriv TWV AaKeSaifj-ovicov, et9 TO
3 ayji^a Koarp.oiJVTwv TTJV TLe\07r6vv)iaov,
7T/909 epyov ov$evl fjiev TMV 'EXX^Va)^
aicr\ia7ov 8' eiceLvut Kal TMV 7re7rpay/J.6va)v VTT
avrov Kal 7T€7ro\iT€v/ji€V(DV dva^iwrarov, 'Avri-
*/ovov eVl rrjv 'EXXaSa Ka\eiv Kal MaKeBovwv
rrjv IleXoTro^^cro^, ou? auTO? etc

cra? TOV ' KKpOKopiv6ov, Kal Traai /lev TO?? /3a-

U7TO77T05 Kal Old(f)OpOS 76^0yU6^0?, TOl'TOl't

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xv. 2-xvi. 3

where they were about to hold their assembly.
But it fell out that Cleomenes, who had made a
strenuous march and then too soon had drunk water,
brought up a great quantity of blood and lost his
speech. For this reason he sent back to the
Achaeans the most prominent men among their
captives, but postponed the conference and went back
home to Sparta.

XVI. This ruined the cause of Greece, at a time
when she was still able in some way or other to
recover from her grievous plight and escape Macedo-
nian greed and insolence. For Aratus (whether it
was through distrust and fear of Cleomenes, or because
he envied the king his unlocked for success, and
thought it a terrible thing after three and thirty years
of leadership to have his own fame and power stripped
from him by an upstart of a young man, and the
authority taken over in a cause which he himself had
built up and controlled for so long a time),, in the first
place tried to force the Achaeans aside and hinder
their purpose ; but when they paid no heed to him in
their consternation at the daring spirit of Cleomenes,
but actually saw justice in the demands of the
Lacedaemonians, who were seeking to restore the
Peloponnesus to its ancient status, Aratus took a step
which would have been unmeet for any Greek to
take, but was most shameful for him and most
unworthy of his career as soldier and statesman. For
he invited Antigonus into Greece and filled the
Peloponnesus with Macedonians, whom he himself
had driven out of Peloponnesus when, as a young
man, he delivered Acrocorinthus from their power 1
• — he who had incurred the suspicion and hostility of
all the reigning kings, and of this very Antigonus had
1 See the Aratus, xvi. ff. 0

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

Se avTov ' AvTiyovov elprjKax; Ka/ca yuvpia 6t' wv

4 d7ro\e\.oi7r€v vTro/jLvn/uLaTdyv. KCLITOL vroXXa
Kal 7rapa/3a\eo-0ai (j)^crlv auro? virep

OTTO)? /; vroXi? aTraXXayeir) (bpovpas KalM.aKeB6vcov
eLTa TOVTOUS eVl T/)r^ irarpiSa KCU rrjv kaTiav TTJV
eavrov yue^' 07T\wv elcnjyayev a^pi r?}? ^vvaiKwvl-
TiSo?* TOZ^ 5e a<£' 'H/oa/tXeou? yeyovora KOL /3aai- 812
\evovra ^irapriarwv, KOI rrjv Trdrpiov TroXireiav,
wGTrep dp/jLOviav drcXeXvfjLevrjv, dvatcpovoiJLevovavOis
eVl TOV crotxfrpova teal Acopiov erceivov rov Av/covp-
yov vo/Jiov teal ftiov, OVK rjtfiov ^IKVWVIWV r)y€/ji6va

5 KOL Tpiratewv ypd(j)€cr6ai, <^ev<ywv Se Tr]v yu,a£ay
/cal TOV Tplftwva, /cal TO Seivorarov wv Kcnrjyopei
KXeoyuei^ou?, dvaip€0ii' TT\OVTOV KCU Tfevias €7rav-
6p0(i)<riv, SiaSrfpari real iropfyvpa, /cal Ma/ee-
SoviKOi? Kal (TarpaTUKols TT poa"r dy fjiaa iv v

/jLerd TT}? 'A^am? aurov, i'va /j,rj K\€O/y,€vei,
&OKTJ TO Trpoararro/jLevov, 'Avriyoveia 6vwv

ei<?

VTTO

'AXXa Tavra /nev OVK 'ApaTOU /3ov\6/jievoi,
riyyopeiv <ypd(^OfjL€v (ev TroXXot? yap 6 dvrjp
eEi\Xr]viKo$ yeyove Kal yiieya?), oiKTelpovres
&e T/}? dv6pwirivr)<$ ^wo-eco? rrjv dadeveiav, el /jirjBe
ev ijOeaiv OI/TW? d£io\6yoi$ Kal Sia<popois TT/JO?
dperr/v eK^epeiv Bvvarat, TO Ka\ov dve/jLecrijTov.

XVII. 'Ei\06vT(i)v Be 'A%aia)v et? "Apyos av6i<;
eirl TOV crv\\oyov Kal TOV KXeo/^ei'oi;? eic Teyeas
KaTafteftrjKOTOS e'X7rt9 r)v TroXX?; TWV dvdpWTrwv
eaeaQai TTJV 8td\variv. 6 Be "ApaTO?, 778?; BIW/JLO-
\oyijfjLeva)V avTa> Trpo? TOJ^ 'AvTiyovov TCOV /te-

84

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xvi. 3-xvn. i

said countless evil things in the commentaries which
he left behind him. Arid still, though he had
incurred many hardships and dangers in behalf of
Athens, as he says himself, in order that the city
might be set free from its garrison of Macedonians,
he afterwards brought these Macedonians, under
arms, into his own country and into his own home ;
aye, even into the apartments of his women;1 but
he would not consent that the man who was a descen-
dant of Heracles and king of Sparta, and was seeking
to bring its ancient polity., now like a decadent melody,
back again to that restrained and Dorian law and life

O

which Lycurgus had instituted, should be entitled
leader of Sicyon and Tritaea. Instead of this, to
avoid the Spartan barley-bread and short-cloak, and
the most dreadful of the evils for which he denounced
Cleomenes, namely, abolition of wealth and restora-
tion of poverty, he cast himself and all Achaea down
before a diadem, a purple robe, Macedonians, and
oriental behests. And that he might not be thought
to obey Cleomenes, he offered sacrifices to Antigonus
and sang paeans himself, with a garland on his head,
in praise of a man who was far gone with consumption.

1 write this, however, not with any desire to
denounce Aratus, for in many ways he was a true
Greek and a great one, but out of pity for the weak-
ness of human nature, which, even in characters so
notably disposed towards excellence, cannot produce
a nobility that is free from blame.

XVII. When the Achaeans came to Argos again
for the conference, and Cleomenes had come down
from Tegea, everyone had a strong hope that they
would come to an agreement. But Aratus, since the
most important questions between him and Antigonus

1 See the Aratus, xlix. 1.

VOL. X. 85

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

TOP eojLevr j,r irdvra

Ka@ojj,i\rjcra<; rb 77X77^09 T)

\aftovra Tpiarcocriovs ojjiij
fjibvov elcnevai rrpos avrovs, rj Kara
e^codev TO Kv\\apd(3iov rrpoa-e\96i'ra //.era
2 Swd/nect)? Sia\eyea0ai. raDr' aKovcras 6 KXeo-
aSirca Trda")(€iv €(f>acrfC6' Beiv yap ev0v<?
Tore Trpoenrelv, ov vvv, ij/covTOs eVt ra?
0vpas ra? eiceivwv, dirtarelv Kol drr€\avveiv.
Be rrepl rovrwv €7rtaro\r)V TT/OO? TOU?
u?, 775 fjv rb 7r\elcrTOV 'Apdrov /earrjyopia,
a Be Kal rov 'Apdrov ^oiSop/icravTos avrbv
7T/30? TO 7r\rj6ost ave%€V%€ Bia Ta^ewv KOL tcijpv/ca
Trpoepovvra roi? 'A^atot? eire^-^rev, OVK
ALJIOV, W9

O7T&)9 (^9 day T7]V TrapacrKevrjv avrv.

3 'Eijeyovei Be Kivrjfia rwv ' A^aiwv, teal irpbs
aTrocrracriv w^aav al 7ToXet9,

TO)V Be rrpoLtrwv TroXXa^oO fBapwo/Jievtov rbv "Apa-
TOV, eviwv Be Kal St' 0^77)9 e^ovTwv a>9 eirdyovTd
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6 el<$ 6 KXeo/
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Kal TOL/? <£>poupo
fjterd Be ravra Qevebv Trpocnjydyero real Tievre-
4 \eiov. eVet Be (poftrjOevres ol *A%aiol TTpoBoviav
TLVCL TrpaTTO/Jiei'rjv ev Kopivdw Kal ^IKVWVI, rou9

1 TU>V >Axa'<^J/ with 131 ass : /xera TOJV

86

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xvn. 1-4

had already been settled, and because he was afraid
that Cleomenes would carry all his points by either
winning over or constraining the multitude, demanded
that Cleomenes, after receiving three hundred
hostages, should come into the city alone for his
conference with them, or else should come with his
army as far as the gymnasium outside the city called
Cyllarabium, and treat with them there. When
Cleomenes heard this, he declared that he had been
wronged ; for he ought to have been told of this when

o y o

the conference was first proposed, and not be dis-
trusted and driven away now, when he had come to
their very doors. Then, after writing a letter to the
Achaeans on the matter, most of which was denun-
ciation of Aratus, and after Aratus on his part had
abused him at great length to the multitude,
Cleomenes broke camp with all speed and sent a
herald to declare war upon the Achaeans, not to
Argos, but to Aegium, in order, as Aratus says,
that he might anticipate their preparations for
defence.1

Now, there had been agitation among the Achaeans,
and their cities were eager for revolt, the common
people expecting division of land and abolition of
debts, and the leading men in many cases being
dissatisfied with Aratus, and some of them also
enraged at him for bringing Macedonians into Pelop-
onnesus. Therefore Cleomenes, encouraged by these
conditions, invaded Achaea. First, he took Pellene
by a sudden assault, and drove out the Achaean
garrison ; next, he brought over to his cause Pheneus
and Penteleium. Presently the Achaeans, who were
afraid that some treachery was afoot in Corinth and

1 Cf. the Aratus, xxxix.

87

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

irrrrels KCL\ TOVS t;evovs aTrecrreiXav e'£ "Apyov?
Trapa(f)V\d£o2'Tas, avrol ce ra Xe'/ie^a Ka~a-
es eis "Apyos rjyov, e'XvriVa?, orrep TJV, 6
f???, cr^Xou TravrjyvpiKov Kal Oearwv TTJV

VVKTOS 7;ye TT/^O? ra ^€1 TO arp-
5 ~ev/j.a, KCLI rbv Trepi TTJV 'AcrTrt'ca rorrov Ka~a-
\a3uv v—'ep TOV Oedrpov %CL\€TTOV OVTOL KCL\
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lv, KCLI &OVVO.L rwv TTO\ITOJV 6/juypow$
eitcocri, Kal yevevOai crv/jLfjLd^ov<; \a.K6baip.oviwv,

XVIII. Ov fJLLKpOV OVV TOVTO Kal 77/30? S6

aura) Kal cvvafj.iv vTrrjO-^ev. ov~e yap oi ird\ai
8acri\€l? \aKecai [JLOTIMV 7ro\\d Trpay/jLa-reua-d-
fjievot Trpo&ayayecrQai TO vApyo? f$€/3aia>s ijcvvij-
Qrjcrav, o re deivora-os TWV GTpa-rjywv IIvppo?
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aXX* drreOave Kai TTO\V crvvtie$6dpri /JLEOOS avrw
2 TT}? tvvdfji€a)S. 66ev edavp.a'Zov TTJV o^vrfjra Kal 813
cidro'ar ~ov KXeo//eVou^' Kal oi Trporepov avrov
rbv ^oXwi'a Kal TOV \vKovpyov a7ro/zf;a
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KTiffiMTtov etidciJcreL /cara'/eXw^re?, Tore Tra^T

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3 77aprma? /^era-or,?. OUTV yap errpaTTOV TO

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OXTT€ Trei'Te pvpiaSas dvcoaTTotwv e/i-SaXoz/Ta? e/5
rrjv \aKwvLK-nv AiVwXot? array ay dv, ore
TLva T'JIV rrp€<T/3vTepayv ^.
oi iro\€fuoi TTV AaKwviKr/v a

88

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xvn. 4-xvm. 3

Sicyon, sent their horsemen and their mercenaries out
of Argos to keep watch over those cities, while they
themselves went down to Argos and began celebrating
the Nemean games. So Cleomenes, expecting, as was
the case, that while the throng was holding festival
and the city was full of spectators, his unexpected
approach would be more apt to cause confusion, led
his army by night up to the walls, occupied the
region about the Aspis overlooking the theatre, a
region which was rugged and hard to come at, and so
terrified the inhabitants that not a man of them
thought of defence, but they accepted a garrison and
gave twenty citizens as hostages, agreeing to become
allies of the Lacedaemonians, and to give Cleomenes
the chief command.

XVII I. This greatly increased the reputation and
power of Cleomenes. For the ancient kings of Sparta,
in spite of numerous efforts, were not able to secure
the abiding allegiance of Argos ; and the most form-
idable of generals, Pyrrhus, although he fought his
way into the city, could not hold it, but was slain
there, and a great part of his army perished with him.1
Therefore men admired the swiftness and intelligence
of Cleomenes ; and those who before this had mocked
at him for imitating, as they said, Solon and
Lycurgus in the abolition of debts and the equaliza-
tion of property, were now altogether convinced that
this imitation was the cause of the change in the
Spartans. For these were formerly in so low a state
and so unable to help themselves, that Aetolians
invaded Laconia and took away fifty thousand slaves.
It was at this time, we are told, that one of the elder
Spartans remarked that the enemy had helped Sparta

1 See the Pyrrhus, xxxii. ff.

89

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

4 (ravres. o\Ljov Be j^povov Bie\@6vTO<$ d

TWV TraTpiwv eO&v real KaTao-Tavres
6K€iV7)? T?}? dywyijs, axrTrep irapovTi Kal

dvBpeias CTTOIOVVTO Kal ireiQapxias, rt]v rr/s
ava\a/jL/3dvovT6s ^e^Lovlav rfj Aa/ce-
ifjiovi teal avaKT(i)fjL€voi rrjv He^Trovvrjcrov.
XIX. 'EaXco/coTo? Se "Apyovs KOI KaToiriv evOvs
v ra> KXeo/ieVet KXew^w^ Kal OXt-
, €Tv<y%ave jjuev 6 "A/oaro? eV HLoplv6a> TTOLOV-
os TLva TWV Xeyo/jievcov XaKtovi^eiv e^eraaiv

Se Trepl TOVTWV TrpocrTrea'ova'rjs
t? Kal TTJV TTO\IV aTTOKXivovaav aldOo

KXeo/zeVr; Kal rwv ^ Kyaiwv d
f3ov\o/ji€vrjv, €Ka\ei fjiev et? TO f3ov\€VTr)piov TOI/?
TroXtra?, e\a6e Se &io\L<r@(t)v a^pi T% TruXt;?.
€Kel Be TOV LTTTTOV 7T pocra')(6evTOS dvaftas e(f)vy6v
2 ei? ^iKvwva. TWV Be Kopivfliwv d^i\
et? "Apyo? TTyOO? TOV KXeo/^evr] (fcrjcrlv 6
TOU? WTTOVS Trdvras payfjvat, TOV Be
/ji€[jL(f)eo~0ai TOJ)? \\opiv0iovs yu-?;
avrov, aXX' edcravras biafyvyelv ov ^i]V aXXa
/cat TT^O? avTov e\6elv ^leyLaroTovv Trapa TOV
KXeoyLterof 9 Beopevov 7rapa\a(Belv TOV 'AKpoKopiv-
6ov (el^e yap (ppovpav 'A^afco^) /cat TroXXa, %/o?7-
BiBovTO?" diroKplvaaOaL Be avTov &>? ou/c

aura? e^erai* Taura /xei^ o "Aparos ye
3 'O Se KXeoxe^?? eV Tov^Aovs €7re\@(i)V Kal

r/Kev ei? Ko/ofz^^o^' «:at T?)Z> /xe^ aKpav

rrepie^apuKcocre, ra)v %aia)v ov
90

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xvin. 4 xix. 3

by lightening her burden. But now only a little time
had elapsed, and they had as yet barely resumed
their native customs and re-entered the track of their
famous discipline, when, as if before the very eyes of
Lycurgus and with his co-operation, they gave abun-
dant proof of valour and obedience to authority, by
recovering the leadership of Hellas for Sparta and
making all Peloponnesus their own again.

XIX. Thus Argos was taken by Cleomenes, and
immediately afterwards Cleonae and Phlius came
over to him. When this happened, Aratus was at
Corinth, holding a judicial examination of those who
were reputed to favour the Spartan cause. The
unexpected tidings threw him into consternation,
and perceiving that the city was leaning towards
Cleomenes and wished to be rid of the Achaeans, he
summoned the citizens into the council-hall, and
then slipped away unnoticed to the city gate. There
his horse was brought to him, and mounting it he
fled to Sicyon. The Corinthians were so eager to
get to Cleomenes at Argos that, as Aratus says, all
their horses were ruined. Aratus says also that
Cleomenes upbraided the Corinthians for not seizing
him, but letting him escape ; however, Megistonoiis
came to him, he says, bringing from Cleomenes a
request for the surrender of Acrocorinthus (which
was held by an Achaean garrison) and an offer of a
large sum of money for it ; to which he replied that
he did not control affairs, but rather affairs controlled
him. This is what Aratus writes.

But Cleomenes, marching up from Argos and
taking over Troezen, Epidaurus, and Hermione, came
to Corinth. Its citadel he blockaded, since the
Achaeans would not abandon it, and after summon-

91

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

€K\i7T6iv, rov Be 'Apdrov TOVS <£tXou9 /cat TOV?

eTTiTpoiTovs fjL6Ta7r€/jL~^fdfjL€vo^ e'/eeXeucre TIJV oltclav

Kal TO, %pi]{jiaTa \a(36vTas (f)V\aTT6iv KOI Siouceiv.

4 rFpiTVfMO\\ov Se iraKiv TOV Mecrcn;i>£oz> aTreVreiXe

7T/50? aVTOV, d^iWV V7TO TWV ' A%aLWV KOL TO)V

AaKe8ai[jLOVLc0i> O/JLOV (^vKdrrecrOai TOV 'AtcpoKO-
piv9ov, ISia Se TO) 'Aparw Bt,7T\rjv eTTayyeXkojjievo^
T^V GVVTO%LV ^9 e\dfjil3ave Trapa Tlro\€/J,aiov rov
ftacrL\eu)<;. eVel Be 6 "Aparos ov% vTri'-jKovcrev,
d\\a TOV re vibv eire/ji^e TT/OO? TOV 'Avrtyovov
a TWV a\\a)v ojmrfpwv KOL 'fyrifyivaaQai TOU?
ou? €TT€i(7€V 'AvTiyovq) irapaBtSovat, TOV

'AKpOKOpl,V00V, OVTO)? 0 K\€O/jL6VV)S TIjV T€ ^IKU-

coviav €fifta\G)v €7r6p0^o~6, Kal ra ^ptj/iiaTa TOV

'Apd-Tov,

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Ka TOVTOLS xpo/jbevos rot? Xoyjcr-

2 /Ltot? et? uTTOpuav KadiaTTj TOV 'AvTiyovov. OVTG
yap alrov ei%ev €K Tra/oacr/ceu/}? iKavov, OUTC
ftidcraaOai Ttjv TrdpoSov, Ka8>]/-Levov TOV
aevovs, rjv pao'iov eTTi^eipija-a^ Se Tr

Sid TOV Ae%aiovvvKTbs e^eireo-e Kai Tivas
TWV o-TpaTicdTcov, wcrT6 TravTaTraG i Oappijcrat, TOV
K\,€Ojjievr) Kal row? Trepl avrbv eTnjpfievov^ TJJ 814
viKy TparreaOaL TT^O? TO belrrvov, dOvfjielv Se TOV
'AvTLyovov elf OVK evTTopovs KaTaK\eio/jievov UTTO

3 T>}9 dvdjKtfi "koyHTfjiovs. e/3ov\€veTo yap eVi

92

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xix. 3-xx. 3

ing the friends and stewards of Aratus, ordered them
to take the house and property of Aratus into their
charge and management. Then he sent Tritymallus
the Messenian once more to Aratus, proposing that
Acrocorinthus should be garrisoned by Achaeans
and Lacedaemonians together, and promising Aratus
personally double the stipend which he was receiving
from King Ptolemy.1 Aratus, however, would not
listen to the proposition, but sent his son to Anti-
gonus along with the other hostages, and persuaded
the Achaeans to vote the surrender of Acrocorinthus
to Antigonus. Therefore Cleomenes invaded the
territory of Sicyon and ravaged it, and accepted the
property of Aratus when the Corinthians voted it to
him as a gift.

XX. When Antigonus with a large force was
crossing the mountain-range of Geraneia, Cleomenes
thought it more advisable to fortify thoroughly, not
the Isthmus, but the Oneian range of hills, and to
wear out the Macedonians by a war of posts and
positions, rather than to engage in formal battle with
their disciplined phalanx. He carried out this plan,
and thereby threw Antigonus into straits. For he
had not a sufficient store of provisions, and it was no
easy matter to force his passage while Cleomenes sat
entrenched. Moreover, when he attempted to slip
past his enemy in the night by way of Lechaeum, he
was driven out and lost some of his soldiers. There-
fore Cleomenes was altogether encouraged, and his
men, elated by their victory, betook themselves to
supper ; but Antigonus was dejected, since he was
shut up by necessity to difficult plans. For he was

1 Ptolemy III. , surnamed Euergetes, king of Egypt 247-
222 B.C. See the Aratus, xli. 3.

93

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

aKpav dva^evyvvvai TO 'tipalov /cdfceWev

TT\OLOI<> TrcpaiwcraL T/;I> &vvauiv o real
TToXXoO KOI Trapaa Kevr)<$ rjv ov rfjs TW^OV-
0-779. 77877 Be 7rpo9 ecrrrepav r)/cov e£ "Apyou? Kara
OaKaTrav av&pes 'Apdrov <f)i\oi, Ka\ovvT6<; avrov
&)? d(£>tcrTa/jL€va)v T&V *Kp<yelwv TOV
o 5e TrpaTToov i]V TTJV airocrTacrLV '
/col TO TrX^^o? ov ^aXeTrw? eTceicrev, dyavavTOvv
OTI %pea)V dTroKorras OVK e7roir)(T€v aurot? o KXeo-
4 /zeV?79 e\Tri(Ta<jt. Aa/3&V ovv o "Aparo? Trap
'AvTiyovov (TTpaTicoTas ^tXtoi'9 /cal

et? ' 'ETTL&av pov . 6 5e '
ov Trepiefjievev, d\\a rou? TroXtra? rrapa-

TTO\LV fcal Trapijv avTy Tfyu-o^ez^o? yu-era
'A^afwz^ €K ^iKVWvos fiorjQwv.

XXI. TavTa rrepl Sevrepav (f>v\aKi-jv TT)?
dfcovaas 6 KXeo/zer77? yuereTreyu-^aTO
teal TTyOo? 6py)]v eice\€vaev evOvs etV'Apyo?
o yap vTrep TMV 'Apyei&v ad\i(TTa
rrpbs avTOv e/ceti'O? rjv, /cal
TOU? UTTOTTTOI;?. aTroXi/cra? ovv TOV
/JLCTO, Btcr^iXiayv (TTpaTitoT&v at»ro?

TW 'AvTiyora), /cal TOL/?

rrapeOdppvvev 009 ovoevos fieyd\ov rrepl TO "Apyos,
tiXXa Tapa%fjs TWOS air* dvOpooTrwv 6\iycov
2 /ueVr7?. eVet Se o MeytcrToi'ou? re

TO ?O? vre7 uaoLte^o? /cat uiois O.VT-

ot' typovpol /cal oierreuTrovTO av^vovs
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/cpaTijaavTes Kal ra? Trapoo'ovs d7ro/c\€icravT€$

94

AGLS AND CLEOMENES, xx. 3-xxi. 2

planning to march off to the promontory of the
Heraeum, and from there to put his army across to
Sicyon in transports — an undertaking requiring much
time and extraordinary preparations. But when it
was already towards evening, there came to him
from Argos by sea some friends of Aratus, who sum-
moned him to the city, on the ground that the
Argives were ready to revolt from Cleomenes. The
author of the revolt was Aristotle ; and the multitude
were easy to persuade, being incensed because
Cleomenes had not brought about the abolition of
debts which they expected. Accordingly, Aratus
took fifteen hundred soldiers from Antigonus and
sailed to Epidaurus. Aristotle, however, did not
await his coming, but at the head of the citizens
made an attack upon the garrison of the citadel ;
and Timoxenus came to his aid from Sicyon with
the Achaean army.

XXI. It was about midnight when Cleomenes
heard of these things, and summoning Megistonoiis,
he angrily ordered him to go at once to Argos with
assistance ; for it was Megistonoiis who had given
him most assurances of the fidelity of the Argives,
and had thereby prevented him from expelling the
suspected citizens. After sending off Megistonoiis,
then, with two thousand soldiers, he himself kept
watch upon Antigonus and tried to encourage the
Corinthians, telling them that there was no great
trouble at Argos, but only a slight disturbance made
by a few men. However, when Megistonoiis, who
had made his way into Argos, was slain in battle,
and the garrison held out with difficulty and kept
sending frequent messengers to Cleomenes, he was
afraid that if the enemy made themselves masters of

95

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

avTol TTOpOwcrLv aSeco? rrjv AatcwviKrjiJ Kal iro\iop-
KO)(Ti TTJV ^Trdpr^v 6p?jfj,ov ovcrav, aTrrjyev €K Koplv-
3 dov rb (rrpdrevfJLa. teal ravT^s fJLev evOv? ea-rep^ro
7roXea>9 €icre\06vTos * AvTiyovov KOI t^povpav

Se ra> "Apyei Kara TO

KOI

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eVro? eVta fc\i/j,a/ca<; Trpo<j6e\<; /tareXa^e, Aral
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4 xprfcracrdai Tr^ocrra^a? TOW? Kpryra?. &>? 5e /car-
et<5e rov ' AvTiyovov CLTTO TWV atcpcov et? TO T
TCL yuera T/)? t^aXayyo?, TOL/? Se /T
pvSrjv e\avvovTas els TIJV iro\iv, arre

Kal crvvayaytov airavTas irpos aviov
KaTejBrj Kal irapa TO ret^o? dTnjXXaT-
T€TO, /jLeyL(TTCi)V fjiev ev eXa^tcrTft) %/oo^fo Trpay-
/jLaTMv eTTLKpaT^cra^, Kal fiera {iiKpov 6'X?;? o/j,ov
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ol ^e oXlyov vGTepov TW ' AvTiyovw ra9 -770X^9

XXII. OVTCO S' auTO) ireTrpa^OTt Kara TTJV
arpaTeiav Kal aTrayayoi'Ti, T^V Svvauiv, e&rrepas
ij&ij Trepl Teyeav afyiKov-ro Tives GK Aa/<:e8 alcoves
OVK eXdiTova 77)9 eV X^pcrl SvaTV%iav dTrayye\-
Xoi/re9, -reOvdvai T^V yvvaifca, Si i]V ovBe

irvv KaTopov/jievais ercevos evexapTepei a~Tpa-
re/at9, aXXa

96

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xxi. 2-xxii. i

Argos and shut up the passes, they might ravage at
will the Laconian territory and lay siege to Sparta,
which he had left without defenders. He therefore
led his army away from Corinth. This city was at
once lost to him, for Antigonus entered it and set a
garrison there ; but Cleomenes, on reaching Argos,
made an attempt to scale the walls, and with this in
view drew his forces together from their march, and
cutting his way through the tunnels running under
the Aspis, or citadel, he made the ascent and effected
a junction with his garrison inside, which was still
holding out against the Achaeans. He actually got
possession of some portions of the city by using
scaling-ladders, and cleared the streets of the enemy
by bringing his Cretan archers into action. But
when he saw Antigonus with his phalanx descending
from the heights into the plain, and his horsemen
already streaming into the city, he gave up trying to
master it; and gathering all his troops about him he
made his way safely down from the citadel and with-
drew along past the city wall. He had made the
greatest possible conquests in the briefest possible
time, and had come within a little of making himself
master of all Peloponnesus by a single march through
it, but had quickly lost everything again. For some
of his allies left him at once, and others after a little
while handed their cities over to Antigonus.

XXII. Such was the result of his expedition, and
he was leading his army home, when, as it was
already evening and he was near Tegea, messengers
from Sparta came with tidings of a fresh and even
greater calamity, the death of his wife. It was
because of her that even in his most successful
campaigns he could not endure to the end, but would

97

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

epayv rfjs 'AyidnSos real Trepl rr\eicrrov TTOIOV-

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eiKos TIV veov av&pa Ka\\icrrr)s ical (rcofypove-
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ovBe Trpo^Karo ra) Trddei TO (ftpovrj/jia /cat TO

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ev (j) Trporepov el^ev rjdei Sia(f)v\dr-
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TT)? acr^aXeta? TMV Teyearwv efypovri^ev.

3 ajjia Be fjfjbepa icaTefSaivev et? Aa/ceSat/zoz/a, teal
yu-era r?}? yu^ryoo? oi/coi Kal TWV TraLScov aTraXyrj-
cra? TO 7rev0o$ evOvs rjv ev Tot? Trepl TWV o\wv

l Be DToXe/iato? o T>}? hlyvTrrov /3acrtXei'9
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ofjirfpa TOU? TratSa? Afal r/)z/ /uujrepa, %povov /nev
vvyyov ya^vvero fypdaai rfj ^rjTpi, Kal TroXXa/ft?
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4 /SofXo/ue^o? evrv^elv ainrj. TeXo? Be rov KXeo-

i, "Touro rjv," eltrev, "o
\eyeiv aTreSeiX/aora?; ou Oarrov ///tac e
e/9 Tr\olov a7rocTTeXet9, OTTOV Trore
vofjLi^ei,^ TO (TO)/jLa rovro xprjarijLLcoraTov ecreaOai,
TTplv VTTO yi'ipw^ avrov KaO^evov Bia\v0rjvai;"
5 Tldvrwv ovv eroifji^v yevo^evtov a<biKowro
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avrovs ev rots o7rXot9' yueXXofcra Se T?}?

TI K.parijcriK\eia rov K\eo/nevrj /aovov
vewv rov Tloa€ioa)vo$ dmfiyaye, Kal Trepi-

98

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xxn. 1-5

continually be coming home to Sparta, out of love for
Agiatis and in supreme devotion to her. Of course,
then, he was smitten with grief, as was natural for a
young man who had lost a most beautiful and most
sensible wife, but he did not allow his suffering to
shame or betray the loftiness of his thought or the
greatness of his spirit. He maintained his usual
speech, dress, and bearing, gave the customary orders
to his captains, and took thought for the safety of
Tegea. Next morning he returned to Sparta, and
after duly mourning his loss with his mother and
children at home, he at once engaged in the measures
which he planned for the public good.

Now, Ptolemy the king of Egypt promised him aid
and assistance, but demanded his mother and his
children as hostages. For a long time, therefore, he
was ashamed to tell his mother, and though he often
went to her and was at the very point of letting her
know, he held his peace, so that she on her part became
suspicious and enquired of his friends whether there
was not something which he wished to impart to her
but hesitated to do so. Finally, when Cleomenes
plucked up courage to speak of the matter, his mother
burst into a hearty laugh and said : " Was this the
thing which thou wast often of a mind to tell me but
lost thy courage ? Make haste, put me on board a
vessel, and send this frail body wheresoever thou
thinkest it will be of most use to Sparta, before old
age destroys it sitting idly here."

Accordingly, when all things were ready, they
came to Taenarus by land, while the army escorted
them under arms. And as Cratesicleia was about to
embark, she drew Cleomenes aside by himself into the
temple of Poseidon, and after embracing and kissing

99

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

(3a\ovcra /cal KaTacnraa-fi/uevr) Bia\yovvTa KOI o~vv-

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TT\evpal<$ Kafle^o/jievov /cal BOKOVVTOS VTTO TWV

MeyaXo-

100

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xxn. 5-xxin. 2

him in his anguish and deep trouble, said : " Come,
O king of the Lacedaemonians, when we go forth let
no one see us weeping or doing anything unworthy
of Sparta. For this lies in our power, and this alone ;
but as for the issues of fortune, we shall have what
the Deity may grant." After saying this, she
composed her countenance and proceeded to the
ship with her little grandson, and bade the captain
put to sea with all speed. And when she was come
to Egypt, and learned that Ptolemy was entertaining
embassies and proposals from Antigonus, and heard
that although the Achaeans invited Cleomenes to
make terms with them, he was afraid on her account
to end the war without the consent of Ptolemy, she
sent word to him that he must do what was fitting
and advantageous for Sparta, and not, because of one
old woman and a little boy, be ever in fear of
Ptolemy. Such, then, as we are told, was the bearing
of Cratesicleia in her misfortunes.

XXIII. After Antigonus had taken Tegea by
siege, and had surprised Orchomenus and Mantineia>
Cleomenes, now reduced to the narrow confines
of Laconia, set free those of the Helots who could
pay down five Attic minas (thereby raising a sum of
five hundred talents), armed two thousand of them in
Macedonian fashion as an offset to the White Shields
of Antigonus, and planned an undertaking which
was great and entirely unexpected. Megalopolis
was at that time of itself fully as large and strong as
Sparta, and could have assistance from the Achaeans
and from Antigonus ; for Antigonus was encamped
near by, and it was thought that the Megalopolitans
were chiefly responsible for his being called in by the

JOT

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

3 iroXiTwv (nrovBaadi'Tcov. ravrijv Biaprrdaai Bia-
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Tot? Kara rrjv TTO\LV, ol /AW ev@us e^eTrnrrov oaa
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TOU? Be aXXou? diravra^ O/JLOV pera TZK.VWV KOI
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e KOL TWV Trpoa-fioritfovvTayv KOI
TO Tr\i}0o^' o\iyoi Be TravTaTracnv r/

2 ecrutOi Be

102

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xxm. 3-xxiv. 2

Achaeans. This city Cleomenes planned to snatch
away (for nothing else could better describe the
speed and unexpectedness of his famous achievement),
and ordering his men to take five days' rations, he
led them forth to Sellasia, as though he would ravage
the territory of Argos. But from there he descended
into the territory of Megalopolis, and after giving his
men their supper at the Rhoeteium, he marched at
once by way of Helicus against the city itself. When
he was not far away he dispatched Panteus with two
divisions of Lacedaemonians, ordering him to seize a
portion of the wall between two towers which he had
learned was the most unprotected part of the walls
of Megalopolis, while he himself with the rest of his
army followed slowly after. Panteus found not only
that particular spot, but also a great part of the wall,
undefended, and at once tore down some portions of
it, undermining others, and slaying all the defenders
whom he encountered. Cleomenes promptly joined
him, and before the Megalopolitans were aware of it,
he was inside the city with his army.

XXIV. At last the disaster became clear to the
citizens, and some of them at once fled the city,
taking with them what property they could lay hands
on, while others banded together under arms, resist-
ing and assaulting the enemy. These they were not
strong enough to eject from the city, but they af-
forded a safe escape to the citizens who wished to flee,
so that not more than a thousand persons were taken
in the place ; all the rest, together with their wives
and children, succeeded in escaping to Messene.
Moreover, the greater part of those who tried to save
the city by fighting got off alive ; but a few of them,

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

rjv AvcravBpiBas re KCU ®eapiBas, avBpes ev-
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TOI)? 'A^atou? TTicrTiv, aXXa KaT^opwv TOV
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Pleapioav Kal TOV AvcravopiBav €K T

104

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xxiv. 2-5

all told, were captured, among whom were Lysandri-
das and Thearidas, men of the greatest reputation
and influence in Megalopolis. Therefore the soldiers
had no sooner seized them than they brought them
to Cleomenes. Then Lvsandridas, when he saw

J '

Cleomenes from afar, cried out with a loud voice and
said : " It is in thy power now, O king of the
Lacedaemonians, to display an action fairer and more
worthy of a king than any that has preceded it, and
thereby win men's highest esteem." But Cleomenes,
conjecturing what the speaker wished, said : " What
meanest thou, Lysandridas ? Thou surely canst not
bid me give your city back again to you." To which
Lysandridas replied : " Indeed, that is just what I
mean, and I advise thee in thine own interests not to
destroy so great a city, but to fill it with friends and
allies who are trusty and true by giving back to the
Megalopolitans their native city and becoming the
preserver of so large a people." Accordingly, after a
short silence, Cleomenes said: "It is difficult to
believe that all this will happen, but with us let what
makes for good repute always carry the day, rather
than what brings gain." And with these words he
sent the two men off to Messene attended by a herald
from himself, offering to give back their city to the
Megalopolitans on condition that they renounce the
Achaean cause and be his friends and allies.

However, although Cleomenes made this benevo-
lent and humane offer, Philopoemen would not allow
the Megalopolitans to break their pledges to the
Achaeans, but denounced Cleomenes on the ground
that he sought, not so much to give their city back
to its citizens, as rather to get the citizens with their
city1; then he drove Thearidas and Lysandridas out
1 See the Philopoemen, \.

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

o 7rp(i)T€vaa$ vcrrepov
/cr?;cra/x6^o? ev TOt9 r/EX-
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Be peTci vroXX?}? Ttpovoias, w?
^to?.

106

4 FloX^to?. 6t8o)? a3 et? Ta

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xxiv. 5-xxv. 4

of Messene. This was that Philopoemen who after-
wards became the leader of the Achaeans and won
the greatest fame among the Greeks, as I have
written in his own Life.

XXV. When tidings of these things were brought
to Cleomenes, although he had taken strict care that
the city should be inviolate and unharmed, so that
no one took even the least thing without being
detected, he was now so incensed and embittered
that he plundered it, and sent its statues and pictures
off to Sparta ; then, after completely demolishing
most and the largest portions of the city, he marched
back towards home, being in fear of Antigonus and
the Achaeans. But these did nothing. For they
were holding a general assembly at Aegium ; and
here Aratus, after mounting the bema, wept for a
long time, holding his mantle before his face ; and
when his audience was amazed and bade him speak,
he told them that Megalopolis had been destroyed
by Cleomenes. Then the assembly at once broke up,
the Achaeans being filled with consternation at the
swiftness and magnitude of the calamity. Antigonus
at first attempted to give aid, but afterwards, since
his forces came up to him but slowly from their
winter quarters, he ordered them to remain where
they were, while he himself proceeded to Argos,
having only a few soldiers with him.

And this was the reason why the next attempt of
Cleomenes, which was thought to be a deed of
extravagant and frantic daring, was really made with
great forethought, as Polybius says.1 For Cleomenes

1 "Most people thought this a hazardous and foolhardy
step ; but those who were capable of judging regarded the
measure as at once safe and prudent" (ii. 6i, I).

107

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

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2 Bia(p0€ipai rov Kapjrov. ft>9 fjievroi Kara rrjv

1 «ara iro'A.jy Blass and Zicgler, after Schoemanu :
TroAfi' ws <j>r)ffi.

108

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xxv. 4-xxvi. 2

knew that the Macedonians were dispersed among
the cities in their winter quarters, and that Antigonus
had only a few mercenaries with him at Argos, where
he was spending the winter with his friends. Cleo-
menes therefore invaded the territory of Argos,
calculating that Antigonus would either be shamed
into fighting and would be overpowered, or, in case
he did not venture to fight, would incur odium
among the Argives. And this was what actually
came to pass. For while Cleomenes was wasting the
country and robbing it of all that was there, the
Argives, in distress, kept thronging the doors of the
king and calling upon him with loud voices either to
fight or yield the leadership to his betters. But
Antigonus, as became a prudent general, considering
that disgrace lay in taking unreasonable risks and
throwing away his security, rather than in being
abused by the outside rabble, would not go forth
from the city, but stood by his previous plans. So
Cleomenes came up to the very walls of the city with
his army, wrought insolent havoc, and then with-
drew unmolested.

XXVI. A little later, however, hearing that
Antigonus had advanced to Tegea with intent to
invade Laconia from that city, Cleomenes quickly
took his soldiers, marched past the enemy by a
different route, and at daybreak appeared suddenly
before the city of Argos, ravaging the plain and
destroying the grain, not cutting this down, as usual,
with sickles and knives, but beating it down with
great pieces of wood fashioned like spear-shafts.
These his soldiers plied as if in sport, while passing
by, and with no effort at all they would crush and ruin
all the crop. When, however, they were come to the

109

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

}Lv\\dpajBiv yevo/jLeroi TO yvfjuvdaiov e
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1 TO irpooevcrai rov (pvpaaai Bekker and Blass, after
I IO

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xxvi. 2-xxvii. i

Cyllarabis and attempted to set the gymnasium on
fire, Cleomenes stopped them, feeling that his work
at Megalopolis had been done to satisfy his anger
rather than his honour.

As for Antigonus, in the first place he went back
at once to Argos, and then occupied the hills and all
the passes with outposts. But Cleomenes pretended
to despise and ignore all this, and sent heralds to
the king demanding the keys to the Heraeum, that
he might offer sacrifice to the goddess before he went
away. Then, after this jest and mockery, and after
sacrificing to the goddess under the walls of the
temple, which was closed, he led his army off to
Phlius. From thence, after expelling the garrison of
Oligyrtus, he marched past Orchomenus, not only
infusing high spirits and courage into its citizens, but
also leading his enemies to think him a man capable
of leadership and worthy to wield great power. For
he drew his resources from but a single city, and yet
waged war against the Macedonian power, all the
Peloponnesians, and the treasures of a king together,
and not only kept Laconia inviolate, but actually
ravaged his enemies' territory and took cities of great
size ; and men thought this a proof of no ordinary
ability and largeness of purpose.

XXVII. But he who first declared that money is
the sinews of affairs would seem to have spoken with
special reference to the affairs of war. And Demades,
when the Athenians once ordered that their triremes
should be launched and manned, but had no money,

•/ J

said : " Dough must be moistened before it is
kneaded." It is said also that Archidamus of old,

Schoemann : TOV 7rp&>paTeC<rcu TI> (pvpairai (before the lookout-
man comes the bread-maker) with the MSS.

II I

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

6 rra\aio<i vrro rrjv dp^rjv rov IleXo-

rwv o~v/jL[id%(i)v avrov, elirelv o>? 6 7roXe//.o? ov
2 rerayf^eva crireirai. KaOdrrep jap ol crecrco/jiaor-
dOXrjral T& ^povw Karafiapovcri
vrai TOVS evpv&fjiovs Kal
6 'Ai/Tt7O^o? €K

TOV K\eofj,evr) j\icr^pa)<f Kal yttoXf? Tropi^ovTa rot?
3 %evoLS fjaaOov Kal rpotyrfv rot? TroXtrai?. eVel
raXXa 76 TT/JO? TOV KXeo/^e^ou? o ypovo^ r)v, TWV
OLKOL Trpay/ndrwv aviffTOVTcov rov ^Avri^ovov.
<yap TrepieKOTrrov aTrovros Kal Kare-
Trjv MaKeboviav, Kal Tore &rj TT 0X1/9 avu>6ev 818
/3X?7#;e£ arparo^, v(^ ov TropOov/Jievoi
rov ^Avriyovov ol Ma/ceSo^e?. Kal
rrap' o\,iyov rrpo TT}? /Lta%^9 crvverv^e ravra ra
Ko/j,icr@)jvai TT/JO? avrov wv KO/JLI-
ev6v$ av drrrf^Oe fiaKpa %aipeiv

aXX' 77 ra /Aeyiara TWV
Kpivovcra ry rrapa fJUKpov rv\ri rr]\iKavrr\v drre-

porrrjv Kaipov Kal ^vvafjuiv, w<rre,
ev SeXacr/a yevouevijs Kal rov
XrjKoros rrjv SvvafJLiv Kal rrjv rro\iv,
rrapelvai TOU? Ka\ovvras rov 'Avriyovov. b Kal
/jLa\.i(7ra rrjv Bvarv^iav rov KXeo/nevovs OiKrpo-
repav erroiTja-ev. el yap r^fjiepa^ Bvo povas eVecr^e
l rraprjyaye <j)vyo/jia%ct)V, OVK av e&erjaev avrw
aXX' e'' ol?

TOI)? 'A^aiot/? drre\0ovrwv rwv .aK€va)V vvv
oV, wcnrep el'prjrat, Bid ri)V d%prj/j,arLav ev rot?

112

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xxvn. 1-5

towards the beginning of the Peloponnesian war,
when the allies ordered their contributions for the
war to be fixed, said : " War has no fixed rations." 1
And indeed, just as athletes who have taken a full
course of training, in time bear down and overpower
those who are merely graceful and skilful, so also did
Antigonus, who engaged in the war with large
resources, wear out and prostrate Cleomenes, who
could only meagrely and with difficulty provide pay
for his mercenaries and sustenance for his citizen-
soldiers. And yet in all other respects, certainly, time
was on the side of Cleomenes ; for affairs at home
demanded the presence of Antigonus. During his
absence Barbarians had been overrunning and devas-
tating Macedonia, and at this particular time a large
army of Illyrians from the interior had burst in, and
in consequence of their ravages the Macedonians
summoned Antigonus home. Their letters came
within a little of reaching him before the decisive
battle. If they had so reached him, he would at once
have gone away and left the Achaeans to their own
devices. But Fortune, who decides the most impor-
tant affairs by a narrow margin, favoured him with so
slight a preponderance in the scale of opportunity and
power, that no sooner had the battle at Sellasia been
fought, where Cleomenes lost his army and his city,
than the messengers summoning Antigonus arrived.
And this more than anything else made the misfor-
tune of Cleomenes to be greatly pitied. For if he
could have held out only two days, and continued his
defensive tactics, he would not have needed to fight
a battle, but the Macedonians would have gone away
and he could have made his own terms with the
Achaeans. But now, as I said before, his lack of
1 See the Crassus, ii. 7.

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

TO rrdv OefJiGVO^ rjvayicdcrOr) Sio-fjivpiois, co?

dvrnrapard-

XXVIII. Kat dav/macrrov fMev ev rw
eavrbv crrparijyov, eK9v[JiOi<$ 8
TOi? TroXtrat?, ov P.TIV ovSe T&V

ayMvicrafievcov, ru> rpojray r?}?
KOI ry fidpei rr}? OTrXintcfy <pd\ajyo<; e

? 5e Kal TTpo&ocriav jevecrOai ^al rrjv
TW KXeoytte^et ra irpdy/jiara Siepyacra-
2 fievi-iv. rov yap 'Avriyovov TOU? 'iXXi'piou? teal
TOL»? ' 'Axapvdvas €KTT€pie\deiv tcpixpa
Kal KvicKuxjaaQai Odrepov /cepa?, e<$> ov
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dX\,rjv eVl H>d%r) ^vvafjuv eVrarTOi'TO?, avro CTKOTTTIS
Oewpwv o KXeo/^e^T;?, co? ov&a/jiov rd oVXa T<WZ>

r) Trpo? ri TOLOVTOV avrois 6 ' ' Kvriyovos K6
3 ^aXecra? 5e Aa/zoreX?; TOI^ eVt rr}?

T€Tay/JL€VOl>, Opdv €K6\,€V(T6 KOI £r)T€LV 07TCO? 6

TO, Kara vcorov Kal KVK\W T^? Trapard^ews. rov

rrporepov vrr 'Avrtyovov

elrrovros a>? KaXco? e^ovrwv, rot?

(Tvvrrrova'iv e eaz/ra? rrpocre^eLV Kal rovrovs

i, TriGrevaas errl rov ' Avriyovov €%u>
4 «:al TT; p^/tt^ TWZ/ vre/al avrov ^rcapriarwv wcrd-
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TTOV (TTCLOIOVS VTTO^WpOVVrWV

114

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xxvii. S-XXYIII. 4

resources forced him to stake the whole issue on a
battle where, as Polybius says,1 he could oppose only
twenty thousand men to thirty thousand.

XXVIII. He showed himself an admirable general
in the hour of peril, his fellow countrymen gave him
spirited support, and even his mercenaries fought in
a praiseworthy manner, but he was overwhelmed by
the superior character of his enemies' armour and the
weight of their heavy-armed phalanx. Phylarchus,
however, says that there was treachery also, and that
this was chiefly what ruined Cleomenes. For Antigo-
nus ordered his Illyrians and Acarnanians to go round
by a secret way and envelope the other wing, which
Eucleidas, the brother of Cleomenes, commanded,
and then led out the rest of his forces to battle ; and
when Cleomenes, from his post of observation, could
nowhere see the arms of the Illyrians and Acarnanians,
he was afraid that Antigonus was using them for
some such purpose. He therefore called Damoteles,
the commander of the secret service contingent,2 and
ordered him to observe and find out how matters
stood in the rear and on the flanks of his array. But
Damoteles (who had previously been bribed, as we are
told, by Antigonus) told him to have no concern
about flanks and rear, for all was well there, but to
give his attention to those who assailed him in front,
and repulse them. So Cleomenes, putting faith in
what he was told, advanced upon Antigonus, and by
the sweeping onset of his Spartans drove back the
phalanx of the Macedonians for about five furlongs,

1 Hint. ii. 65. 2 and 7. The battle of Sellasia was fought
in June of 221 B.C.

2 A rural police with the special duty of watching the
Helots, or slave population.

"5

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

Kparcov rj/co\ov0r)o-ev. elra ra>v rrepl rov Eu
Sav arfo darepov KVK\w9evrwv eVicrra? /cal /cari-
&wv rov /CLV&VVOV,

errev, oi%rj, yevvao? wv Ka Traw
5 ^Trapriarcov KOI yvvai^lv aotSiyu-o?." OI/TO) Be rwv
irepl TOV 1&vK\6iSav avaipeOevrwv, /cal TWV e/ceWev,
a)? ercpdrovv, eiri^epo^vwv rapaTTOfievov^ opwv
TOU? crr/jaTtcora? KCLL /neveiv ovtceTi roX/uw^Ta?,
ecrto^ev eavrov. airoOavelv &e Kal TWV %ivwv
TroXXoi"? Xeyoi/crt KOI Aa/ceSat/uoi^toL'? avra^ra?

XXIX. 'ETrel Se et? Tr/v TTO\LV a(j)LKero, rot?
airavrriaacTi rwv 7ro\iTwv iraprjvei Se^ea-dai
rov 'Avriyovov, airro? Se eiTrev el're ^wi^ el're a?ro-
tiv, o yueXXot TT; ^rrdpry cruvoiaeiv, rovro
opwv Se ra? ^vvaiKa^ Tot? /ACT' avrov
Trecfrevyocri rcpocrrpe^ovo-a^ /cal Se^OyueW? ra oVXa
2 /cat TTorbv rrpoa-fyepovuas, avros ela"r)\0€
rrjv oiKiav rrjv eavrov, TT}? Se rraL^icrKT]^, rjv
€\ev0€pav ovaav e/c MeyaX?;? TroXeco? az'

T?}? ryvvaiKos re\€vrijv, co? eWiaro,

/cal 3ov\0jLevrs arco

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ovre KaOiaai KCK/JUJKCO^, dXX' waTrep ervy^ave 819
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3 67rt#et?, /fal ^povov ov rcoXvv ovrca &iavarrav<jas
TO aw/na /cal rfj Stavoia TrepiSpa/jioov arravras
TOL»? \oyia /AOVS, wp/Arjae pera rwv <fy'i\.wv et? TO
/. KciKeWev €7ri/3dvres eV auTO rovro rrape-

• 16

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xxvm. 4-xxix. 3

and followed after them victoriously. Then, after
Eucleidas with the other wing had been encircled, he
came to a stop, and seeing their peril, said ; " I have
lost thee, my dearest brother, I have lost thee, thou
noble heart, thou great example to Spartan boys, thou
theme for a song to Spartan wives ! After

Eucleidas and his forces had in this way been cut to
pieces, and the enemy, after their victory there, were
coming on against the other wing, Cleomenes, seeing
that his soldiers were in disorder and no longer had
courage to stand their ground, took measures for his
own safety. Many of his mercenaries fell, as we are
told, and all the Spartans, six thousand in number,
except two hundred.

XXIX. When Cleomenes came to the city, he
advised the citizens who met him to receive Antigo-
nus ; as for himself, he said he would do whatever
promised to be best for Sparta, whether it called for
his life or death. Then, seeing the women running
up to those who had escaped with him, relieving
them of their arms, and bringing drink to them, he
went into his own house. Here his concubine, a free
woman of Megalopolis whom he had taken to him-
self after the death of his wife, came to him, as was
her wont upon his return from the field, and wished
to minister to him ; but he would neither drink,
though he was faint with thirst, nor sit down, though
he was worn out. Instead, all in armour as he was,
he put his arm aslant against one of the pillars of the
house, dropped his face upon his forearm, and after
resting himself in this way for a short time, and
running over in his thoughts all possible plans, he set
out with his friends for Gythium. There he went on
board of vessels provided for this very purpose and

put to sea.

117

VOL. X. E

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

XXX. 'O &e

rrjv rro\LV, Kal ^prja-d^evo^ rot?
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avrov,
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ra Trepl ^AvrL'yovov,
XXXI. KXeo^69 Se Tr\iwv CLTTO

vr\aov erepav, Alyia\iav, /cai-ea^ev. 60 ev et?
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701^09 el /A*] veKpov. 6 £e Sevrepos So^y Kal dperfj
vvv eri rrdpecrriv r}/j,lv. irol TrXeo/zey u\oyi(rra)<i,

118

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xxx. i-xxxi. 2

XXX. Antigonus marched up and took the city
without resistance. He treated the Lacedaemonians
humanely,, and did not insult or mock the dignity of
Sparta, but restored her laws and constitution,1
sacrificed to the gods, and went away on the third
day. For he learned that there was a great war
in Macedonia and that the Barbarians were ravaging
the country. Moreover, his disease was already in
full possession of him, having developed into a
quick consumption and an acute catarrh. He
did not, however, give up, but had strength
left for his conflicts at home, so that he won a
very great victory, slew a prodigious number of the
Barbarians, and died gloriously, having broken a
blood-vessel (as it is likely, and as Phylarchus says)
by the very shout that he raised on the field of battle.
And in the schools of philosophy one used to hear
the story that after his victory he shouted for joy,
" O happy day I " and then brought up a quantity
of blood, fell into a high fever, and so died. So
much concerning Antigonus.

XXXI. As for Cleomenes, he sailed from Cythera
to Aegialia, another island, and put in there. As he
was about to cross from thence to Cyrene, one of his
friends, Therycion by name, a man who brought a
large spirit to the conduct of affairs and was always
somewhat lofty in his speech and grandiloquent,
came to him privately and said : " The noblest death,
O King, a death in battle, we have put away from us ;
and yet all men heard us declare that Antigonus
should not pass the king of Sparta except over his
dead body. But a death that is second in virtue and
glory is now still in our power. Whither do we

1 As they were before the reforms of Cleomenes.

119

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

eyyvs bv /ca/cov real ^aicpav
; el yap ovrc ala-^pov ean Sov\eveiv rot?
<£>i\,L7T7rov KOI ' A\€%dvSpov TGI)? d(j) '
, TT\OVV TTO\VV K€pSai>ov/jLev ' AvTiyovM

eauroi;?, w et'/co? eVr^ TTroXe/za/ou
3 6Voz> A.lyv7TTLCi)v MatceSovas. el Se £(£' coj/ K€/cpa-
rr)/ji€0a rot? oVXoi? ou/c d%iov/j,ev ap^eaOai, TI
rov /jiij veviKrjKora Seo-TTOTtjv TTOIOV/JLCV avrwv, "va
avO ez^o? Bveiv Kafciovs (pavco/nev, *Avriyovov

t9 ALJVTTTOV r)tcet,v; fca\bv
avrfj Qkapa yevoio KOI tyjKwrov eTriSeitcvv-
rat? UroXe/jtaiov yvvai^lv al^/jLd\coTov etc
Kal (frvydSa TOP vlov. oi>% ew? en rwv
dp%Ofi€V Kal TYJV AaKwviicrjv d(j)opa)-
evravOa TT}? TU^?;? aTraXXa^az/re? eauroi/?
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27ra/)T7^?, aXX' eV AlyvTrra) K
Tiva T/]?

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yue^9 aTre/cpLvaro, " Twv dvO pwrrivwv TO pacrTOVt

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Oavelv, dv&pelos elvai SOKCIS, fyevywv alayiova

5 (f)vyr)V rfjs Trporepov; TroXe/ucu? p,6v yap eve

Kal KpeiTTOves ^fJLwvy rj Tv%fl o^aXe^Te? fj
VTTO 7r\ij0ov<;' 6 Be TT/JO? TTOZ^OU? Kal
ias r) tyoyovs Kal So^a? dvOpanrcov dira-

120

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xxxi. 2-5

unreasoningly sail, fleeing an evil that is near and
pursuing one that is afar off? For if it is not shame-
ful that the descendants of Heracles should be in
subjection to the successors of Philip and Alexander,
we shall spare ourselves a long voyage by surrender-
ing to Antigonus, who is likely to surpass Ptolemy
as much as Macedonians surpass Egyptians. But if
we cannot consent to be ruled by those who have
conquered us in arms, why should we make him
our master who has not defeated us, thus showing
ourselves inferior to two instead of one by running
away from Antigonus and joining the flatterers of
Ptolemy ? Or, shall we say that it is on thy mother's
account that we come to Egypt ? Surely thou wilt
make a noble spectacle for her, and one to awaken
envy, when she displays her son to the wives of
Ptolemy, a captive instead of a king, and a runaway.
Let us rather, while we are still masters of our
own swords and can gaze upon the land of Laconia,
here rid ourselves of Fortune's yoke, and make our
peace with those who at Sellasia died in defence of
Sparta, instead of sitting idly down in Egypt and
asking every now and then whom Antigonus has left
as satrap of Lacedaemon."

Such were the words of Therycion, and to them
Cleomenes replied : " It is the easiest possible step
thou urgest, wretched man, and one that any man
may take, this dying ; and dost thou think thyself
brave when thou art making a flight more shameful
than the one preceding it ? Better men than we
have given in to their enemies before this, having
been betrayed by Fortune or overwhelmed by numbers.
But he who in the face of toils and hardships, or of
the censorious judgments of men, gives up the fight,

121

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

f)TTaTai TJ}? avrov /taXa/aa9« Bel ydp
TOV av6aipeTOV OdvaTOv ov (pvyrjv elvai
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ra? vTrep TT}? Trarpt'So? e'Xvr/^a? an KaTa\iTfelv

ll' r it

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Xo/tez/ot9 aTToOavelv virdp^ei"

11/309 TavTa @rjpvKLO)v ovBev dvTenrcov, ore
7rpo)TOV eo~%e Kaipov dTro&TrjvaL TOV KXeo/tei^oL'9,
eKTpaTrofievos irapd TOV alyia\bv eo~<f)aj;€V eavTov.

XXXII. 'O Be KXeo/te^7;9 a?ro TWV
dva'xOels Trj Aifivy Trpo cre/SaXe, Kal Bid TWV
\IKWV Traparre/JLTTo/jLevos YJKGV el? 'A\e£dvBpeiav.

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1 Kal $riv Blass and Ziegler, after Richards.

122

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xxxi. 5-xxxn. 2

is vanquished by his own weakness. For a self-inflicted
death ought to be, not flight from action, but an
action in itself. For it is shameful to die, as well as
to live, for one's self alone. And yet it is to this that
thou now invitest me in thine eagerness to be rid of
present troubles, though beyond that thou wilt effect
nothing that is honourable or useful. I, however,
think it right that neither thou nor I should abandon
our hopes for our country ; when these abandon us,
death will be very easy if we wish it."

To this Therycion made no reply, but as soon as he
got an opportunity to leave Cleomenes, he turned
aside along the sea-beach and slew himself.

XXXII. But Cleomenes, putting to sea from Aegia-
lia, landed in Libya, and travelled through the King's
country to Alexandria. After coming into the
presence of Ptolemy, at first he met with only ordin-
ary and moderate kindness from him ; but when he
had given proof of his sentiments and shown himself
to be a man of good sense, and when, in his daily
intercourse, his Laconian simplicity retained the
charm which a free spirit imparts, while he in no
wise brought shame upon his noble birth or suffered
the blows of Fortune to bow him down, but showed
himself more winning than those whose conversation
sought only to please and flatter, then Ptolemy was
filled with great respect for him, and deeply repented
that he had neglected such a man and abandoned him
to Antigonus, who had thereby won great glory and
power. Ptolemy therefore sought to regain Cleo-
menes by honours and kindnesses, and kept encour-
aging him with assurances that he would send him
back to Greece with ships and treasure and restore

123

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

3 \eiav. eBiSov be Kal crvvTa^iv avTw Tecrcrapa

TO\aVTa KdO^ GKCLGTOV CViaVTOV. a<£' 0)V

avTov real rou? <f>i\ovs euTeXco? real <ra)-

BtOlKWV, TO, 7r\ei(TTa K.aTa,V1]\l(J K€V

($)i\av6 pwrrlas KOL yueraoocre/? rwv OLTTO
80? et? AiyvTTTov GKTreirTWKoTwv.

XXXIII. 'O p,ev ovv TT peer ft VT epos
jrplv e/CTeXecrai ra> K\eo/j,evei rrjv eKTre^-^nv ere-
Xevrrjcre' Ti}? Be /SacriXeia? ev&vs et? 7ro\\r)i>
dcreXyeiav KOL irapoiviav real yvvaiKO/cpariav
2 e/jLTreaovcrris ^/zeXetro KOI ra rov KXeo/ie^ou?. 6
fi,€v jap /SacrtXeu1? auro? ovrco SiecfrOapro TTJV
VTTO <yvvaiKa)i> real TTOTWV axrre, OTTOTC
fJLa\.ia"Ta real (TTrovSaiorarof avrov yevoiro,
reXera? re\€lv /cal rv/jLTravov €%(0v ev roi^; ftaai-
dyeupeiv, ra &€ /neyiara TT}? apxf)S irpd<y-
*A<yadoK\eiav Trjv ep(OfjL€i>rjv TOV

teal rrjv raur>;? ^rfTepa fca
3 Qivdv0r)v. oyaco? 8' ovv eBo^e rt? ev dp%fj real TOV

s %/oeta yeyovevai,. SeSico? <yap
TOV doe\<f)ov IlToXe/u.a4O?, a><? Icr^vovTa Baa

ev TO) aTpaTiwTiKw, TOV K.\eo/jievrj irpoa--
€\d/jL/3ave Kal /AeTeSiSov TWV aTroppiJTcov trvve&pifov,
/3ov\evo/ji€vos dveXelv TOV dSe\$6v. 6 Be, Ka'urep

CLTrdvTWV TOVTO TTpaTTClV K6\6V OVT O)V , /JiOVO^ aTTI}-

yopevo'ev, eiTrcov a>? fjiaXXov, el Bvvarov r)v, eBei

4 \eiav Kal Bia/Aovrjv TWV TTpay/^aTcov.

Be TOV rrXelcTTOV ev rot? (jbtXoi? Bwa/nevov (f)rjcravTo<;
OVK elvai Ta TWV fjLi(rdo<p6pa)V aurot? /9e/3ata TOV

o

124

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xxxn. 3-xxxm. 4

him to his kingdom. He also gave him an annual
pension of twenty-four talents. With this money
Cleomenes maintained himself and his friends in a
simple and modest manner, and spent the greater
part in good offices and contributions to the refugees
from Greece who were in Egypt.

XXXIII. Well, then, the elder Ptolemy1 died
before sending Cleomenes off as he had promised ;
and since the court at once plunged into excessive
wantonness and drunkenness, and women wielded the
power, the affairs of Cleomenes were neglected.
For the king himself was so corrupted in spirit by
wine and women that, in his soberest and most
serious moments, he would celebrate religious rites and
act the mountebank in his palace , timbrel in hand, while
the most important affairs of the government were
managed by Agathocleia, the mistress of the king,
and Oenanthe her mother, who was a bawd. But in
spite of all this, at the outset Cleomenes seemed to
be of some use. For Ptolemy was afraid of his brother
Magas, believing that Magas had a strong following
among the soldiers owing to his mother's influence,
and he therefore took Cleomenes into his following
and gave him a place in his privy council, all the while
plotting to kill his brother. But Cleomenes, although
all other counsellors urged the king to take this step,
alone advised against it, saying that it were better,
were it possible, to get the king more brothers to
increase the security and stability of his affairs.
And when Sosibius, who had the most influence
among the king's ministers, declared that they could
not be sure of the mercenaries as long as Magas was
alive, Cleomenes bade him have no concern on that

1 Ptolemy III., surnamed Euergetes, died in 220 B.C., and
was followed by Ptolemy IV., surnamed Philopator.

125

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

eveKa 76 rovrov vrXeiof? jap i] rpi(T^i\iov<; TMV

elvai

KCLV fJLOVOV VfVCrrj, TTpodvfJLWS JJL6TCL TMV OTT\0)l>

irapecrofjievov^- ovros 6 \6yos Tore /Jiev ov fu/cpav
KXeo/xeVei KCU TC'KJTLV evvoias teal SOKIJCTIV
aeO^Kev, vcrrepov &€, TOV nroXe/^atof
acrQei'eias eTTiTeivovcn-jS TI-JV Bet\iav, fcal KaO-
eicodev ev rw /jiijSev (ftpovelv, rou Trdvra

KOL Tracriv aTTtarrep

&OKOVVTOS elrai, (fro/Sepai* evroLei rbv KXeo/Aey?; rot?
6 av\ifcoi<;, a>? laynuovra Trapa rot? ^eVot?' fcal
TToXXcoi^ TJV dfcoveiv 'h.eyovTcoi' OTI " OL>TO? 6 \ecov
ev rovrois rot? TTpo/SaTOis dvaa'TpeffreTai" TO>
yap OVTL TOIOVTOV Sieipaivev r}^o? ev rot? /Bacrt-
\iKols, v7ro/3\£Tra)i> drpi/JLa KOI TrapeTTicrKOTrwv ra 821

XXXIV. Nau9 f^ev ovv air&v KOI arpariav
direlire' TrvvOavo/JLevos Se reOi'dvai TOV *Avrt-

€ 7TO\€/LL(i) (TV /J,7T€7r\e%8ai TOL/?

ra Be Trpdy/^ara Trodeii' CLVTOV Kal
7rapaKa\eiv,1 ev rapa^fj Kal Bia<T7raa'fjL& T?}?
TIe\oTTOvvi]crov yeyevrj/nevrjs, tj^iov fjiev /JLOVOS djro-
2 (TTaXf/vai fierd rwv (friXwv, eireide Be ovBeva, TOV
fjiev /SacTiXew? OVK elcraKovovros, aXX' ev yvvaigl
Kal Oidarois Kal KW/JLOIS avve^ovro^ eavrov, 6 Be
rcov o\a)v TrpoecTTrjKax; Kal 7rpo/3ov\eva)v ^.wcrl-
jSios /jievovra p,ev rbv K.\eo/j,evj] irapa jvco^irjv
rjjeiro Bva/jLeraxeiptcTTOv elvai Kal (frofiepov, d<f>€-
0ev-ra Be ro\/jLrjp6v, dvBpa Kal /J,eya\o7rpdyfj,ova
l TT}? /SacriXeta? vo<rovarijs Oea-r^v yeyevrj^evov.

j' Ziegler : Trapa.foXea1 ttcelcre Bekker :
f'iv tKflvov (with the MSS.).

126

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xxxni. 4-xxxiv. 2

point at least ; for more than three thousand of the
mercenaries were Peloponnesians and attached to
himself, and if he but gave them a nod they would
readily come to his side in arms. At the time this
speech won for Cleomenes no little faith in his good
will and belief in his strength; but afterwards, when
Ptolemy's weakness intensified his cowardice, and, as
is wont to happen where there is no sound judgment,
his best course seemed to him to lie in fearing every-
body and distrusting all men, it led the courtiers to
be afraid of Cleomenes, on the ground that he had a
strong following among the mercenaries ; and many
of them were heard to say : " There goes the lion up
and down among these sheep." And such, in fact, he
clearly was among the courtiers, eyeing with quiet
contempt and closely watching what was going on.

XXXIV. For ships, therefore, and an army, he
gave up asking ; but on learning that Antigonus was
dead l and that the Achaeans were involved in a war
with the Aetolians, and that affairs yearned and
called for him now that Peloponnesus was rent asunder
and in confusion, he demanded to be sent away with
his friends merely ; but he could persuade no one.
The king would not give him a hearing, but was
absorbed with women and Dionysiac routs and
revels ; and Sosibius, the prime minister and chief
counsellor, thought that if Cleomenes remained
against his will he might be hard to manage, in-
deed, and an object of fear, but that if he were
sent away he would make some bold attempt, being
a man of large undertakings, and one who had
been an eye-witness of the distempers of the realm.

1 Cf. chapter xxx. 2.

127

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

3 ovBe jap at Bwpeal Karerrpdvvov avrov, dXX'
OKTTTep rov *ATTIV ev dtyOovoiS Biairai/uevov KOI
rpvcj)di' BoKOvvra rov Kara fyvcriv jBiov real

KOI

cart Bvaavao")£€ra)V rrjv iv rat?
SiaTpifttjv,

OdKWV,

e/celvov

wcnrep

avOi, fji€V(0v, 7ro0€€O'/c€ S' diJTijv re TrroXe-
fjiov re.

XXXV. Toiovrcov Se r&v Kar avrov ovrwv
7rpayfj,dra>v dfafcveirai NiKayopas 6
et? 'AXe^dvSpeiav, dvrjp /ULHTWV /j,ev rov
frpoairoiov/Jievo^ Be ^>t\09 elvar ywpiov Be Trore
ica\ov avrw TreTrpaKoos KOL Bi* acr^oXta^, a>? eo^/ce,
Bia TroXeyLtof? OVK a7retX?7<^a>9 TO dpyvpiov. rov-
rov ovv eK/Baivovra rore T/}? 6\KaBo<; IBwv o
(erv^e yap ev rf] KprjTrlBi rov

tea r/9 avrov

2 et<? AiyvTrrov ayot Trpo^aai^ rjpwra. rov Be
Ni/cayopov <pi\o(f)p6va)<; avraarfa^o^kvov KOLI <£>ij-
aavros ITTTTOU? ciyeiv TOO {3aai\et /caXou? rwv

av," e(f)r], " ere yuaXXof "]/ceiv ayovra

teal KivatBovs' ravra yap vvv

xareTreiyei rov j3acri\€a" ical 6 NiKayopas rore
[lev e/jLeiBiacrev ^/nepais Be vcrrepov 6\LyaL$ VTTO-
/jLvij&as rov yjapiov rov KXeo/JLevtjv vvv yovv
eBeiro rj]V rijArjv aTroKaftelv, &>9 OVK av

128

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xxxiv. 3-xxxv. 2

For not even gifts would soften him, but just as the
sacred bull Apis, though living in plenty and believed
to be having a luxurious time, feels a desire for the
life that was his by nature, for coursings without
restraint, and leaps and bounds, and is manifestly
disgusted with his treatment at the hands of the
priests, so Cleomenes took no pleasure in his life of
ease and luxury,

— " but kept pining away in his dear heart,"
like Achilles,1

" As he lingered there, and kept yearning for war-
cry and battle."

XXXV. While matters stood thus with him, Nica-
goras the Messenian came to Alexandria, a man who
hated Cleomenes, but pretended to be a friend. He
had at one time sold Cleomenes a fine estate, and
owing to the constant demands of war upon the king,
as it would seem, had not received the money for it.
And so now, when Cleomenes, who chanced to be
taking a walk along the quay, saw Nicagoras landing
from his vessel, he greeted him heartily and asked
what errand brought him to Egypt. Nicagoras re-
turned his greeting in a friendly manner, and said
that he was bringing horses for the king, some fine
ones for use in war. At this, Cleomenes gave a laugh
and said : " I could wish that thou hadst rather
brought sambuca-girls and catamites ; for these now
most interest the king." At the time Nicagoras
merely smiled ; but a few days later he reminded
Cleomenes of the estate, and asked that now at any rate
he might get the money for it, saying that he would
not have troubled him about the matter if he had not

1 Iliad, i. 491 f.

129

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

el fJirj Trepl T^V TWV (fropricov

3 ety/JiiovTO. TOV 8e KXeo/u.eVou? (f»jcravTos ovbev
avTW Trepieivai TWV ceSo/jievcov, \V7rr)0€ls 6 Nt/ta-
<y6pa$ €K<fiep€i ra> Zuxri/Biw TO crKWfjifjLa TOV KXeo-

6 5e KOI rovro /j.ev acr/ieVa)? eXa/Sei^, etc
vo^ atrta? TOZ^ ySacriXea irapo^vvai ^IJTWI>
oy Nitcayopav eTTicrrdXrjv ypdtyavra Kara
rov K\eo/ieVou? dTroXnreiv, co? eyvciy/coros, el
\u{3oi Tpir)pei<$ /cal crTyoaT^cora? Trap' avTov, Ku-

4 pi'ivijv KCLTaa^elv. o fiev ovv Ni/cayopas Tavra
7pa^a? aTreTrXefo-e* TOU 8e Sft)0"i/Stov //.era recr-
cra/oa? ^epa? T?;^ eTTKJToX.^v TT/OO? roy IlToA,e-
/JLCIIOV aveveyKOVTos co? dpTicos avTw Se$o/jLevi]v teal

TO /ueipdtciov, €&oj;6V e/9 ol/ciav
elcrayayeiv TOV KXeo/<ieV>7i>, /cal

XXXVI. 'Hi; ^aev ow /cat raOra \VTrrjpd

ra?

ea^ev etc TOICLVT^
6 Xpvaep/jiov 0tXo? wz^ TOU

TOV %pOVOV €TTLeiKWS Sl€L\€KTO TW KXfO-

fj,€vei, Kal avvijOeid Ti? V7rr)p%ev auroi? /cat 7ra/o-
2 pijaia TTyOO? aXXr/Xof?. OUTO? out/ Tore, TOV
KXco/aeyou? BeyOevTos e\6elv TT/JO? avTov,
fjL€V /cal SLe\e^6r) /jb€Tpia, TO VTTOTTTOV e^aip
irepl TOV /SacrtXea)? a7roXo70UyU6z^o?* diTLuiv oe
TT(i\iv ex TT}? oliclas, Kal /JLTJ Trpovot'jcras e^o

a^pl TWV 0VpO)V €7TaKO\OV00VVTa TOV

iriKpct)*; €7T€TLfjL7ja-e rot? (frvXagiv a>9

Oripiov Kal SvcrTrjprjTov a/t6Xa>9 <ftv\aTTovcri Kai 822

1 jnfrplus Bekker and Blasa correct to oi» per plus, after
Reiske.

130

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xxxv. 2-xxxvi. 2

met with a considerable loss in the disposition of his
cargo ; and when Cleomenes declared that he had
nothing left of the moneys that had been given
him, Nicagoras was vexed, and reported to Sosibius
the pleasantry of Cleomenes. Sosibius was glad to
get even this matter, but he desired to have some
larger accusation with which to exasperate the king,
and therefore persuaded Nicagoras to write and leave
behind him a letter accusing Cleomenes of planning,
in case he got triremes and soldiers from Ptolemy, to
seize Cyrene. So Nicagoras wrote a letter to this
effect and sailed away ; and Sosibius, after four days
had passed, brought the letter to Ptolemy, pretend-
ing that he had just received it, and so exasperated
the young man that it was decided to remove
Cleomenes into a large house, and while treating
him in other ways just as before, to prevent his
egress.

XXXVI. Even this usage was grievous to Cleo-
menes, but his hopes for the future received a greater
shock from the following incident. Ptolemy the son
of Chrysermus, a friend of King Ptolemy, had all the
while been on friendly terms with Cleomenes, and
they were quite intimate and outspoken with one
another. This Ptolemy, then, now that Cleomenes
begged a visit from him, came and conversed in a
reasonable way with him, seeking to remove his
suspicions and excusing the conduct of the king ;
but when he was leaving the house and did not
perceive that Cleomenes was following on behind
him as far as the doors, he bitterly reproached the
guards for the careless and easy watch they kept
upon a great wild beast that was so hard to keep.

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

3 pa6v/Jitt>$. TOVTWV 6 KXeOyUez;?;? avrrjKoos yevo-
fievos, KOI Trplv alaOeaQat TOV [IroXe/jLaiov ava-
vwpricra? e<f>0acre rot? <itXo(?. ev9vs ovv

* ' * *\ '£ '

a? Trporepov et%ov eA-TTtoa? e
opyfyv 6J3ov\€V<ravTO TOV TlroXe^atou
afivvdfjievoi KOI rrjv v/Spiv a^ta)? rr}?
airo9avelv, KOA, fjir] Trepifieveiv wcnrep lepela iriav-

4 Oevras KaraKOTTrjvai' Seivov 'yap, el ra? 71720?
'Avrtyovov, avSpa TroXe/j.ta'rrjv KCU Bpacmjpiov,
Sia\vcrei<; virepiStoV KXeo/ze^? fcdd^rai, f.i^rpa-
ryvprov /SacriXeo)? cr^o\,rjv dva/nevcov, orav irpwrov
aTroOrjraL TO TV/jLTravov KCU /caraTravcrrj TOV 6ia-

(TOV, aTTOKTGl'OVVTOS avTOV.

XXXVII. *E7rel S^ eBo^e TCLVTCL KOI Kara
TV^TIV o ITroXe/zaiO? et? JLdva>j3ov
•jrpwrov fj,€v SieSaifcav \6yov co? TrapakvoiTO

V7TO TOV 3a(7tX6ft)9' 67T6LTa GfC

j3acri\iKov rot? fjL6\\ovcriv e^ elpKTrjs OLTTO-
\vea0ai BGLTTVOV re ire^Trofjiivov KOI ^eviwv, ol
TroXXa roiaura

TOU?

olo/Jbevovs VTTO TOV fSaGiXews
/cat ^a/a e^ue /cat /iereStSou TOVTWV
teal eVtT£#et<? GTefydvovs /cal Ka,TaK\i6els
p,6Ta Tayv (£>i\(i)v. \eyeTai &e Ta^iov rj

TT/SO? Tr/z; irpd^tv op/ji^jcrat,,
olfceTrjv eva TWV crvveiBoTcov Trjv Trpd^iv e
irapa yvvatKl K€Koi/j,ij/Aevov ^9 yjpa. /cal (j)0/3ti@6i<>
jjiijvvcriv, eireiBrj /iiecrov r)/j,epas rjv /cal TOU? (j)v\a-
TJcr0€To /caOevo'ovTas VTTO TT}? peOr]?, evSvcrd-
TOV ^LTwva /cal TTJV pa(pr)v €/c TOV Segiov

132

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xxxvi. 3-xxxvn. 2

Cleomenes heard this with his own ears, and without
Ptolemy's being aware of his presence went back
and told his friends. At once, then, they all aban-
doned the hopes they had been cherishing and
wrathfully determined to avenge themselves on
Ptolemy for his injustice and insolence, and die in a
manner worthy of Sparta, instead of waiting like
sacrificial victims to be first fattened and then
smitten down. For it was an intolerable thing that
Cleomenes, after scorning to come to terms with
Antigonus, a man who fought well and wrought
much, should sit idly down and await the leisure of
a begging-priest of a king, who, as soon as he could lay
aside his timbrel and stop his dancing, would slay him.
XXXVII. Such being their resolve, and Ptolemy,
as chance would have it, making a visit to Canopus,
in the first place word was sent about that Cleomenes
had been set free by the king ; and next, in view of
a custom which the king had of sending presents
and a banquet to those who were going to be released
from imprisonment, the friends of Cleomenes in the
city prepared and sent in to him an abundance of
such things, thus completely deceiving the guards,
who thought the king had sent them. For Cleomenes
made a sacrifice and gave the guards a bountiful
share of his provisions, and then took his place at
table with garlands on his head and feasted with his
friends. We are told, too, that he set out upon his
enterprise sooner than he had intended, because he
learned that a slave who was privy to it had passed
the night outside in company with a mistress. So
fearing that his plans would be revealed, when noon
came and he perceived that his guards were sleeping
off their wine, he put on his tunic, opened the seam

133

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

7Tapa\vcrdiuiei>os MJUOV, <yvf^va) TW f;i<f>€t /j-era TWV

3 Tpiwv OVTCOV. 'Iirirlras £e ^wXo? wv TT)

eTreaev op/jifj rrpoOvfj-M^, 009 ^€ ewpa
Tropevo/nwovs ^t' avior, etce\€Vff€V
dve\eiv KOI fjw) Bia<f)0etpGiv r^v irpa^iv, d^prjO'TOV
avOpwrrov Trepifjif.vovTas. eru^e Se TWV \\\ej;av-
&p€O)i> Tt? ITTTTOV ciywi* nrapa ra? 6vpas' rovrov
ii<f)€\6/A€voi, veil TOV 'iTTTrirav avaftahovres, e^)t{-
povro S^oyLtw 8m T&V <7T6^ft)7rcor Kol irap€K(i\ouv

4 TOT o^Xoi' eVl T?;^ eXevOepiav. rot? 8e roaovrov,
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^eiv TIJV TOV KXeo/ieVoL'9 ToX/jLav, aico\ov6eiv Be
KOL jSoiiOelv ovSels eOdppet,.

OVV TOV \V(T€J,OV YlTO\€AaLOV €K

auXr/9 e%ioi>Ta Tpeis evtfus TrpovTrecrovTes avre-
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TlfV TTO\IV €\CLVVOl>TO<$ ap/JiCLTt, 7T/509 aVTOVS, 6pfJ,?j-

cravT€<; eravTioi TOL/? /nev vmypeTas KCL\ Sopvfiopovs
SiecrfceSaaav, avTOV Be KaTacnrdcravTes drro TOV

5 apyuaro? air£iCT€ivav, eZra Trpo? TJJV attpav
povr, avappfj^at Siai'oov/jLei'oi TO $€o~ja(OTi)pioi'
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5e <f>pa%d/j,€i>ot /vaXw? oi (f)v\aK€S, wcrre

ei'Ta T/}9 TTeipCLS TOV K.\€OfJL€Vrj

tcai Tr\araaOai /cara T/;^ 7roXu>,
vSevos avTM Trpoo"X(i)povvTo<s, dXXa (frevyovTwv

6 A~at oftovjievwv airavTtoV* 01/10)9 ot'i/ a7rocrTa9

/f ai 7T/3O9 roi>9 </>tXof9 elTrwi', " Qv&ev Tjv dpa
BavfJiaffTov apwiv yvvai/cas dvOpayTrwv $>ewyoi>Twv
Ti)i> eXevtfepiav," Trape/caXecrt TrdvTas «^ta>9 avrov

KOI TtoV TT6Trpay/A€VCi)l> T€\€VTai>. (COL 7T/3a>TO9 /xei'

134

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xxxvii. 2-6

over his right shoulder, and with drawn sword sprang
forth, accompanied by his friends, who were likewise
arrayed, thirteen in number. Hippitas, who was
lame, joined in making the first onset with all his
soul, but when he saw that he was a hindrance to
the progress of his companions, he bade them kill
him, and not ruin the enterprise by waiting for a
useless fellow. As it chanced, however, an Alexan-
drian was leading a horse past the doors, so they
seized the animal, put Hippitas on its back, and then
rushed at full speed through the narrow streets of
the city, summoning the throng to win their freedom.
These had enough courage, as it would seem, to
admire and praise the daring of Cleomenes, but not
a man was bold enough to follow and help him.

Well, then, as Ptolemy the son of Chrysermus was
coming out of the palace, three of them straightway
fell upon him and slew him; and as another Ptolemy,
who had the city in his charge, was driving towards
them in a chariot, they rushed to meet him, scattered
his servants and mercenaries, dragged him from his
chariot, and slew him. Then they proceeded to the
citadel, purposing to break open the prison and
avail themselves of the multitude of prisoners. But
the guards were too quick for them and barred the
way securely, so that Cleomenes, baffled in this
attempt also, roamed up and down through the city,
not a man joining with him but everybody filled
with fear and flying from him. So, then, he de-
sisted from his attempt, and saying to his friends,
" It is no wonder, after all, that women rule over
men who run away from freedom," he called upon
them all to die in a manner worthy of their king
and their past achievements. So Hippitas first, at

135

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

VTTO TO)V V€Ci)T€p(i)V TLVO? €7T\1]yr)
TCOV d\\WV €KCL(TTO<S €VKO\W<S KCLl
eClVTOV dTTO(7(f)dTT€l, TT\r)V TLaVT€d)<> TOV

7 ^leydXriv TCO\LV KaTakajSovTO^. TOVTOV Be Ka\-
\LCTTOV wpa Kai 7T/?O9 T?)V dycoyrjv evcfrvecrTaTov
veoov yei>6/J,evov epcofievov ecr^rjKcb^ 6 ftacnXevs
>, OTCIV avTov Te KCLI TOU? a\\ovs iBy

OVTW Te\evTav. rjBrj Be /cei/Jievcov ^QO
eTTiTTopevojbLevos 6 TlavTevs KOI TW

eicacnov

§ia\av6dvoi %wv. eVet Be KOI TOV
<$ Trapd TO crtyvpovei&e avcrTpetyavTa TO Trpocr-
WTTOV, 6(pLXrj(T€v avTov, elra TrapeKudiae' KCLI
TeXo? e^ovros JjBr) 7repi[3a\(i>v TOV veicpov eavrov
€7riKaT€(T(f) a £e.

XXXVIII. KXeofievtj^ /j.ev ovv kxKai&eica TT)?
ftacriXevcras err) /cat TOIOVTOS dvrjp <ye-

OUTCO

Ka'nrep ovcra yevvaia yvvr), TrpovScotee TO
7T/90? TO T^? crv/ji<f)opd<; /jieyedos, KOI
2 rd Trauma TOV KX,eo/ie^of9 d)\o<pvpeTO. TWV Se
rrai^iwv TO TrpecrftvTepov a7T07r?;8r/cr«^,
civ Trpoa^>oKi](TavTo^, dirb TOV Teyovs eirl K
eppityev eavTO' KCLI /ca/cw? JJLZV ea^ev, ov fjjrjv avre-
ftavev, aXV r)p6i-j (Bowv KOI dyavaKTOvv eirl

'O Be TlroXefjialos, GO? eyvw TavTa,
TO /jLcv crw/jia TOV K.\eo/j,ei>ov<; Kpe/JLacrai
/Bvpawo-avTas, aTTOKTelvat Be rd TraiBla KOI
3 fjLrjTepa real Ta? Trepl avrr^v yvvai/cas. ev Be

136

Lo

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xxxvn. 6-xxxvin. 3

his own request, was smitten down by one of the
younger men, then each of the others calmly and
cheerfully slew himself, except Panteus, the man
who led the way in the capture of Megalopolis.1
He had once been the king's favourite, because in
his youth he was most fair, and in his young man-
hood most amenable to the Spartan discipline ; and
now his orders were to wait until the king and the
rest of the band were dead, and then to die himself.
At last all the rest lay prostrate on the ground, and
Panteus, going up to each one in turn and pricking
him with his sword, sought to discover whether any
spark of life remained. When he pricked Cleomenes
in the ankle and saw that his face twitched, he kissed
him, and then sat down by his side ; at last the end
came, and after embracing the king's dead body, he
slew himself upon it.

XXXVIII. Such, then, was the end of Cleomenes,
who had been for sixteen years king of Sparta, and
had shown himself the man whom I have described.
The report of his death spread over the entire city,
and Cratesicleia, although she was a woman of noble
spirit, lost her composure in view of the magnitude
of her misfortunes, and throwing her arms about the
children of Cleomenes, wailed and lamented. But
the elder of the two boys, forestalling all prevention,
sprang away and threw himself headlong from the
roof; he was badly injured, but did not die, and was
taken up crying out resentfully because he Avas not
permitted to end his life.

But Ptolemy, when he learned of these things,
gave orders that the body of Cleomenes should be
Hayed and hung up, and that his children, his mother,
and the women that were with her, should be killed.

1 See chapter xxiii. 4.

J37

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

rairrat? TJV Kal TlavTews yvvrj /caXXicrrT/ Kal yev-
vaiOTaTr] TO elSo?. e.Ti £e avrois veoyd/j,ois oiai)
ev aK/Aals epwTwv al Tv^ai avveftrjcrav. ev6v$
fjiev ovv avveKTrXevaai TW Tlavrel /3ov\o/ji€i"r]V
avrrjv OVK eiacrav ol <yoveLs, aXXa /9ta KaraK\€i-
4 cra^re? €(pv\aTTOv oXtyw Se vcnepov ITTTTOV tavry
TrapacTKevdaaaa teal ^pvaiBiov ov TTO\V VVKTOS
aireBpa, KCU Btay^aaa crui'To^co? eVt Taivapov,
eiceWev eTreftr] j/eco? et? AfyvTTTOV TrXeovcrw
L(j9r) TT^O? Tov av&pa teal av
TOV eirl %evrj<$ ftiov aXuTrw? /cal
avrij Tore TIJV KpaTijaiK\€Lav VTTO TWV

TWV aojLevv eeiaMei, TOV re

v7ro\a/jL/3dvovcra, teal Oappelv
\ovaa /jiTj&ev TL /xr;8' avrrjv €K7r67r\7jj/^€V')jv TOV
OdvdTov, aXX' ev /.wvov aiTOv/^ev^v, irpo TWV
5 7raL$i(ov airoOavelv. eVel Se rfXOov et? TOV TOTTOV
ev co TCLVTCI Spdv elwOeaav ol vTrypeTai, irpwTov
/jiev TCL TratSta, TT}? K/?aT?y<Ti/cXeta? opcoffrjs, ecr-
(JHITTOV, elra e/ceivrjv, ev TOVTO p,ovov eVt TrjXi-
j)0ey^a/ji€V7jv irdBecnv, "^H T6Kva, Trot
; 77^6 TlavTecos yvvij, Trepi^waa/nevrj TO

evpaxTTOS ovo-a Kal /neydXr) TWV diro-
Oi'Tjcrtcova'wv eKacrTrjv (Ttu>7rf) Kal ^

eOepaTreve Kal TrepieaTeXXev etc TWV e
6 reXo? Be /Ji£Ta Tracra? eavrfyv Kocr/jiijcraaa,
KaTayayovaa TI^V 7repi/3o\rfv, Kal uijSeva Trpocr-
e\6elv edcraaa /iT/Se ISeiv d\\ov r) TOV eVl TT}?
(T<pay)}<; TeTay/nevov, rjpwiKws KaTeaTpe^rev, ov-
Sevbs Be/r]0el(7a KOG/JLOVVTOS Kal TrepiKoXvirTOVTos
yuera Trjv Te\evTi]v. OVTW Trape/jLeive TW Oavdrep
TO Koa^iov TT}? ^%>)5, Kal o~i€(j>v~\.aj;ev rjv
<f>povpav

138

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xxxvm. 3-6

Among these women was the wife of Panteus, most
noble and beautiful to look upon. The pair were
still but lately married, and their misfortunes came
upon them in the hey-day of their love. Her parents,
indeed, would not permit her to sail away with Pan-
teus immediately, although she wished to do
so, but shut her up and kept her under con-
straint ; a little later, however, she procured herself
a horse and a small sum of money, ran away by night,
made all speed to Taenarum, and there embarked
upon a ship bound for Egypt. She was conveyed to
her husband, and with him bore their life in a
strange land without complaint and cheerfully. She
it was who now took the hand of Cratesicleia as she
was led forth by the soldiers, held up her robe for
her, and bade her be of good courage. And Crate-
sicleia herself was not one whit dismayed at death,
but asked one favour only, that she might die before
the children died. However, when they were come
to the place of execution, first the children were
slain before her eyes, and then Cratesicleia herself
was slain, making but this one cry at sorrows so
great: " O children, whither are ye gone ? " Then
the wife of Panteus, girding up her robe, vigorous
and stately woman that she was, ministered to each
of the dying women calmly and without a word, and
laid them out for burial as well as she could. And
finally, after all were cared for, she arrayed herself,
let down her robes from about her neck, and suffer-
ing no one besides the executioner to come near or
look upon her, bravely met her end, and had no
need of anyone to array or cover up her body after
death. Thus her decorum of spirit attended her in
death, and she maintained to the end that watchful
care of her body which she had set over it in life.

139

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

XXXIX. *H fjiev ovv AaKeSai/jLcov,
dycovicra/Jievr) TU> yvvaiKeiw opd^aTi TT/JO? TO av-
Bptiovt ev rot? eV^arot? Kaipols eVe'Se^e rrjv
dpeTi^v v/3pia0r)vai jj,r) ^vva/Jiev^v VTTO rrjs TU^^?.
o\iyaL<; Be varepov ^ftepat? ol TO crw/ta rov KXeo-

tea aTTOKpVTTTOvra TO irpouwTrov, ware

2 opveov e<f)L7rTacrdai <rapKO(pd<yoi>. CK &e rovrov
Beiat$aifj,ovLa Trpoa-ejrea-e TW (BacriKel xal

KaOapfJiwv Tat? yvvai^lv a

dvSpos avrjprjjjievov 0€O(f)i\ov<s teal Kpeirrovos
rrjv <f)vaiv. ol Se 'AXe^a^Spe?? Kal

7TOVTO <f)OLTWVT€S €irl TOV T07TOV, rjpWO, TOV

/j,ev7j Kal 0ewv iral&a Trpoo-ayopevovres, a>xpt> ov

3 KareTravcrav avrovs ol (Tofy&Tepot, StSopTe? \oyov

jJiev /5oe?, o-^)7}/ca9 Se WTTTO* Kara- 824
e%av6ovcri, Kavdapoi Be ovwv TO auTo
TraOovrwv ^cooyovovvrai, TCL Be dvOpooTTiva crco-
fjuara, rwv Trepl TOV /jiV6\bv l^^pwv ffvpporjV Tiva
Kal crvaracriv ev eavTols \aftovTwv, o<peis ava-

TOVTO KaTiSovres ol 7ra\aiol
£a)Q)v TOV BpaKOVTO, Tot? ijpcocri

140

AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xxxix

XXXIX. So, then, Sparta, bringing her women's
tragedy into emulous competition with that of her
men, showed the world that in the last extremity
Virtue cannot be outraged by Fortune. And a few
days afterwards those who were keeping watch
upon the body of Cleomenes where it hung, saw a
serpent of great size coiling itself about the head
and hiding away the face so that no ravening bird of
prey could light upon it. In consequence of this,
the king was seized with superstitious fear, and thus
gave the women occasion for various rites of purifi-
cation, since they felt that a man had been
taken off who was of a superior nature and beloved
of the gods. And the Alexandrians actually wor-
shipped him, coming frequently to the spot and
addressing Cleomenes as a hero and a child of the
gods ; but at last the wiser men among them put a
stop to this by explaining that, as putrefying oxen
breed bees, and horses wasps, and as beetles are
generated in asses which are in the like condition of
decay, so human bodies, when the juices about
the marrow collect together and coagulate, produce
serpents. And it was because they observed this that
the ancients associated the serpent more than any
other animal with heroes.

141

TIBERIUS AND CAIUS
GRACCHUS

TIBEPI02 KAI TAIO2
rPAFXOI

T. TPArxoS

T. 'H/^et? Be TIJV TrpcoTrjv Icnopiav

OVK eXdrrova TrdOri TOVTWV ev
av^vyia Oewprivai, TOV Ti/Bepuov KOI
Yatov ftiov dvrnrapa/3d\\ovTe<>. OVTOI
Tpdy^ov TraiSes rjcrav, eo n/uirjTfj re
yevo/jievw KOL Si? vTrarevcravTi KOI 0pid/j,J3ov<; &vo
KarayayovTi Xa/jLTrporepov rjv TO CLTTO TT}? dperr/^

2 d^lwjjia. &io KOL rr]i> ^KrjTriwvos TOV fcaTa,7ro\e-
lLr]<javTo<$ ^Avvifiav Ovyarepa Kopvtfkiav, OVK wv
<f)i\o<>, d\\a KOI $id<popos TO) dv&pl yeyova)*?,
\af3elv j]%i(a6r) /zera TTJV etcelvov Te\evTi]v. Xe-
<y€Tai Be 7TOT6 o~v\\a(3elv avibv ejrl

^et'70? &paKbvT(dv, TOU? Be {idvreis
TO Tepas a/ji(j)co pev OVK eav dve\elv ovBe d<f)eivai,
Trepl Be 6arepou Bmipeiv, a>? o JAW apprjv TO)
Tifteplw fyepoi OdvaTOv dvcupeOeis, rj Be 0tf\eta

3 rfj K.opvrjXi,a. TOV ovv Tiftepiov KOL <j)i\ovvTa
TTJV yvvairca, real fjia\\ov aura) irpoaij/ceiv OVTI

e/ceivrjs, TOV fiev appeva KTCIVCU TWV Bpa/covTwv,
dcfreivai Be Trjv 6r)\€iav elra vaTepov ov 7roAA,a>

144

TIBERIUS AND CAIUS
GRACCHUS

TIBERIUS GRACCHUS

I. Now that we have duly finished the first part of
our story, we have to contemplate fates no less tragic
than those of Agis and Cleomenes in the lives of the
Roman couple, Tiberius and Caius, which we set in
parallel. They were sons of Tiberius Gracchus,
who, although he had been censor at Rome, twice
consul, and had celebrated two triumphs, derived his
more illustrious dignity from his virtue. Therefore,
after the death1 of the Scipio who conquered Hannibal,
although Tiberius had not been his friend, but actually
at variance with him, he was judged worthy to take
Scipio's daughter Cornelia in marriage. We are told,
moreover, that he once caught a pair of serpents on
his bed, and that the soothsayers, after considering
the prodigy, forbade him to kill both serpents or to
let both go, but to decide the fate of one or the
other of them, declaring also that the male serpent,
if killed, would bring death to Tiberius, and the
female, to Cornelia. Tiberius, accordingly, who
loved his wife, and thought that since she was still
young and he was older it was more fitting that he
should die, killed the male serpent, but let the
female go. A short time afterwards, as the story

1 In 183 B.C.

'45

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

ovw Te\evTi}o-ai, BeKaBvo rraidas etc r/ys"
Xt'a? avTfo yeyovoTas /azraXtTroi'Ta.

4 Kopvrj\ia Be dva\a(3ouo-a rov<t rraibas KOI TOV
OLKOV, OVTW awtypova Kal (f)i\oT€Kvov Kal
\6tyv%ov avTi^v Trapeo-^ev ware /AT; «ra«:w?
j3efBov\ev(T0ai TOV 'Yiftepiov avr\ rotaurr/v yv-
vaiKos aTroOai'elv e\ofJi€vov, rj ye Kal

TOV /3acrtXe&)9 KOLVOV/JL^VOV TO SidBtj/uia Kal

5 fievov TOV yd/jiov avT^ rjpvtjaaTo, Kal

ev aXXou? a7re/3aXe rraiSas, fjiiav be TWV

, f) ^KijiTiwvi TW vecorepa)
Kal Svo vlovs, Trcpl (ov TciSe yeyparrTai,
Kal Fatoi/j ^iayevo^evov^ OUTW 0tXor
0pe\lrev wcrre TfdvTwv e^feo-raTOf? 'Pa)fj,aia)V
6/j,o\oyov/jiev(i)<; yeyovoTas TreTraiSevcrOai SOKCIV

fi€\TlOV TJ 7T€<j)UK<lvai 7T/9O? dp€Tr')V.

II. 'E-Trel Be, uxnrep r; TWV TrA.acrcro/teVcoi' Kal

TOV

7TVKTIKOV TTyOO? TOZ^ pO/AlKOV €Tr T??

<popdv, OVTW TWV veavicTKoov ttcelvwv ev 7ro\\fj Ttj
O? dvSpeiav Kal o-foffrpoavvrjv, ert Be e\ev9epio-
Kal \oytoTtjTa Kal /j.eya\o-^rv%iav e/jL^epeia
fjLeyd\ai rrepl TCL epya Kal ra? Tro\iTeia<$ olov
€%rjv0i]o-av Kal Bieffrdvrj&av dvo/noioTijTe(f, ov
%elpov elvai fjioi BOKCL raura? 7rpoeK0ea0ai.
2 TlpwTOv /J,€v ovv loea rrpoaanrov Kal (B\.efJLf.LaTL
teal Kivij/jiaTi Trpao? Kal KaTaaTrjfjLaTiKos TJV 6

146

TIBERIUS GRACCHUS, i. 3-11. 2

goes, he died,1 leaving Cornelia with twelve children
by him.

Cornelia took charge of the children and of the
estate, and showed herself so discreet, so good a
mother, and so magnanimous, that Tiberius was
thought to have made no bad decision when he
elected to die instead of such a woman. For when
Ptolemy 2 the king offered to share his crown with
her and sought her hand in marriage, she refused
him, and remained a widow. In this state she lost
most of her children, but three survived ; one
daughter, who married Scipio the Younger, and two
sons, Tiberius and Caius, whose lives 1 now write.
These sons Cornelia reared with such scrupulous care
that although confessedly no other Romans were so
well endowed by nature, they were thought to owe
their virtues more to education than to nature.

II. Now, just as, in spite of the likeness between
Castor and Pollux as they are represented in sculpture
and painting, there is a certain difference of shape
between the boxer and the runner, so in the case of
these young Romans, along with their strong resem-
blance to one another in bravery and self-command,
as well as in liberality, eloquence, and magnanimity,
in their actions and political careers great unlike-
nesses blossomed out, as it were, and came to light.
Therefore I think it not amiss to set these forth
before going further.

In the first place, then, as regards cast of features
and look and bearing, Tiberius was gentle and sedate,

1 He was consul for the second time in 163 B.C. The year
of his death is unknown. This story is told and commented
on by Cicero in De divinatione i. 18, 36 ; ii. 29, 62.

2 Probably Ptolemy VI., surnamed Philometor, king of
Egypt 181-146 B.C.

M7

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

Be Kal (T^oSpO? O TdiO$, 0)CTT6

fcai Bti/nriyopelv rov fjiev ev /JLLO, %<^pa /3e/3ijKora

, rov Be <Pct>/.iaiwv Trpwrov errl rov
rrepirrdra) re ^p^aaadai KOI

'tfv rr)/3evvov eg W/AOV \eyovra, KaOdirep KXecava 825
TOV ' A.9r)vaiov laToprjraL TrepiGTrda-ai re TTJV
TrepiftoXijv /col rov fjbrjpov dXorfaai rrpwrov rwv

3 &r//jiT}>yopovvra)V. eireira 6 Xoyo? rov /j,ev Taiov
(po&epbs KOI TrepiTraOrjs €t? Seivcocriv, rjSiutv Se 6
rov 'Fiftepiov KOI fj,d\\ov eTrayayyos oi'tcrov rfj
Be \e£ei KaOapos KOI SiaTreTrovrjaevo^ d
€K€Lvo<i, 6 Be Yatov TriOavbs KOI

ovrw Be real irepl Biatrav fcal rpdire^av
Kal a^>eX^9 o Ti/3epio<$, o Be Fato? rot? JJLZV aXXoi?
7rapa/3a\eiv crtofypwv Kal avffTqpo?, rfj Be TT/JO?
rov dBe\(f)bv Bia<f)opa VCOTT perrrf^ KOI rreplepyos, co?

4 01 Trepl Apovaov tfXeyxov ori Be\(j)iva<; 1 dpyvpovs
eiTpiaro T^/XT}? et? efcda-rrjv \irpav Bpa^f^cov ^£-
\i(ov Kal BiaKoaicov rrevry']Kovra. rw Be rjOei Kara
rrjv rov \6yov Biacfropav 6 fiev eirieix^ Kal rcpaos,
o Be rpa%v<$ Kal 6v/jLoeiBifc, ware Kal Trapa yi'co-

ev TO) \eyeiv eK(j)€p6/j,evov TroXXa/a? UTT' opyfjs
re (pcovyv drro^vveiv KOI fiXaacfrrjpeiv Kal
crvvrapdrreiv rov \6yov. oOev Kal fior/Orj/LLa TT}?
efCTpoirffi eTTOL^craro ravrrj<^ rov AIKLVVIOV, ol/ce
OVK dvorjrov, o? e^wv fywvcKJKiKov opyavov, w
(f)06yyov<; dvaftiftd^ovaiv, omcrOev ecrroo? rov
Taiov \eyovros, OTTrjviKa rpa^vvofievov alaOoiro
Tp <f)CDvf) Kal Trapapprjyvv/uevov Bi opyrfv, eveBiBov
rovov /jLa\aKov, c5 TO <T(j)oBpbv e

1 5e\(f>~ivas Blass, Fuhr, and Ziegler, with the MSS. :
(Delphic tables, or tripods), after Amyot.

148

TIBERIUS GRACCHUS, n. 2-5

while Caius was high-strung and vehement, so that
even when haranguing the people the one stood
composedly in one spot, while the other was the first
Roman to walk about upon the rostra and pull his toga
off his shoulder as he spoke. So Cleon the Athenian
is said to have been the first of the popular orators
to strip away his mantle and smite his thigh.1 In the
second place, the speech of Caius was awe-inspiring
and passionate to exaggeration, while that of Tiberius
was more agreeable and more conducive to pity.
The style also of Tiberius was pure and elaborated to
a nicety, while that of Caius was persuasive and ornate.
So also as regards their table and mode of life,
Tiberius was simple and plain, while Caius, although
temperate and austere as compared with others, in
contrast with his brother was ostentatious and fasti-
dious. Hence men like Drusus found fault with him
because he bought silver dolphins at twelve hundred
and fifty drachmas the pound. Again, their tempers
were no less different than their speech. Tiberius
was reasonable and gentle, while Caius was harsh
and fiery, so that against his better judgment he
was often carried away by anger as he spoke, raising
his voice to a high pitch and uttering abuse and
losing the thread of his discourse. Wherefore, to
guard against such digressions, he employed an
intelligent servant, Licinius, who stood behind him
when he was speaking, with a sounding instrument for
giving the tones of the voice their pitch. Whenever
this servant noticed that the voice of Caius was
getting harsh and broken with anger, he would give
out a soft key-note, on hearing which Caius would
at once remit the vehemence of his passion and of

1 See the Niciaa, viii. 3.
VOL X. F I4<^

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

TOV 7ra$ou9 KOI Trjs fywvrj? dvtels €7rpavv€TO KOI
Trapel^ev eavrbv evavdic\rjTov.

III. A I fjitv ovv SiCHpopal TOiavrai rives rjaav
avra)V' dv$paya@La Be 737)09 TOi/9 7roXe/uoi>9 KCU
7rpo9 TOU9 VTrrjKoovs SifcaiO(Tvvr) /cal 77/909 ra?
ap~)(a<s em^eXeia KCU. Trpo? ra? 7780^9 ey/cpdreia,
arjrapd\\aKTOs. r^v Be Trpecrftv'repos eviawrols
evvea 6 Tifiepios' KOL rovro rrjv e/carepov 7ro\i-

Teiav aTTYjprriiJLevrjv rot? y^povois eirorjcre KOL ra?

cravTwv /jLrj^e crv/AjSdXovTwv €t9 TO avro
&vva/jiiv, /neyaXyv av ej; d/u,<f)OLi> O/AOU KOL dwrrep-
f3\7]Tov yevo/JLevrjv. \eKTeov ovv l&ia jrepl ercarepov
KCU rrepl TOV Trpea^vrepov nrpoTepov.

IV. 'E/ceu>09 Toivvv ev6v<$ etc irai^wv ryevo/j-evos
YJV 7repi/9o^T09 wcrre r/)9 TMV Avyovpwv \ejo-
iepwavvr)? a^iO)07jvai 81 dperrjv fiaXXov rj $ia
rrjv evjeveiav. eSijXaxre &e "ATTTTIOS KXau^io?, avr/p

tea TifJirfTiKO^ KOI 7rpoyeypa/j./jLevo<;

L TTO\V

TOU9 ica avrov virepaipwv. ecmw^evwv jap ev
ravry TMV iepewv, Trpoaa'yopevaas TOV Tlifiepiov

ai)ro9 e^vaTO TTJ Ovyarpl

2 WJLov. oeajL€vov e r/cru-ew? e/ceivov /cal

OVTW revoULevrs, eiaioov 6

oirca&e 7T/909 avrbv CITTO rT/9 6vpa<; evOvs e/caket

TTjV <yVVGUKa jJL€jd\r) Trj (frwvf) (3oMV, "*fl 'AvTKTTia,

Trjv K\av$Lav ^JJLMV dvBpl KaOw^oXo^iKa^ KciKei-

/} / (t 'p' i> ^ ,, e ^\ * /

i">j uav/jaffacra, 1 19, etTrev, rj CTTTOUOT) r/ rt
TO Ta^o9; et 8e Tifiepiov avTrj Ppdy^ov

1 eZ 8e . . . evpriKfts Bekker has ct /x^ . . . fvp'urKfts ; Blass
and Fiihr ci /*$; ef>p^Ktis (unless thou hadst found), after
Stephanus.

TIBERIUS GRACCHUS, n. 5~iv. a

his speech, grow gentle, and show himself easy to
recall.

III. The differences between them, then, were of
this nature ; but as regards bravery in the face of the
enemy, just dealings with subject peoples, scrupulous
fidelity in public office, and restraint in pleasurable
indulgence, they were exactly alike. Tiberius,
however, was nine years older than his brother ; and
this set a different period for the political activity of
each, and more than anything else vitiated their
undertakings. They did not rise to eminence at
the same time, and so did not combine their powers
into one. Such an united power would have proved
irresistibly great. We must therefore give an account
of each by himself, and of the elder first.

IV. Tiberius, then, as soon as he got past boyhood,
was so widely known as to be thought worthy of a
place among the priests called Augurs ; and this was
due to his virtues rather than to his excellent birth,
as was clearly shown by Appius Claudius. For
Appius, who had been consul and censor, had been
made Dean of the Roman senate l by virtue of his
dignity, and in loftiness of spirit far surpassed his
contemporaries, at a banquet of the augurs2 addressed
Tiberius with words of friendship, and asked him to
become the husband of his daughter. Tiberius gladly
accepted the invitation, and the betrothal was thus
arranged, and when Appius returned home, from the
doorway where he stood he called his wife and cried
in a loud voice: "Antistia, I have betrothed our
Claudia." And Antistia, in amazement, said : " Why
so eager, or why so fast ? If thou hadst only found

1 Princeps Senatus.

8 Presumably at the induction of Tiberius into office.

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

3 vvacfrlov." OVK dyvow Be on TOVTO r/i/e? eVi TOV
Trarepa rcbv Tpdy^wv Ti/Sepiov real

TOP *A<j)piKavov dva<j)epovcriv, «X\' ol

rjjjLels ypd(f)o/A6v lcrropov(Tt,, Kal

Trjv ^Krj-niwvos 'A<ppiKavov T€\€vrr)v rou?

<$ria\v €/c TTCIVTWV TrpoKpivavTCis TOV

bovvai Tijv Kopv)]\Lav, ct)9 VTTO TOV Trarpos avifc-

&OTOV Kal dveyyvov dTroXeifyOela-av.

4 'O S' ovv vewrepo*? TtSe/Mo? o-Tpareuo/jievos ev
Aifivy fjL€Ta TOV BevTepov S/C^TT/CO^O?, e^oi/ro?
avTov TTJV d&eX^ijv, O/JLOV o-vi>$iaiTot)fj,6vos VTTO

TO) aTaT Ta ev CLVTOV

KaT6/jLa&6, TroXXa /cal fj,e<ydXa TT^O?
Kal fiifjaqarw eVt TWV irpd^ewv ei
Be TWV vewv TidvTwv eTrpwTevev evTa^ia
5 dvBpeia' Kal TOV ye Tet^of? eVeyS?; TWV

w? (frrja-i <&dvvio<$t \eywv Kal avTos TW 826

TT}? dpio~T€ias. 7ro\\rjv Be Kal Trapoov evvoiav
el%€V ev TW crTpaTOTreBw Kal iroOov aTraXXarro-
IJ.GVOS avTov KaTe\t7re.

V. Mera Be Trjv crTpaTeiav e/ceivrjv aipeQels
eXa^e TWV VTTCLTWV Tattp MajKLva crv-
eVl Noyua^TtVou?, dvOptoTrw fj,ev ov
u), fiapVTTOT/JOTaTM Be 'Pw/jLauwv aTpart-jyu).
Bio Kal [taXXov ev TV^ais 7rapa\cyoLS Kal Trpdy-
fj.ao~iv evavTLOis TOV T^ifteplov BieXajjityev ov IAOVOV
TO avveTov Kal dvbpeiov, aXX', 6 Oavfjidviov r/v,
atSco? re ?roXX?x; Kal Ti^irj TOV ap^ovTOS, VTTO TWV
KaKwv ovS* eavTov, el o~TpaTr)yos ecrTiv, eiriyi-
2 VWCTKOVTOS. rjTTrjQels yap /za^ai? yaeyaXai? €7re-

TIBERIUS GRACCHUS, iv. 3-v. 2

Tiberius Gracchus for betrothal to her ! " I am aware
that some1 refer this story to Tiberius the father of
the Gracchi and Scipio Africanus Major, but the
majority of writers tell it as I do, and Polybius says2
that after the death of Scipio Africanus the relatives
of Cornelia chose out Tiberius in preference to all
others and gave her to him, as one who had been
left by her father unaffianced and unbetrothed.

The younger Tiberius, accordingly, serving in Africa
under the younger Scipio,3 who had married his sister,
and sharing his commander's tent, soon learned to
understand that commander's nature (which pro-
duced many great incentives towards the emulation
of virtue and its imitation in action), and soon led
all the young men in discipline and bravery; yes, he
was first to scale the enemies' wall, as Fannius says,
who writes also that he himself scaled the wall with
Tiberius and shared in that exploit. While he remained
with the army Tiberius was the object of much good
will, and on leaving it he was greatly missed.

V. After this campaign he was elected quaestor,
and had the fortune to serve in a war against Num-
antia under the consul Caius Mancinus,4 who was not
bad as a man, but most unfortunate of the Romans as
a general. Therefore in the midst of unexpected
misfortunes and adverse circumstances not only did
the sagacity and bravery of Tiberius shine forth all
the more, but also — and this was astonishing — the
great respect and honour in which he held his
commander, who, under the pressure of disasters,
forgot even that he was a general. For after he had

1 Cf. Livy. xxxviii. 57. 2 Of. Polybius, xxxii. 13.

s In the campaign of 146 B.C., which ended with the
destruction of Carthage. * Consul in 137 B.C.

'53

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

fjL€v dva^evyvvvai VVKTOS, ere\L7ru)V TO
(TTpaTorreBov alaQo^vwv Be TMV NofAavTivwv KOI
TO /ji€V (TTpaTOTreBov ev6v<$ \a/36vTQ)V, rot? Be
dv0p(*)7rois tTTLTrecrovTwv tyevyovcn KOI TOVS e'cr^a-
TOU? (frovevovTwv, TO Be TTCLV e^KVK\ovfjLevwv crTpd-
KCL\ crvvwOovvTwv et? TOTTOU? ^a\67rou? KOI

OVK eOVTCLS, UTTOVOVS T$V €K TOV

crwTtipiav o M ajKivos e
3 rrepl aTrovSwv KOI $ia\vcr€wv TTyOo? aurotV ol 5e
TTicrTeveiv €(f)a(rav ovSevl rr\i]v (JLOVW Tf/3ept&), KOI
TOVTOV eKeXevov aTTocTTeXXeii' TT/oo? aurou?. eVe-
TrovQeaav Be TOVTO real BL CLVTOV TOV veaviaicov
(?jv yap avTOV TrXetcrro? \6yos eVt crTpctTia^, KOI

/JL€/J,l"r)/jL6VOl TOV TTaT/309 TlfiepLOV, 0? 7T O\6 fllj (T a?

teal TroXXou?

7T/305 TOU? No/uai'TU'oi"? «at TavTijv

TOV Bf}/jLOV op6ws Kal Bi/caiws del

e/i</>(9el9 6 Tt/3ep^o? /cat
rot? dvBpdcri, real TCL fj.ev Tra'cra?, ra
eVvra'craTO, A-at Bicr/nvpLOvs eaaxre

TToXtra?, ai^eu Oepcnreias real T&V e

VI. Ta 8e ev TW %
irdvTa KaT€a"%ov ol Nop.avTlvoi teal BieTropOrjcrav.
ev Be TOVTOIS teal TrivateiBes rjcrav TOV Tt/Bepiov,
ypdjui/j.aTa teal \6yovs e^ovaai rr}? Ta/jiievTitefjs
dp%r}<;, a? Tre/^l TTO\\OV Troiovfjievos dTro\a(3elv,
ijBrj TOV aTpaTov Trpotee^coprj KOTOS dvecrTpe^re rrpos
rrjv Tro\iv, €%(ov fj,eP eavTov Tpels rj rerra/ja?

154

TIBERIUS GRACCHUS, v. 2-vi. i

been defeated in great battles, he attempted to
abandon his camp and withdraw his forces by night ;
but the Numantines became aware of his attempt
and promptly seized his camp. Then they fell upon
his men as they fled, slew those who were in the rear,
encompassed his whole army, and crowded them into
regions that were full of difficulties and afforded no
escape. Mancinus, despairing of forcing his way to
safety, sent heralds to the enemy proposing a truce
and terms of peace ; but the enemy declared that
they had confidence in no Roman save only Tiberius,
and ordered that he should be sent to them. They
had this feeling towards the young man not only on
his own account (for he was held in very high esteem
by the Numantine soldiery), but also because they
remembered his father Tiberius, who waged war
against the Spaniards,1 and subdued many of them,
but made a peace with the Numantines, to the
observance of which with integrity and justice he
always held the Roman people. So Tiberius was sent
and held conference with the enemy, and after
getting them to accept some conditions, and himself
accepting others, effected a truce, and thereby
manifestly saved the lives of twenty thousand Roman
citizens, besides attendants and camp followers.

VI. However, all the property captured in the
camp was retained by the Numantines and treated as
plunder. Among this were also the ledgers of
Tiberius, containing written accounts of his official
expenses as quaestor. These he was very anxious to
recover, and so, when the army was already well on
its way, turned back towards the city, attended by

1 In 180-179 B.O.

155

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

2 eraipov?. €KKo\ecra$ $e rwv NofjLavrivtov TOU?

L ra? 8e\rou?, w? /j-r

rot? eo^ iaorv OVK

i Trepl TWV wKOVo^ri^evwv. i)cr9evT€S ovv
ol No/uai'Tiz'ot rfj crvvrvyia T)}S ^eta? 7rapeKa\ovv

av~ov eaeeiv et?

rat?

> KOI

aurou? 7roXe//tou9, aXV 009 <pi\ois xptjaOai KOI

3 77Lcr~€V£iv. eBoi;€v ovv TO) Tifiepitn ravra Troielv,

TMV re SeXrco^ 7repie~)(oiJ.evw KCU BeSoiKori Trapo-

%vveiv &)? aTriaTovfjLevovs TOVS Xo^afrtVou?. etcreX-

QoVTl &6 €i? T^y TTQ\LV irpWTOV fJLtV CLplCTTOV

TrapeOeaav, real rracrav eTronjcravTo Berjcriv e'/xc^a-

aurwv

aTredocrav, KCLI TOW a\\wv a /3ov\oiro
\aftelv e/ceXevov. 6 5' ov&ev rj TOV

TOU9

YII. 'ETrel Se et9 'P(t)fJ,rjv eTravfjXdev, rj /j,ev 0X77
0)9 oeii//) /^ai Karaicrxvvovcra rny 'Paj

ali'iav ei^e /cat KaTriyopiav, 01 de TU>V

TOV
7T/309 Tot» Tiftepiov, ra

yeyovoTtov i-atyepovTes et9 TOI^ cp^ovTa, t'

CLVTOV 8

2 OL /jLevTOi, &va")(jepaivovTes TO, TreTrpay^eva (ju^el- 827
Toi/9 irpoyovovs erceXevov tcai yap e/ceivot

156

TIBERIUS GRACCHUS, vi. 2-vn. 2

three or four companions. After summoning forth
the magistrates of Numantia, he asked them to bring
him his tablets, that he might not give his enemies
opportunity to malign him by not being able to give
an account of his administration. The Numantines,
accordingly, delighted at the chance to do him a
favour, invited him to enter the city ; and as he
stood deliberating the matter, they drew near and
clasped his hands, and fervently entreated him no
longer to regard them as enemies, but to treat and
trust them as friends. Tiberius, accordingly, decided
to do this, both because he set great store by his
tablets, and because he feared to exasperate the
Numantines by showing them distrust. After he had
entered the city, in the first place the Numantines
set out a meal for him, and entreated him by all
means to sit down and eat something in their
company ; next, they gave him back his tablets, and
urged him to take whatever he wanted of the rest of
his property. He took nothing, however, except the
frankincense which he was wont to use in the public
sacrifices, and after bidding them farewell with every
expression of friendship, departed.

VII. When he came back to Rome, the whole
transaction was blamed and denounced as a ter-
rible disgrace to the city, although the relatives
and friends of the soldiers, who formed a large part
of the people, came flocking to Tiberius, imputing
the disgrace in what had happened to his commander,
but insisting that it was due to Tiberius that the
lives of so manv citizens had been saved. Those,

J

however, who were displeased at what had been done
urged for imitation the example of their ancestors,
who flung' to the enemy unarmed the generals

157

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

TOL»? dyaTTyjaavTas VTTO ^avvnwv d(f)€0fji>at crrpa-
rriyovs avTovs re rot? TroXe/uot? yvfivovs irpoa-
eppityav, Kal roi/9 efyatyanevovs Kal

TO)V CTTrOV&WV, OiOV Ta/Ua? KOL ^Xta

irpov/3a\ov, et? eicelvovs rrjv eTTtopfciav teal rrjv

3 BtaXvaiv T&V a)fJLO\0'yr]iJLevwv rpeTrovres. ev6a
Kail fjL(i\L(Tra rrjv TT/OO? TOI^ Ti/Sepiov evvoiav

£%e$>r]vev o ST}/XO?. TOV pep jap VTTCITOV

<yvfjivov real $e$€/jie

rot? No/navrivois, rayv Se a\\cov e$ei<javro
Sia Tifiepiov. SoKel 8e KCU ^K^TTLWV /3

Tore /cal 7r\ela"rov Svvdfji€vos '
aAA,' ov&ev rjrrov ev am'a/? TJV on TOV
M.ay/civov ov irepiea-wcrev, ov$€ ra?
%>w6rivat rot? Noyuai/Tti/oi9 eo'irov

4 olfceiov /cal <fti\ov TOV Ti/3ep[ov yevofievas. TO

eoitcev €K >L\oTLia^ ical

TOV Tiftepiov (f)L\(ov Kal crotpicrTayv *Ky£V€(T0ai ra
TT}? &ia<fiopas. aAA' avTrj ye TT/QO? ou&ev d
ouBe <f>av\ov e'^evrecre. SoKel 8' dv ^
Trepnrecrelv o Tiftepios ol? eTraffev, el Trapfjv avTou
rot? Tco\LTevfJiaaL ^/crjiricDV 6 *A<f)pLKav6s' vvv &e
etcelvov Trepl No/^avTiav 6Vro? rjSr) KOL 7ro\eu,ovvTo$
Tcepl rot/? I'o/iou? TroXireta? €K

am a?.

VIII. Pw/jialoL TT}? TCOV daTvyeiTovwv

Trjv fjiev

158

TIBERIUS GRACCHUS, VH. 2-vin. i

themselves who had been satisfied to be let go by the
Samnites, and in like manner cast forth those who
had taken hand and share in the treaty, as for instance

V *

the quaestors and military tribunes, turning upon
their heads the guilt of perjury and violation of the
pact.1 In the present affair, indeed, more than at
any other time, the people showed their good will
and affection towards Tiberius. For they voted to
deliver up the consul unarmed and in bonds to the
Numantines, but spared all the other officers for the
sake of Tiberius. It would seem, too, that Scipio,
who was then the greatest and most influential man
at Rome, helped to save them ; but none the less he
was blamed 2 for not saving Mancinus, and for not
insisting that the treaty with the Numantines, which
had been made through the agency of his kinsman

C7 •/

and friend Tiberius, should be kept inviolate. It
would appear that the disagreement between the
two men arose chiefly through the ambition of
Tiberius and from the friends and sophists who urged
him on. But this disagreement certainly resulted in
no mischief past remedy. And in my opinion
Tiberius would never have met with his great misfor-
tunes if Scipio Africanus had been present at Rome
during his political activity. But as it was, Scipio
was already at Numantia 3 and waging war there when
Tiberius began to agitate for his agrarian laws. The
occasion of this was as follows.

VIII. Of the territory which the Romans won in
war from their neighbours, a part they sold, and a

1 In 321 B.C. Cf. Cicero, De of., iii. 30, 109.

2 By Tiberius and his friends.

8 Scipio was sent against Numantia in 134 B.C., and took
end destroj-ed the city in the following year, in which year
also Tiberius* was killed.

159

PLUTARCH'S LIVES
rrjv Be Troiov/jbevoi, Brjiiocriav eBiBocrav

TOi? aKTI^UJLOdi KOi aTTOpOlS TWV 7ToX*.TCOl>, O.7TO-

(fropav ov 7ro\\rjv et? TO By/noo'iov Te\ovcnv.
2 dp^a/jLevtov Be rwv 7r\ova~ia)v V7rep/3d\,\.eiv ras
0,770^)0/30,9 KCU TOL/? Tre'^ra? €%e\avvovTtov, eypd<f)r)
vofjios OVK €wv ir\idpa 7>/9 e%eiv 7r\elova TWV
TrevTCLKocrLGov. /COL ^pa^vv /j,ev xpovov eVecr^e
ri]v TT\eove%iav TO ypd/JLfjLa rovro, KOI rot? Trevrj-
criv eftot'jdrjcre Kara %(*)pav fxevovcriv eVt ra)i>
Kal veiJLOfiivois y}v e/cacrro?

3 el%e fiolpav. varepov Be TWV <y6iTvia)VTa)v TT\OV-
cricov v7ro/3\iJTOLS Trpo&coTTois fieTa^epovrwv ra?
€t? eavrovs, TeXo? Be (pai>epa)$ 7/877 S^
TO, TrXetcrra KaTe^ovrwv, €%a)<j6 evres ol
oure rat? crT/oaretai? ert nrpoOvfjiovs Trapei-
eauroi;?, ^JJL€\OVV re Trai&wv dvarpo(f)f)s, ware

Lwv Be ftapftapifcwv « f
TT\r)(j6ai, Si wv eyecapyovv ol ir\ovaiOL ra

4 TOU? TToX-iTas e^eXdaavTes. eTre^elp^cre /juv ovv
rfj Biopdwcret, Fato? AatXto? o S/CT/TTt'aM'o? eialpos.
dvTLtcpovcrdvTtoV Be rayv Svvarwv (^o/3?^el? TOV
Oopvftov teal Trav&d/jievos eirefcKijdr) cro^o? 7} <f)po-
vifjios' etcdrepov yap eBotcei arffjiaiveiv o (jairLijv^
6 Tt/Se'/jfo? Be Srj/j.apxo<$ drroBei^Oel^ eu^L9 eV
avri-jv wp/jLiyae rrjv Trpa^LV, &)? /j,€V ol
\eyoucri, Aio^az/of? roO pijropos teal

5 TOL) (f)i\oa-6(f)ov Trapopfjirjaavrcov avrov, wv 6 fjitv

as rjv M.iTV\i)valo<;, 6 Be avroOev

1 60

TIBERIUS GRACCHUS, vm. 1-5

part they made common land, and assigned it for
occupation to the poor and indigent among the
citizens, on payment of a small rent into the public
treasury. And when the rich began to offer larger
rents and drove out the poor, a law was enacted
forbidding the holding by one person of more than
five hundred acres of land. For a short time this
enactment gave a check to the rapacity of the rich,
and was of assistance to the poor, who remained in
their places on the land which they had rented and
occupied the allotment which each had held from the
outset. But later on the neighbouring rich men, by
means of fictitious personages, transferred these
rentals to themselves, and finally held most of the
land openly in their own names. Then the poor,
who had been ejected from their land, no longer
showed themselves eager for military service, and
neglected the bringing up of children, so that soon
all Italy was conscious of a dearth of freemen, and
was filled with gangs of foreign slaves, by whose aid
the rich cultivated their estates, from which they had
driven away the free citizens. An attempt was there-
fore made to rectify this evil, and by Caius Laelius
the comrade of Scipio ; but the men of influence
opposed his measures, and he, fearing the disturbance
which might ensue, desisted, and received the
surname of Wise or Prudent (for the Latin word
"sapiens" would seem to have either meaning).
Tiberius, however, on being elected tribune of the
people, took the matter directly in hand. He was
incited to this step, as most writers say, by Diophanes
the rhetorician and Blossius the philosopher.
Diophanes was an exile from Mitylene, but Blossius

161

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

, 'AvriTrdrpov rov

eV dcrrei avvv6^ KOI

avrov 7Tpo(T(^(ai>jj(T€o-i <ypafji^drwv <pi\oao<f)(ov»
ei'ioi Be Kal Kopvr)\iav Gvvtrcain&vrai ri]V ^77-
repa 7ro\\dfct<; TOU? f/oi/9 ovei&i&ucrav OTI ra>-
(jLatoi ^tcrjTriwvos ai)Tr]V en irevOepdv, OVTTQ) oe
6 fiijTepa Ypd<y)(wv Trpodayopevovcriv. a\\oi oe
^TTopiov Tiva Tlo&Tov/jiiov aiTiov j6i'€(70aL \eyov-
<TIV, r)\iKi(t)Tr)v rov ^ijSeplov Kal
€(f)d/Ai\\ov avru) Trepl ra? avviyyopias, ov,
eTrai>r)\6ev CLTTO TT}? crr/jarta?, evpoov TroXu rfj £
Kal ry Bvvd/jLei TraprfXXa^oTa KOI Q
t}0e\rjaev, 0)9 eoircev, V7rep/3a\€crdai TroXiTeu/zaro? 828
7rapaB6\ov Kal /jL€<yd\r)v TrpoaSoK

o S' aSeAx/)09 avrov Fato? eV
iw yeypatyev et? No^avrlav Tropevo/Jievov Sid
TT}? rTvppr]VLas TOV Tifiepiov, Kal rrjv eprj/JLiav rfj<;
^a>/?a? opwvra KOI rou? yecopyovvras r) ve/Aovra?
otVera? eVeicraVrou? /tat fiapftdpovs, Tore jrp&rov
€7rl vovv /3a\eo-0ai rrjv /jivpicov Kaicwv ap^acrav
avrols 7ro\iT€Lav. rrjv 8e ir\eia"niv avro? o S^-
yao9 opfjwjv Kal (friXoTi/miav ej~r)-^re, 7rpOKa\ov/nevos
Bid rypa/jL/jLarayv avrov ev crToat9 Kal TOL^OI^ Kal

di>a\a/3eiv

IX. Ov n/r)V e'0' avrov ye crvi>e0tjK€ rov VO/JLOV,
T049 ^e Trpwrevovaiv dperfj Kal 86%r} rwv 7ro\ircov
^prjardfjievo^, wv Kal Kpacrtro^ rjv o
l MOVKIOS S/cat/3oXa9 o

162

TIBERIUS GRACCHUS, vm. 5-ix. i

was a native Italian from Cumae, had been an intimate
friend of Antipater of Tarsus at Rome, and had been
honoured by him with the dedication of philosophical
treatises. But some put part of the blame upon
Cornelia the mother of Tiberius, who often reproached
her sons because the Romans still called her the
mother-in-law of Scipio, but not yet the mother of
the Gracchi. Others again say that a certain Spurius
Postumius was to blame. He was of the same age as
Tiberius, and a rival of his in reputation as an advo-
cate ; and when Tiberius came back from his cam-
paign and found that his rival had far outstripped
him in reputation and influence and was an object of
public admiration, he determined, as it would seem,
to outdo him by engaging in a bold political measure
which would arouse great expectations among the
people. But his brother Caius, in a certain pamphlet,1
has written that as Tiberius was passing through
Tuscany on his way to Numantia, and observed the
dearth of inhabitants in the country, and that those
who tilled its soil or tended its flocks there were
imported barbarian slaves, he then first conceived the
public policy which was the cause of countless ills to
the two brothers. However, the energy and ambition
of Tiberius were most of all kindled by the people
themselves, who posted writings on porticoes, house-
walls, and monuments, calling upon him to recover
for the poor the public land.

IX. He did not, however, draw up his law by
himself, but took counsel with the citizens who were
foremost in virtue and reputation, among wrhom were
Crassus the pontifex maxim us, Mucius Scaevola the

1 Probably a political pamphlet in the form of a letter. Cf.
Cicero, de div. ii. 29, 62.

163

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

Tore real KXauSio? "ATTTTto? o

2 TOV Tiifiepiov. Kal So/eel VO/JLOS et? aoiiciav teal
7T\eove%iav ToaavTrjv /zr/SeTrore Trpaorepo? ypa-
<f>i}vai Kal /jLaXaKMTepos. 01)9 yap eo€L BL/crjv r/)?
d-rreideias Bovvai KOI yu-era £?7/ua<j ?}i/ Trapa TOI)?
yo/^of? ercapTTOVvro ^utpav afyelvai, TOUTOU? e'/ce-
Xeucre TL^V TrpocrXanfidvovTas eKJSalveiv wv
a8t/c&)? etceKTrjVTO, /col Tra/jaSe^ecr^at TOI)? /3o?7-

3 deias Seofjuevovs TWV TroXtrcoi/. aXXa /caLTrep ourw

eTravopOwcrecos oucrrj^ evyvoa/jiovos, o [lev 8)7/^09
Trapels ra yeyevij^eva, TravcraaOat. TO

\OL7TOV d$ I KOV/J,€V 0$, 01 $6 TT\OV(TIOI KOi

opyf) 8e ical

TOV

rov t/jiov, co? 71? avaaa^Qv e
T?}? TroXtre/a? elordyovros TOV Tiftepiov
teal TrdvTa Trpdy/jiaTa KLVOVVTOS.

4 'AA.V ou8ei^ lirepaivov o yap Ti/Bepios Trpo?
Ka\r)V vTroOeaLv Kal SiKaiav dyu>vi%6[j.ei'o<; \6yro
teal (f)av\6repa icocr^TJcrat Svva/Aei

&€LVOS TIV Kal dfjua^o^, orrore TOV &rf/j,ov TW
7r€piK6%v/jLevov KdTacTTas \eyot, rrepl
a>? TCL fjiev Oripla ra Trjv '\Ta\iav vefjio^eva Kal
(j)d)\eov e^et Kal KOLTOIQV ecrTiv avTwv

5 Kal KaTaova-eis,1 rot? Be virep TT}? 'IraA-ta?
yiteVoi? «:ai diro9vr}crKOvcriv ae/)o?

d\\ov Be ov&evos {LeTecrTiv, aXX' doiKOi Kal dvi-
BpVTOt /iieTa TCKVCOV Tr\avwvTai Kal yvvaiK&v, oi
Be avTOKpaTopes tyevBovTai TOVS GTpaTUOTas ev

vrrep

Bekker and many other editors have
after Stephanus and Reiske.

164

TIBERIUS GRACCHUS, ix. 1-5

jurist, who was then consul, and Appius Claudius, his
father-in-law. And it is thought that a law dealing
with injustice and rapacity so great was never drawn
up in milder and gentler terms. For men who
ought to have been punished for their disobedience
and to have surrendered with payment of a fine the
land which they were illegally enjoying, these men
it merely ordered to abandon their injust acquisitions
upon being paid their value, and to admit into owner-
ship of them such citizens as needed assistance. But
although the rectification of the wrong was so
considerate, the people were satisfied to let bygones
be bygones if they could be secure from such wrong
in the future ; the men of wealth and substance,
however, were led by their greed to hate the law, and
by their \vrath and contentiousness to hate the law-
giver, and tried to dissuade the people by alleging
that Tiberius was introducing a re-distribution of
land for the confusion of the body politic, and was
stirring up a general revolution.

But they accomplished nothing ; for Tiberius,
striving to support a measure which was honour-
able and just with an eloquence that would
have adorned even a meaner cause, was formid-
able and invincible, whenever, with the people
crowding around the rostra, he took his stand
there and pleaded for the poor. " The wild
beasts that roam over Italy," he would say, " have
every one of them a cave or lair to lurk in ; but the
men who fight and die for Italy enjoy the common
air and light, indeed, but nothing else ; houseless and
homeless they wander about with their wives and
children. And it is with lying lips that their
imperators exhort the soldiers in their battles to

165

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

icpwv afJLvveaOai TOU? TroXe/uof 9- ovSevl yap €
ov ftw/jLOS Trarpraos, OVK rjpiov rrpoyoviKov
ToaovTwv 'Pw/jiaicov, aXX' vrrep aXXoTyoia?

Kttl 7T\OVTOV 7TO\€fJLOV(TL KOL d

OVK

X. Tovrovs CLTTO (frpovij/AaTos /jLeydXov
vs aXi-fOivov TOU? Xo7ou? Kariovras l et?
v evOovcnwvra Kal avv^^avKJTa^evov o
v(f)i(TTaTO TWV evavTiwv. eacravres ovv TO avri-
~\.&yeiv eVt Ma/3/coi/ 'O/cra/3iOi/ TpeTrovrai TWV
Brj/jidpXwv eva, veaviav e/J,j3pi0f) TO ?}^o? /tal
2 KofffJLLOv, eralpov &e TOV Tifiepiov Kal avvrjdrj. $10

TO .ev TrwTov alBovjLevos €K€ivov dveSvero" TTO\-

\wv 8e Kal Svvarwv Seopevcov Kal

wa~7rep eK^iaaOel? dvrncaOiorTaro rw Tifteplq)

TO KCLTOS' OV$€V a Oi

3 Ke\€vovTes Trepaivovaiv ez^o? ei'i<rrajj.evov.

rovro Trapo^vi'Oels 6 Tiftepios TOV fj.ev

OpWTTOV €7TaV€L\€TO VOfJLOV, TOV Be r)$LO) T€ TOt?

TroXXoi? Kal crfyo&poTepov eVl TOU? d&iKovinas
elaetpepev r;8r;, Kekevwv e^iaTaaOai T^ ^co/oa? f)v
€KeKTi]VTO Trapa TOU? rrpOTepovs VO/JLOVS.
4 *Hcrar ovv O/JLOV TL Kad' eKaa'Trjv ^fjiepav dywves
avTW TT^O? rbv 'QKTdftlov eVi TOU /5/;//,aTO?, ev 829
ol?, KaiTrep e% aicoa^ aTrovorjs Kal (friXoveiKias
dvTepei$ovT€s, ovoev elrreiv \eyovTai Trepl aXX?;-
\wv $av\ov, ov$e prjfjLa Trpoirecrelv OaTepov

1 Ka.Ti6i>Tas Bekker has Kararelvovra, after Coraes, from the
variant Karardvovras.

166

TIBERIUS GRACCHUS, ix. 5-x. 4

defend sepulchres and shrines from the enemy ; for
not a man of them has an hereditary altar,not one of all
these many Romans an ancestral tomb, but they fight
and die to support others in wealth and luxury, and
though they are styled masters of the world, they
have not a single clod of earth that is their own."

X. Such words as these, the product of a lofty
spirit and genuine feeling, and falling upon the ears
of a people profoundly moved and fully aroused to
the speaker's support, no adversary of Tiberius could
successfully withstand. Abandoning therefore all
counter-pleading, they addressed themselves to
Marcus Octavius, one of the popular tribunes, a young
man of sober character, discreet, and an intimate
companion of Tiberius. On this account Octavius at
first tried to hold himself aloof, out of regard for
Tiberius ; but he was forced from his position, as it
were, by the prayers and supplications of many
influential men, so that he set himself in opposition
to Tiberius and staved off the passage of the law.
Now, the decisive power is in the hands of any tribune
who interposes his veto ; for the wishes of the
majority avail nothing if one tribune is in opposition.
Incensed at this procedure, Tiberius withdrew his
considerate law, and introduced this time one which
was more agreeable to the multitude and more severe
against the wrongdoers, since it simply ordered them
to vacate without compensation the land which they
had acquired in violation of the earlier laws.

Almost every day, therefore, there were forensic
contests between Tiberius and Octavius, in which, as
we are told, although both strove together with the
utmost earnestness and rivalry, neither abused the
other or let fall a single word about the other which

167

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

rov erepov St' opyyv avemr^eiov. ov jap
ev /3ctK'%€VfjLao'iv)l GO? eoiK€v, d\\a KOI ev (j)i\o-
ri/jiLais Kal opyais TO irefyvKevcu /mXco? /ecu rre-
7rcu$€vcr6at crax£/?oz'&>? efyia'rr)o~i /cal

5 rrjv Sidvoiav. eirel B€ ea)pa rov '
fj,€vov TO) vo/jLto teal KaT6%ovTa

%a)pa<; crvxyrjv o Tt/3epiO9, eBelro jrapelvai rrjv
<$>L\oveiKtav, LK/ucrra/zefo? aurw rrjv Tiprjv airo-

&0)(T€IV €K TWV IBlCOV, KCLLTTep OV \a/J,7Tpa)V OVTWV.

OVK avaa-"xofji£vov Se rov 'Qxraftuov, Biaypdfjifj,ari
ra? a'AAa? ap^a? a?racra? e/ccoXvcre ^prffjiari^eiv,

6 a^pL av f) Trepl rov vo^ov Sieve^Ofj -v/r^^o?* ra> Be
rov K/3oz^ou vaw crffrpaylSas t'3ta? erreftakev, OTTW?
ol racial prj&ev ej; avrov \au(Bdvoiev fjur]$ etV</>e-
poiev, KOI rot? arr£i6ii(jci<ji rwv o~rpari]<yoiv tyfjbiav
CTTeieijpygev, wcrre rrdvras VTroSeicravras d<peti'ai

7 rrjv e/cacrrft) TrpocrtjKovcrav OiKovo^JLiav. evrev6ev
ol Krrj^ariKol ra? JJLCV eaOtjras /j,ere/3a\ov fcal
Trepifjecrav olicrpoi KCU rarreivol Kara rijv dyopdv,

€7T€/3ov\evov Be T<W Tiftepiw Kpixpa Kal o~vvi-
o~raaav eir avrov TOL/? dvaipij&ovras, ware /ca-
Kelvov ov&evos dyvoovvroi vTro^wvvvcrOai

o

XI. 'E^crracr^? Be rr}? T^e'pa? Kal rov Btjfj,ov
avrov Ka\ovvro<$ enl rrjv ^Irfjfov, ^pTrdaOrjaai'
VTTO row rr\ov(Tiwv ai vBpiai, Kal ra yivo^eva
7roX\.r)V el'xe (Tvy%V(Tiv. ov fjLrjv d\\a rcov rrepl
Tiftepiov 7r\i')06i ^Laa-acrOai Bvva/jLevwv Kal avcr-
ejrl rovro, MaAAto? Kal

yap zv

76 ffct>(ppci>i> ov
(Euripides, Bacchae, 310 f. (Kirchhoff)).

168

TIBER I US GRACCHUS, x. 4-xi. i

anger made unseemly. For not only " in Bacchic
revelries/' as it appears, but also in the exercise of
rivalry and wrath, a noble nature and a sound train-
ing restrain and regulate the mind. Moreover, when
Tiberius observed that Octavius himself was amenable
to the law as a large holder of the public land, he
begged him to remit his opposition, promising to pay
him the value of the land out of his own means,
although these were not splendid. But Octavius
would not consent to this, and therefore Tiberius
issued an edict forbidding all the other magistrates
to transact any public business until such time as the
vote should be cast either for or against his law. He
also put his private seal upon the temple of Saturn,
in order that the quaestors might not take any
money from its treasury or pay anj into it, and he
made proclamation that a penalty would be imposed
upon such praetors as disobeyed, so that all magis-
trates grew fearful and ceased performing their
several functions. Thereupon the men of property
put on the garb of mourning and went about the
forum in pitiful and lowly guise ; but in secret they
plotted against the life of Tiberius and tried to raise
a band of assassins to take him off, so that Tiberius
on his part — and everybody knew it — wore a con-
cealed short-sword such as brigands use (the name
for it is "dolo").

XI. When the appointed day was come and Tiber-
ius was summoning the people to the vote, the voting
urns were stolen away by the party of the rich, and
great confusion arose. However, the supporters of
Tiberius were numerous enough to force the issue,
and were banding together for this purpose, when

169

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

avBpes virartKOL, 7rpoo~7T€cr6vT€<} TO> Tiiftepicp teal
%€ipwv ciTTTo/Jievoi KOI BaKpvovT€s eSeovTO Traixra-

2 cr6ai. TOV Be /ecu TO /meX\ov oo~ov OVTT(I) Beivbv yjBrj

J ^ \ C* * 5Cv^ « > ^ ^ /)

crv/jL(ppovovvTOs, Kai 01 aibw TWV avopwv TTVUO-
TI K€\evovcri Trpdrreiv CLVTOV, OVK e<j)acrav
elvai TT/JO? r^\ifcavrrjv av/jL^ovXiav,
Be rfj ftov\fj tceXevovres KOI Beopevoi
avveiTeiaav.

fn? Be ovBev eTreflaivev 77 {3ov\r) (rvveXOovcra
Bta Tot/? TrXofcrtof? tV^uo^ra? ev avrrj, -rpeireraL
7T/9O? epyov ov vofju/jiov ovSe ihrieiKes, a$e\e<j6ai
T?}? a/3^7}? TOV 'QKTci/3ioi', a/jLTj-^avoyv a'XXa)? eVa-

3 yayeiv rw vofjiw rrjv tyrj<$>ov. Kai Trputrov fjiev

avrov, Xo7ou? re Trpoa-tyepcov
i %eipa)i> (iTTTO^evo^, trBovvai
TW B/J/JLW BiKaia /JLev a^iouvn,
a Be avrl jJLeyd\wv irovwv Kai KivBvvoiv X?^o-
. Bi(t>0ov/A€vov Be TOV 'O/CTa/3/ou T^V evrev^iv

fe3io? a>? OVK

Kai irepl TrpayfjUiTtov fjieydXayv O.TT'

avev

TOV xpbvov, ev Lafjia TOVTOV fjibvov bpav ecfrij TO

4 TravaaaOai TT)? ap^r^ TOV eTepov. Kai jrepl avTOV

<ye TrpoTepov TOV 'OKTaftiov eVeXeutre TU>

<£>ov dvaBovvac KaTaftrfcreo-Oat, yap evdvs I

, av TOVTO Bo^y rot? TroXt/raj?. TOV Be
fj,rj 0e\,ovTo$ auro? e^t] Trepl e/eeivov
dvaBa)o~eiv, eav IJLTJ /jieTayvu) /9ofXei/<rayLte^09.
XII. Kai Tore fj,ev eVt TOVTOI? Bie\vo~e Trjv

170

TIBERIUS GRACCHUS, xi. i-xn. i

Manlius and Fulvius, men of consular dignity, fell
down before Tiberius, clasped his hands, and with
tears besought him to desist. Tiberius, conscious that
the future was now all but desperate, and moved
by respect for the men, asked them what they
would have him do. They replied that they were
not competent to advise in so grave a crisis, and
urged him with entreaties to submit the case to the
senate. To this Tiberius consented.

But the senate in its session accomplished nothing,
owing to the prevailing influence of the wealthy
class in it, and therefore Tiberius resorted to a
measure which was illegal and unseemly, the ejection
of Octavius from his office ; but he was unable in any
other way to bring his law to the vote. In the first
place, however, he begged Octavius in public, ad-
dressing him with kindly words and clasping his hands,
to give in and gratify the people, who demanded
only their just rights, and would receive only a
trifling return for great toils and perils. But Octavius
rejected the petition, and therefore Tiberius, after
premising that, since they were colleagues in office
with equal powers and differed on weighty measures,
it was impossible for them to complete their term of
office without open war, said he saw only one remedy
for this, and that was for one or the other of them to
give up his office. Indeed, he urged Octavius to put
to the people a vote on his own case first, promising
to retire at once to private life if this should be the
will of the citizens. But Octavius was unwilling, and
therefore Tiberius declared that he would put the
case of Octavius unless Octavius should change his
mind upon reflection.

XII. With this understanding, he dissolved the

171

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

€KK\ricrlav' rfj B' vcrrepaia rov Bij/uov o~vve\0ovro^
avaftas eVl TO /3r//J.a rrd\iv erreiparo rreiOeiv rov
'QtcTdftiov co? Be r]V duerdrreicrros, ela7JveyKe
vojjiov dtyaipov^evov avrov rrjv Btj^ap^iav, Kal
TOU? TroXtra? ev0v<$ €KaXei Trjv -fyiifyov eTrupepovras.
2 ovcrwv Be irevre KCU rpLaKovra <$>v\wv, co? al BeKa-
eTTTa Trjv -^ri)(f)ov eTrevrji'D^eiaav KOL yitm? eri
7rpO(ryevo/j,evy]s eBet TOV ""QKrafiiov IBuarrjv yeve-
crdai, KeXevaas e7Tia")(€iv avOis eBelro rov 'O/cTa-
(3[ov KCU rcepiefBakev avrov ev o-^rei rov Btj/nov Kal
Karrjcrrrd^ero, ~kirrapwv Kal Beo/jLevos /JLi^O' eavrov 830
arijJLOv TreptiBelv ^evofJievov /u-^r' eKeivw /3apeo?
ovray /cal (jKvOpwrrov 7ro\irevjjLaros alriav rrpoa-

3 TOVT&V rwv Beijcrewv ov Tra^reXw? arey/crop
ovb* drei'r) \eyova~iv aKpodaOai rov Qfcrdfiiov,
d\\d Kal BaKpvwv v7ro7ri/jLrr\aa0aL rd o/jL/nara
l aiwjrdv errl TTO\VV %povov. a>? p,evroi, TTyoo?
U? rr\ovaiov<$ Kal rovs KrrjjAariKovs avvecrrwras

Trap eKeiVois dBo^iav vTrocrrrjvai rrdv Beivov OUK
ayevvfi)? Kal /ceXeOcrat rrpdrreuv o fiovXerai, rov

4 Tiftepiov. ovrco Brj rov VOJJLOV KVpwOevros o fiev
TtiBepios roiv drreXevBepcov rivl TTpoarera^ev drro
rov /3///iaro? e\Kvcrai rov 'O/cra/Sto^' expfjTO Be
vTniperats drceXevOepois IBiois, Kal rovro rtjv o^riv
OiKrporepav rov 'OKraftuov rrapea-^ev e\Koaei>ov

5 7T/90? vjSpiV. 6 Be cS^/uo? €(j)0)p/j,^(7ev avru), Kal
rwv rr\ovcriwv avvBpa/jiovrciyv Kal Biaa%6i>rwv ra?
^et/oa?, o aev 'O«Ta/3to? efftoOv] u6\i$ e^aprrayels
Kal Biafivywv rbu 6^\ov, olKerrjv Be avrov Trtcrrov

172

TIBERIUS GRACCHUS, xn. 1-5

assembly for that day ; but on the following day,
after the people had come together, he mounted the
rostra and once more attempted to persuade Octavius.
When, however, Octavius was not to be persuaded,
Tiberius introduced a law depriving him of his
tribuneship, and summoned the citizens to cast their
votes upon it at once. Now, there were five and thirty
tribes, and when seventeen of them had cast their
votes, and the addition of one more would make it
necessary for Octavius to become a private citizen,
Tiberius called a halt in the voting, and again
entreated Octavius, embracing and kissing him in
the sight of the people, and fervently begging him
not to allow himself to be dishonoured, and not to
attach to a friend responsibility for a measure so
grievous and severe.

On hearing these entreaties, we are told, Octavius
was not altogether untouched or unmoved ; his eyes
filled with tears and he stood silent for a long time.
But when he turned his gaze towards the men of
wealth and substance who were standing in a body
together, his awe of them, as it would seem, and his
fear of ill repute among them, led him to take every
risk with boldness and bid Tiberius do what he
pleased. And so the law was passed, and Tiberius
ordered one of his freedmen to drag Octavius from
the rostra; for Tiberius used his freedmen as officers,
and this made the sight of Octavius dragged along
with contumely a more pitiful one. Moreover, the
people made a rush at him, and though the men of
wealth ran in a body to his assistance and spread out
their hands against the crowd, it was with difficulty
that Octavius was snatched away and safely rescued
from the crowd ; and a trusty servant of his who

173

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

earwra

CLKOVTOS TOV TlficlOV, Kdl TTO? TOV

66pu/3ov, co? rjaOero ra yivo/j-eva, 7ro\\f)

XIII. 'E/e TOVTOV Kvpovrai /j,ev o irepl

, aipuvvrcu Be rpet? av&pes eVl rrjv
Kai Siavofujv, auro? Tij3epio<s KOL KXau-
8^0? "ATTTTto? o TtevBepos Kai Faio? Tpdy%o<> 6
a8e\^)09, ou Trapaiv OVTOS, d\\a VTTO ^K^TTLWVL

2 ?rpo? No/iavrtav crrparevofj.ei'o^. ravra TOV Tt-
ftepiou &ia7rpatap.evov Ka6^

evitTTCLfievov, KCLI TT/DO? TOVTOIS

(TT^Vaz/TO? ovceva TOW eirufxivaw, d\\a

Tiva, 7re\drr]v avrou, vrpo? itavra bva^e

01 ^vvarol Kai (po/3ou/j.€i>oi TOV Tifiepuov Trjv av-

^t](TLv ev TTJ ftov\f) TrpoeTrrjXdfCL^ov CLVTOV, airov-

fievu) fjL.ev, a>? e^o? ecrrtV, etc Brj/jLoaiov ffievjVJjv,

3 OTTCO? e%oi Btave/Jtatv TJJV ^wpav, ov Soyre?, erepcav

y avd-

\wp.a Be 6/9 kK.d<jTr)v fjftcpav evvea 6/5oXoi)? ra^-
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5e6co/coTO? eavTov et? T^P TT/JO? liceivov e

etfrepev etefiaLveiv aur?}? avay/ca-

4 'O 6e 877/40$ eri p,a\\ov e^6Ka€TO' Kai (f>i\ov
TW TifSepifp TeXevTijcravTos ai

TW veKpw p,o^6'f]pwv €7
OTTO fyapiicLKwv avyprjffffeu TOV

TIBERIUS GRACCHUS, xn. 5-xm. 4

stood in front of his master and protected him, had
his eyes torn out, against the protest of Tiberius, who,
when he perceived what was going on, ran down
with great haste to appease the tumult.

XIII. After this the agrarian law was passed, and
three men wrere chosen for the survey and distribu-
tion of the public land, Tiberius himself, Appius
Claudius his father-in-law, and Caius Gracchus his
brother, who was not at Rome, but was serving under
Scipio in the expedition against Numantia. These
measures were carried out by Tiberius quietly and
without opposition, and, besides, he procured the
election of a tribune in the place of Octavius. The
new tribune was not a man of rank or note, but a
certain Mucius, a client of Tiberius. The aristocrats,
however, who were vexed at these proceedings and
feared the growing power of Tiberius, heaped insult
upon him in the senate. When he asked for the
customary tent at public expense, for his use when
dividing up the public land, they would not give it,
although other men had often obtained one for less
important purposes ; and they fixed his daily allow-
ance for expenses at nine obols.1 These things were
done on motion of Publius Nasica, who surrendered
completely to his hatred of Tiberius. For he was a
very large holder of public land, and bitterly resented
his being forced to give it up.

But the people were all the more inflamed ; and
when a friend of Tiberius died suddenly and his body
broke out all over with evil spots, they ran in throngs
to the man's funeral, crying out that he had been
poisoned to death, and they carried the bier them-

1 That is, in Roman money, nine sestertii, equivalent to
about twenty pence, or forty cents.

175

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

TO

evfa Trapecrrr/crav, ov <£auXo)9 v
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6 Ti/3e/)fo? irapo^vvwv pere/SaXe T^V effOfjra, /cal
TGI"? Trat^a? Trpoayaycov eBelro TOV Srjfiov rovrwv
/cal

eavrov.

XIV. 'Evrel Se TOU ^L\o'Too^ ^Arrd\ov

ev fj K\rjpovo/jios ejeypaTTTO rov /9acrfXeco? 6
, ev0v$ 6

OTTCO? ra
rot? TTJV *\(i)pav Sia\ay%dvov(ri, TWV

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TW Tiftepiay /cal Sia rovro
aura) TOP ilepya/j,Tjvbi> TWV (Bacn\LKwv
Se&cotcoTa /cal 7rop(f)vpav, 009 yu-t'XXo^rt

3 {3acn\€i>6ti> ev 'Pw/^rj, KotVro9 Be MereXXo9 a>^et-
BHT€ TOV Tifiepiov on rov fJLev Trarpos avrov

176

TIBERIUS GRACCHUS, xm. 4-xiv. 3

selves, and stood by at the last ceremonies. And
their suspicions of poison were thought to be not
without reason. For the dead body burst open and
a great quantity of corrupt humours gushed forth, so
that the Hame of the funeral pyre was extinguished.
And when fresh fire was brought, again the body
would not burn, until it was carried to another place,
where, after much trouble, the fire at last took hold
of it. Upon this, Tiberius, that he might exasperate
the multitude still more, put on a garb of mourning,
brought his children before the assembly, and begged
the people to care for them and their mother, saying
that he despaired of his own life.

XIV. And now Attalus Philometor died,1 and
Eudemus of Pergamum brought to Rome the king's
last will and testament, by which the Roman people
was made his heir. At once Tiberius courted popular
favour by bringing in a bill which provided that the
money of King Attalus, when brought to Rome,
should be given to the citizens who received a parcel
of the public land, to aid them in stocking and tilling
their farms. And as regarded the cities which were
included in the kingdom of Attalus, he said it did
not belong to the senate to deliberate about them,
but he himself would submit a pertinent resolution
to the people. By this proceeding he gave more
offence than ever to the senate ; and Pompeius,
rising to speak there, said that he was a neighbour
of Tiberius, and therefore knew that Eudemus of
Pergamum had presented Tiberius with a royal
diadem and purple robe, believing that lie was going
to be king in Rome. Moreover, Quintus Metellus
upbraided Tiberius with the reminder that whenever

1 In 133 B.C.

'77

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

TlfJLrjTCVOVTOS, QGCLKIS aVCi\VOl /J,6Ta BctTTVOV OUCaBe,

ra (fra)Ta KaTea/Bevvvcrav oi 7ro\lrat,

fjir] TTOppcoTepw TOV ueTpiov Bo^coa-iv ev

elvai KOI 7TOTOJ9, TOVTW Be Trapatyaivovai VVKTOS

oi OpaovTdToi teal aTropdiTaroi, TWV SrjjjLOTWv

4 TITO? 8' "Avvios, OVK €7rieiKr)S {lev ovSe crcocfrpcov

, ev Se \6yoi<f vrpo? ra? cpwrt^aei^ real
diroKpicreis a/za^o? eivai &OKWV, ei? opiajjiov
Tiva Trpov/caXelTO TOV Tiftepiov, r) yJr]v iepov OVTCL
i a&vXov €K ro)v vofjiwv rjri/jLcoKevai TOV crvvdp-
Oopvftovvruiv Be vroXXw^ e/CTT^^^o'a? 6
TOV re ^r)fjiov Gvi>eKii\ei KOL rbv "Avviov

5 a%0fjvat KeXeucra? e(3ov\ero KanyyopeLV. 6 Be /cal

TO) \OJ(f> KOI TT) Bofyj TTOXU XefTTOyLteZ^O? 6i?

eavrov Beii'OTtjTa KareBvero, fcal 7rap€K(i\ei
Trpo T03V Xojcov diroKpivaaOaL TOV Tiftepiov. <rvy-
%a) povvTOS Be epwTav e/ceivov /cal aKoirrfi <y^vofjLein^
elrrev o "Avvios, "*Av crv fj.ev UTI/JLOVV fie (3ov\r)
KOI TrpOTnjXafci&iv, €700 Be Tiva TU>V awv eiriKa-
\eao)/j,at crvvap^ovTcov, 6 Be avaftr) fio^Q^crwv, av
Be opyicrO'fjs, a pa ye avTOv TVJV dpj(rjv d(^aipi]o"rj;^

6 7T/30? ravTiyv \€jeTai r^v epu>Tr)criv ovra) BiaTro-
pTt6r]vaL TOV Tiftepiov ware irdvrwv b'vra /cal TO
\ejeiv eToi/LLOTaTov /cal TO Oappelv i

XV. Tore [lev ovv BieXvcre rrjv efCfeX/rjcriav
aladavofJievo^ Be TMV 7ro\iTev/jidT(i)i> TO rrepl TOV
'Q/CTafitov ov Tot? BvvaTols fj.6vov, d\\a Kal TO??
eKTraOeaTepov (fAeya <ydp TI fcal /ca\bv

178

TIBERIUS GRACCHUS, xiv. 3-xv. i

his father, during his censorship, was returning home
after a supper, the citizens put out their lights, for
fear they might be thought to be indulging immoder-
ately in entertainments and drinking bouts, whereas
Tiberius himself was lighted on his way at night by
the neediest and most reckless of the populace. Titus
Annius, too, a man of no high character or sobriety,
but held to be invincible in arguments carried on by
question and answer, challenged Tiberius to a judicial
wager,1 solemnly asserting that he had branded with
infamy his colleague, who was sacred and inviolable
by law. As many senators applauded this speech,
Tiberius dashed out of the senate-house, called the
people together, and ordered Annius to be brought
before them, with the intention of denouncing him.
But Annius, who was far inferior to Tiberius both in
eloquence and in reputation, had recourse to his own
particular art, and called upon Tiberius to answer a
few questions before the argument began. Tiberius
assented to this and silence was made, whereupon
Annius said : " If thou wish to heap insult upon me
and degrade me, and I invoke the aid of one of thy
colleagues in office, and he mount the rostra to speak
in my defence, and thou fly into a passion, come,
wilt thou deprive that colleague of his office ? '
At this question, we are told, Tiberius was so
disconcerted that, although he was of all men most
ready in speech and most vehement in courage, he
held his peace.

XV. For the present, then, he dissolved the
assembly ; but perceiving that the course he had
taken with regard to Octavius was very displeasing,
not only to the nobles, but also to the multitude (for

1 Cf. the Goto Major ) xxii. 5.

179

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

TO TWV ^rjjjiap^wv d^twua uexpi rfjs r;

BiaTerrjp^aevov dvyprjcrOai, /cal /ca0v/3pi-
adai}, \6yov kv TU> S)j/aca &ie%ri\6ev, ov /un/cpd

TWV €7TL^€ipr)/jidTwv OVK CLTOTTOV rjv,

wcrre V7rovor)0rjvai ir]V iriBavQiriTa teal TTVKVQ-
2 TTjra rov av$pb<$. €(f»j jap lepov TOV ^rjfJLap^ov
elvai teal dcrv\ov, on rw SIJ/HM KaQwalwiai /cal
rov Sijfiov Trpo^a-rrjKev. av ovv yu,era/3aA,OyU.e^o9
TOV Stj/jLov dSi/cfj teal TTJV la^vv Ko\ovy real

Trapaiprai TTJV ty>)<f)ov, auro? eavrov
3 r/}? T^/AT}? €</>' ol? eXafiev ov TTOLWV eVet /cal TO
K.a7r6T(t)\tov KaTacTKaTTTOvra /cal TO vewpiov e'/i.-
TmrpdvTa Sij/juapxov lav Ser/crei. KOI ravra

TOV orjuov, ov Srjaapxos ecrTt. TTW? ovv ov
<$eivoi> el TOV u.ev inraTov 6 S^aap^o^; a^et,
TOV oe &>j/jiap)£ov OVK dfiaiprjcreTai TTJV egou-
aiav 6 8?5/xo9 oTav avTrj Kara TOV
/cal jap vjraTov /cal

4 6fjboid)<i 6 ^T/yito? aipelTat. /cal ^v ij <ye ftacrikeia
7r/)O9 TW Trao~av dp^rjv ex,€lv ^v £aVTf) o~v\\a-
ftovcra /cal Tat? /teyio-Tcu? iepovpyiats /ca0a)o~La)Tai
7T/90? TO Oeiov d\\a Tap/cvvtov e^e^a\ev
dSi/covvTa, /cal 6Y ez-'o? dvSpbs vftpw r;

/cal

ajiov ev 'Poiar) /cal aefjivov 005 al
rrovcrai rrapdevoi /cal (f)v\dTTovo~ai, TO
Trvp; d\\' el TIS av dadprrj avT&v,
180

TIBERIUS GRACCHUS, xv. 1-4

it was thought that the high and honourable dignity
of the tribunate, so carefully guarded up to that time,
had been insulted and destroyed), he made a lengthy
speech before the people, a few of the arguments of
which it will not be out of place to lay before the
reader, that he may get a conception of the man's
subtlety and persuasiveness. A tribune, he said, was
sacred and inviolable, because he was consecrated to
the people and was a champion of the people. " If,
then," said Tiberius, "he should change about,
wrong the people, maim its power, and rob it of the
privilege of voting, he has by his own acts deprived
himself of his honourable office by not fulfilling the
conditions on which he received it ; for otherwise
there would be no interference with a tribune even
though he should try to demolish the Capitol or set
fire to the naval arsenal. If a tribune does these
things, he is a bad tribune ; but if he annuls the
power of the people, he is no tribune at all. Is it
not, then, a monstrous thing that a tribune should
have power to hale a consul to prison, while the
people cannot deprive a tribune of his power when
he employs it against the very ones who bestowed
it ? For consul and tribune alike are elected by
the people. And surely the kingly office, besides
comprehending in itself every civil function, is also
consecrated to the Deity by the performance of the
most solemn religious rites ; and yet Tarquin was
expelled by the city for his wrong-doing, and
because of one man's insolence the power which had
founded Rome and descended from father to son was
overthrown. Again, what institution at Rome is so
holy and venerable as that of the virgins who tend
and watch the undying fire ? And yet if one of these

VOL. x. r. 181

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

pvcrarerai' TO yap aav\ov ov <f)v\aTTOvcriv dcre-

ftovcrai ei? rot? Qeovs, o Bid TOU? #eoi/9 e^ovcnv.

5 OVKOVV ovBe 8?;yu,a^o9 dSiKwv TOV Brj/jiov1 e^eiv

Trjv Bid roi> Brjfiov auv\iav ftiKaios eariv fj yap

ravTrjv avaipel. KCU fji^v el Si-
rr/v

ov)(l KCLV

6 SiKaiorepov Tracrwv airo"^ir]<^L(Ta[j.evu>v; iepov $e 832
teal a&vXov ov$€V OUTGO? earlv a>? ra TWV 6ewv
%pr)a0ai Be rouTOt? /col Kivelv

/3ov\erai,, TOV &r}/j,
\VK€V. €%r)i> ovv avTW Kal Triv
avddrjfjia /^ereveyKelv a? eTepov. OTI £>e OVK
acrv\ov ovBe

i avrwv.

XVI. ToiavTa fiev r}V Ta K€<pd\aia T^? TOV
^LKaLO\oyia^. eVet Be avvopwvTes ol
ra? aTrefXa? KOI T?)V GVGTCLGIV GO'OZ/TO Selv
ere/oa? TtzpikyecrQcii &rnj.ap-)(ia<s €t? TO JJL€\\OV>
av0i<; aXXot? VO/JLOIS di>6\d/ji/3ai>6 TO TrX^^o?, TOU
T€ xpovov TWV (TTpaTeiwv dtyaipwv, teal BiBovs
€TUKa\€icr0ai TOV Bfj/jiov diro TCOV &iKacrT&v, KOL

TOt? KplVOVGL TOT€, CTVyKXy^TlKOL^ OV&1, KttTa-

2 /juyvvs €K TMV iTTTrewv TOV iaov dpiO/jbov, Kal

/3oiA,7}? TTJV lo")(yv KO\OVU>V
Cobet : STJ/J.OV.

182

TIBERIUS GRACCHUS, xv. 4-xvi. 2

breaks her vows, she is buried alive ; for when they
sin against the gods, they do not preserve that invio-
lable character which is given them for their service
to the gods. Therefore it is not just that a tribune
who wrongs the people should retain that inviolable
character which is given him for service to the people,
since he is destroying the very power which is the
source of his own power. And surely, if it is right
for him to be made tribune by a majority of the
votes of the tribes, it must be even more right for
him to be deprived of his tribuneship by a unanimous
vote. And again, nothing is so sacred and inviolate
as objects consecrated to the gods ; and yet no one
has hindered the people from using such objects, or
moving them, or changing their position in such
manner as may be desired. It is therefore permis-
sible for the people to transfer the tribunate also,
as a consecrated thing, from one man to another.
And that the office is not inviolable or irremovable
is plain from the fact that many times men holding
it resign it under oath of disability, and of their
own accord beg to be relieved of it."

XVI. Such were the chief points in the justifica-
tion of his course which Tiberius made. And now
his friends, observing the threats and the hostile
combination against him, thought that he ought to
be made tribune again for the following year. Once
more, therefore, Tiberius sought to win the favour of
the multitude by fresh laws, reducing the time of
military service, granting appeal to the people from
the verdicts of the judges, adding to the judges, wrho at
that time were composed of senators only, an equal
number from the equestrian order, and in every way
at length trying to maim the power of the senate

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

Trpo? opyrjv Kal fyiXoveiKiav fj,a\\ov YI rov rov

BlKaiOV Kal O~Vfji<j)€pOVrO^ \OyLO~fJLOV. CTTcl B€ T?}?

frepo/jievijs rjcrOovro TOI>? evavrlov? Kpa-
(ou yap 7rap>jv a?ra? 6 £>}yu,o?), rrpuirov

rov ^povov eTreira rrji>

3 et? rr]V vcrrepaiav airavrav KeXevcravres.
Trpwrov p,ev 6t? ri]v dyopav Kcna/3a<; 6

IK€T6V€ TOU? aV0p(t)7TOVS TCtTTeLVOS Kal

eirena $e$oiK€vat (frija'as /JLIJ VVKTOS

ol/eiav ol e^dpol Kal $ia<$>9eL
avrov, ovro) TOU? dv@p(i)7rovs Sie&rjKev Mare

oiKiav avrov Tra/ATroXXoi'? rtvas
l SiavvKrepev&ai rrapafyvXdrrovras.
XVIT. "A/ia 6' rjjAepa rraprjv 6 ra? opviQas

\ 7rpoe/3a\\€

al & ov rrporfkOov, el /JLTJ yuta /jLovrf, Bia-
&el<javro<$ ev fid\a rov dvOpwrrov TO dyyelov
ov&e avrrf Be TT}? rpo<f)r)s eOiyev, aX,V errdpacra
rr)V dpLcrrepdv Trrepvya Kal Trapareivaaa TO
<r/ce'Xo? Trd\iv et? TO dyyelov Karefyvye. rouro Kal
rov Trporepov arrj/jueiov rov TL/3eptov dve/J-vrjaev.
2 771^ yap avru>

eKirpeTrws Kal Sidcrrj/jiov et? rovro
oc^et? e\,adov evreKovres wd, Kal
ravra e%ey\v^ravro. Bio Kal fjid\\ov o Ti/Sepios
Tot? rrepl Ta? opvL9a<$ erapdrrero. rrporjei Be
o/AO)?, dvu) rov Brjfjiov t]Opola6aL rrepl TO
3 \LOV 7rvv9av6fj,evos' Kal rrplv e%e\6elv
Taicre rrpos rov ovBov, cr<f)oBpd<> ovrco

were rov fjiev ovvya rov fieyd\ov BaK-

184

TIBERIUS GRACCHUS, xvi. 2-xvn. 3

from motives of anger and contentiousness rather
than from calculations of justice and the public good.
And when, as the voting was going on, the friends
of Tiberius perceived that their opponents were
getting the better of the contest, since all the people
were not present, in the first place they resorted to
abuse of his fellow tribunes, and so protracted the
time ; next, they dismissed the assembly, and ordered
that it should convene on the following day. Then
Tiberius, going down into the forum, at first suppli-
cated the citizens in a humble manner and with tears
in his eyes ; next, he declared he was afraid that his
enemies would break into his house by night and kill
him, and thereby so wrought upon his hearers that
great numbers of them took up their station about
his house and spent the night there on guard.

XVII. At break of day there came to the house
the man who brought the birds with which auspices
are taken, and threw food before them. But the
birds would not come out of the cage, with the
exception of one, though the keeper shook the cage
right hard ; and even the one that came out would
not touch the food, but raised its left wing, stretched
out its leg, and then ran back into the cage. This
reminded Tiberius of an omen that had happened
earlier. He had a helmet which he wore in battle,
exceptionally adorned and splendid ; into this ser-
pents crawled unnoticed, laid eggs there and
hatched them out. For this reason Tiberius was all
the more disturbed by the signs from the birds. But
nevertheless he set out, on learning that the people
were assembled on the Capitol ; and before he got
out of the house, he stumbled against the threshold.
The blow was so severe that the nail of his great toe

185

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

TV\OV payrjvai, TO Be cu^a Sia TOV V

(frepea'dai. uiKpov Be ainov 7rpoe\66vTO<;
t]crav virep Kepd^ov /j.a'^o/j.evoi, Kupatces ev
real TTO\\WV, w? el/cos, dvOpajrrcov rrap-
ep%ouei>MV, /car' avrov TOV Tifiepiov \iOo<z
aTTwaOeis VTTU Oarepov TOW KopuKwv eirecre irapa
TOV TroSa. TOVTO Kal TOVS 6 pa&VTaTovs Ton> Trepl
4 avrov eTrearaev a\\a 13\,ocrcrfo? o

7rapa)i> acr^vvrjv erj Ka Ka-rijeLav av evai

7ro\\r)V el

/cai'ov 8e

rov 'Ptofiaicov Brj/Aov, Kopa/ca Setcra? ov% vTratcov-

aeie rot? TroXtra^? KaXovor TOVTO [JLZVTOI TO
ov OVK ev <ye\wTL O/jaecrOaL TOVI e%0pov<j,
a)? TvpavvovvTos Kal TpvtywvTos rjBrj xara-
5 fiorjaeddai TT/JO? TOV orj/jiov. ap.a 8e Kal rrpoaedeov

7ro\\ol TO) Tifiepico rrapa TO)V ev
, errei'jeaOai tce\evovTe<;, <w? TW
wv. Kal TO. *ye Trpwra Aa/zTr/ow? drn'/VTa

TV) '\\ftepiM, (fravevTi aev ev6u$ dpa/nei'wv ftorjv

oe

Kal Trepl avTov, a>? /jLTjtels TreXdcreiev
rrapaTaTTouevojv.

XVIII. 'Ap£a/ji€vov Be Ttd\iv TOV
ra? ^uXa? dvayopeveiv, ov&ev eVepatero TWV 832
elw6oTd)v &ta TOV CITTO TWV ea^dTwv dopv/jov,
u>0ov/j.evwv Kal a>OovvTwv TOU? evavTLovs elcrfiia-
Kal dva/jiiyvv^evov^. ev Be TOVTO) <&ov\-

rro ov^ avr^p et?
OVK

1 b.v flvai Cobet and P'uhr :

1 86

TIBERIUS GRACCHUS, xvn. 3-xviii. i

was broken and the blood ran out through his shoe.
He had gone on but a little way when ravens were
seen fighting on the roof of a house to his left hand ;
and though there were many people, as was natural,
passing by, a stone dislodged by one of the ravens fell
at the foot of Tiberius himself. This caused even
the boldest of his followers to pause; but Blossius of
Cumae, who was present, said it would be a shame
and a great disgrace if Tiberius, a son of Gracchus, a
grandson of Scipio Africanus, and a champion of the
Roman people, for fear of a raven should refuse to obey
the summons of his fellow citizens ; such shameful
conduct, moreover, would not be made a mere matter
of ridicule by his enemies, but they would decry him
to the people as one who was at last giving himself
the airs of a tyrant. At the same time also many of
his friends on the Capitol came running to Tiberius
with urgent appeals to hasten thither, since matters
there were going well. And in fact things turned
out splendidly for Tiberius at first; as soon as he
came into view the crowd raised a friendly shout, and
as he came up the hill they gave him a cordial wel-
come and ranged themselves about him, that no
stranger might approach.

XVIII. But after Mucius began once more to sum-
mon the tribes to the vote, none of the customary
forms could be observed because of the disturbance
that arose on the outskirts of the throng, where
there was crowding back and forth between the
friends of Tiberius and their opponents, who were
striving to force their way in and mingle with the
rest. Moreover, at this juncture Fulvius Flaccus, a
senator, posted himself in a conspicuous place, and
since it was impossible to make his voice heard so

187

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

TJ; %etpt fypdcraL TL /3ov\6/jLevov avTov
2 IBia TW Tiftepifp. Kal KeXeva-avTos eteeivov Bia-
TO 7rXf;$o?, dvaftas /^oXi? KCU irpO(re\0wv
OTI T/?<? {3ov\fjs a-vyKaOe^o^evrj^ ol

7T\OV(JIOI, TOV VTTCLTOV /JilJ 7T£t^O^T£?, CLVTol Sld-

voovvrai Ka9* avrovs airoKiivvvvai TOV Ti/Bepiov,
TroXXoi)? errl TOVTO SovXovs Kal (i\ovs &)7rXt-

XIX. 'H? ovv Tavra rot? rrepl CIVTOV
fyei\ev 6 Tifiepios, OVTOI JJLCV evOvs ra? re Tij/3ev-
vovs Trepie^ctivvvvTO, Kal TO, TWV vTnipeTwv oopaTa
GvyK\wvTes ol? dveipyovcri TOV o^Xov, Sie\d/j,-
fiavov a)? d/jLVVGv/jievoi rot? K\d(T^aai TOL/? ejrep-

2 ^oyLieVou?. T0)v $€ aTTCOTepo) Oavfjia^ovTwv TO,
lyivofjisva, Kal Trvv6avop,evwv, o

rfj X€tP^ T^? *e(/)a^-'}<>> evBeuevv
KIV&VVOV, eVel rr}? (f)(0vr)s OVK CTT^KOVOV. ol 8e
evavrioi TOVTO iSo^re? e8eov Trpos TTJV /3oi;X?;y,
aTrayye'XXozre? alTelv SidBj^a TOV Tifiepiov Kal
TOVTOV cn]fjielov eivai TO T?}? A-e^>aX>}? €TriQiyyd-

3 ^6f^. TrdvTes p-ev ovv etfopv/SijOrjaav 6 Be Na-
cri/ca? r)%Lov TOV VTraTov Ty TroXei fiorjOeiv Kal
KaTa\veiv TOV Tvpavvov. aTTOKpivaaevov Be irpdw^
eKeivov /Bias fjiev ovoe/HLas VTrdp^eiv ovoe dvaip/j-
creiv ovoeva TWV TTO\ITWV aKpiTov, el /^evroi
•^nrjcfrio-aiTO TL TWV TrapavofJiwv o Br/uos VTTO TOV
Tifieptov TreicrOels rj /3iao-0ei$, TOVTO Kvpiov ^

v, dvaTrriBrja-as 6 Nacrf/ca?, " 'E-Tra TOLVVV"
, " TrpoBioaxTiv 6 ap^wv TIJV Tr6\iv, ol {3ov\Q-

188

TIBERIUS GRACCHUS, xvm. i-xix. 3

far, indicated with his hand that he wished to
tell Tiberius something meant for his ear alone.
Tiberius ordered the crowd to part for Flavins, who
made his way up to him with difficulty, and told him
that at a session of the senate the party of the rich,
since they could not prevail upon the consul to do
so, were purposing to kill Tiberius themselves, and
for this purpose had under arms a multitude of their
friends and slaves.

XIX. Tiberius, accordingly, reported this to those
who stood about him, and they at once girded up
their togas, and breaking in pieces the spear-shafts
with which the officers keep back the crowd, distri-
buted the fragments among themselves, that they
might defend themselves against their assailants.
Those who were farther off, however, wondered at
what was going on and asked what it meant. Where-
upon Tiberius put his hand to his head, making this
visible sign that his life was in danger, since the
questioners could not hear his voice. But his
opponents, on seeing this, ran to the senate and told
that body that Tiberius was asking for a crown ; and
that his putting his hand to his head was a sign having
that meaning. All the senators, of course, were
greatly disturbed, and Nasica demanded that the
consul should come to the rescue of the state and
put down the tyrant. The consul replied with mild-
ness that he would resort to no violence and would
put no citizen to death without a trial ; if, however,
the people, under persuasion or compulsion from
Tiberius, should vote anything that was unlawful,
he would not regard this vote as binding. There-
upon Nasica sprang to his feet and said : " Since,
then, the chief magistrate betrays the state, do ye

189

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

4 fievoi roi? vo/jiois ftorjOelv aKo\ov6elTe." Kal
Tavra \cywv a^a /cal TO KpacnreBov TOV i/Aariov
Oe/jievos errl TT}? K€(f>a\i]<;t e^copei 77/909 TO Kavre-
Tci)\iov. e/cacrTOS Be T-WV eTro/jLei'cov avrw Trj

ov&evos evL(TTap.evov rrpos TO d£iwjj.a TMV d
dXXa (frewyovTMV KOL TraTovvTwv aAA?;Aof?.

O/ yu-ez^ ot'^ Trepl CLVTOVS p6rra\a /cal
€KO/JLI^OV olKoOev avrol Be TWV &i$pu>v

v VTTO TOV (frevyovTO? o)(\ov TO, K\dfffjiaTa

l TOU? TroSa? \a/j,{3dvoi>Te<; dveftaivov eVt TOV
Tifiepiov, ci/jia TraiovTes rou9 irpoTeTay^evov^

KUi TOVTWV /JL€V T)V TpOTTT) Kal </)0^0?' ttVTOV B€ TOV

Ti^epiov (frevyovTOS dvTe\d/3eTo Ti? TWV
6 o Se Trji> Tr)(3evvov a</>ei9 Kal fyevywv ev
^iTMdLV eff(j)d\r) Kal KaTrjvi^Ori irepi TLVCIS
rrpo avTov TrerrTcoKOTas. dviaTdfjievov 8e avTov

o jiev eLta^co9 KCLI

l Sicfrp

ov

di>Te7roi€LTo

. TWV Be aXXwv airkQavov vrrep Tpia-

Be

XX. Tavrrjv Trpu>Tt]v icrTOpovaiv ev 'Pw/jirj crra-
GLV, dfi ov TO /3aai\ei>€(T0ai KaTeXvaav,

Be

OVTC Trep f

aXX;;Xoi9, c/^oySw {lev ol BvvaTol TCOV TTO\-
\a)V, aiBovjuevoi Be TVJV ftov\r)V 6 Br)/no<$, erravov.
Be Kal Tore firj ^aXe7r&>9 av evBovvai rrapr)-

190

TIBERIUS GRACCHUS, xix. 4-xx. i

who wish to succour the laws follow me." With
these words he covered his head with the skirt of his
toga and set out for the Capitol. All the senators
wrho followed him wrapped their togas about their
left arms and pushed aside those who stood in their
path, no man opposing them, in view of their dignity,
but all taking to flight and trampling upon one
another.

Now, the attendants of the senators carried clubs
and staves which they had brought from home ; but
the senators themselves seized the fragments and
legs of the benches that were shattered by the crowd
in its flight, and went up against Tiberius, at the
same time smiting those who were drawn up to protect
him. Of these there was a rout and a slaughter ;
and as Tiberius himself turned to fly, someone laid
hold of his garments. So he let his toga go and fled
in his tunic. But he stumbled and fell to the ground
among some bodies that lay in front of him. As he
strove to rise to his feet, he received his first blow,
as everybody admits, from Publius Satyreius, one of
his colleagues, who smote him on the head with the
leg of a bench ; to the second blow claim was made
by Lucius Rufus, who p!umed himself upon it as upon
some noble deed. And of the rest more than three
hundred were slain by blows from sticks and stones,
but not one by the sword.

XX. This is said to have been the first sedition at
Rome, since the abolition of royal power, to end in
bloodshed and the death of citizens; the rest, though
neither trifling nor raised for trifling objects, were
settled by mutual concessions, the nobles yielding
from fear of the multitude, and the people out of
respect for the senate. And it was thought that even

191

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

ryopr)0el<; 6 Ttftepios, eTt, Be paov el%ai Bi^a (f>6vov

2 Kal Tpav^aTwv eTriovcriv ov <yap 7rXeioi>e? 77

Tpio")(i\ioi Trepl avrbv rjaav. a\\ eoifcev opyfj

TCOV TT\OV<jiu>V Kal /JLLCT61 7T\eOV >} &l a? €CT/C?/7r-

TOVTO Trodcreis r crvcnacris eV avrov

/ecu TOVTOV /neya re/c/jujpiov w/uw? real

o veicpos. ov 'yap eTrerpe^av avekeaOai 834
TO crcoyua TM d8e\(j)(0 Beouevw KOL Od-fy
d\\d yLtera rwv a\\a>i' veKpwv et? TOV

v. fcal TOVTO Trepan ovx rjv, d\\a Kal TWV
aurov TOL/9 fJiev e^efcjjpvrrov a/cptrou?, TOU?
Be crvX\.a/jL/3dvovT€<; d-jreKTLvvvcrav' ev ol? teal
o ptJTCop aTrcoXeTO. Ydiov Be rtva
et? dyyelov Ka6eip%avres Kal
\OVT€<; e^t'Sfa? /cal BpaKOVTas ovrw
o Be Kuyaato? BXocrcrio? dvrj^Or) fjiev eVl rou?
L»7raTou9, epcoTco/jievos Be Trepl TWV ^eyovoTwv
GD/jiO\6<yei TreTTOiriKevai nrdvra Tiftepiov /ce\evovros.
4 etVo^ro? Be TOV Nacr</ca TTyOo? avrov, " Ti ovv, el
ere Tifiepto? eiceXevcrev euTrprjcrai TO Ka7reTa>)uoi>; '
TO f^ev Trpayrov dvreXeyev a>? OVK av rovro TV/3e-
piov Ke\evcravTos' TroXXaVt? Be Kal TTO\\WI> TO
auTO TrvvOavofjievtoVy " 'AXX* CKCLVOV ye Trpoardcr-
<roz'TO?," etyr), " Kafjiol TOVTO irpd^ai KO\MS el%€v
ov yap av Tifiepios TOVTO 7rpoo~eTa%ev, el fir) TU>
Bi]fj,r*> avvetpepev." OVTOS jmev ovv Bia(f)v>ya)v ucrre-

192

TIBERIUS GRACCHUS, xx. r-4

on this occasion Tiberius would have given way
without difficulty had persuasion been brought to
bear upon him, and would have yielded still more
easily if his assailants had not resorted to wounds
and bloodshed ; for his adherents numbered not
more than three thousand. But the combination
against him would seem to have arisen from the
hatred and anger of the rich rather than from the
pretexts which they alleged ; and there is strong
proof of this in their lawless and savage treatment of
his dead body. For they would not listen to his
brother's request that he might take up the body
and bury it by night, but threw it into the river
along with the other dead. Nor was this all ; they
banished some of his friends without a trial and
others they arrested and put to death. Among
these Diophanes the rhetorician also perished. A
certain Caius Villius they shut up in a cage, and then
put in vipers and serpents, and in this way killed him.
Blossius of Cumae was brought before the consuls,
and when he was asked about what had passed, he
admitted that he had done everything at the bidding
of Tiberius. Then Nasica said to him, " What, then,
if Tiberius had ordered thee to set fire to the Capitol? "
Blossius at first replied that Tiberius would not have
given such an order ; but when the same question
was put to him often and by many persons, he said :
" If such a man as Tiberius had ordered such a thing,
it would also have been right for me to do it ; for
Tiberius would not have given such an order if it had
not been for the interest of the people." l Well, then,
Blossius was acquitted, and afterwards went to

1 For the story of Blossius, cf. Cicero, De am, 11. 37;
Valerius Maximus, iv. 7. 1.

193

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

pov torero 7rpo9 'ApiaroviKOv et? ^Kaiav, KOL TWV
eiceivov Trpay^drwv Sia(f)0apevTtt>v eavTov dvel\ev.
XXI. 'H Be /3ofXr; OepaTreuovcra TOV STJ/AOV etc
TrapovTwv ovre TT/JO? TTJV Siavo/jirjv en TT}?
-tjvavnovTo, KCLI avrl TOV Tiftepiov Trpou-
Orj/ce rot? 7roXXo?9 opLcrrrjv e\€a~0ai. \ajSovTe<s
&€ ra<? 'fyrjfyovs ei'Xovro TlorrXiov ^paaaov, oltcelov
QWTCL rpdy^fo" Ovydr^p yap avrov KiKivvia Vaiw
Y payday awco/cei. Kairoi NeVco? 6 }Lopvij/Xi6<i
(f)Tjo-iv ov K.pd<T(Tov, B/jouTou 8e TOV dpia/ji/Sev-
cravTQS diro KvcriTavwv OvyaTepa yr^jiai Ydiov
d\\a ol TrXet'ou? co? TJ/JLCLS ypa^o/.iev icrTopovcnv.
eVet 8e ^aXeTrw? [JLCV o STJ/JLOS el%e TM
TOV Ttfieptov Kai (pavepbs r/v a^vv
Kdipov, ij&ij &e KOI Bi/cac TU) Nacri/ca rrpoave-

, BeLcracra irepl TOV dvSpos rj /Bov\^
/j.r/$ev Beo/jievr) Tr&^Tceiv CLVTOV els '

3 ov yap aTretcpviTTOVTO KCLTO, ra9 aTravT^crei^ ol
avOpwTTOi Trfv &v(T/j.ei>€tav, aXX' e^yptaivomo KCU
KaT€/36a>v orrov TrpocTTv^oiev, evayri KOI Tvpavvov
Kai /jLe/AiayfcoTa <$)ov(p crfo/uaro? davXov KOL tepov
TO ayi(i)Ta,Tov KOL (ppiKCtiBea-TaTOV ei>

lepoyv aTTOKakovvTes. OVTW /nev
'JraTua? 6 Nacrt/ca?, tcaiTrep evBeSe/nevos
iepovpytais" ijv yap 6 yuey^crro?
iepewv. e^a> Be u\vwv KCU
ov yuera TTO\VV %povo

4 Trepl TLepya/j,ov. ov Bel Se 6avfjL,d^eiv el

194

TIBERIUS GRACCHUS, xx. 4-xxi. 4

Anstonicus1 in Asia, and when the cause of Aristo-
nicus was lost, slew himself.

XXI. But the senate, trying to conciliate the
people now that matters had gone so far, no longer
opposed the distribution of the public land, and
proposed that the people should elect a commissioner
in place of Tiberius. So they took a ballot and
elected Publius Crassus, who was a relative of
Gracchus ; for his daughter Licinia was the wife of
Caius Gracchus. And yet Cornelius Nepos 2 says
that it was not the daughter of Crassus, but of the
Brutus who triumphed over the Lusitanians, whom
Caius married ; the majority of writers, however,
state the matter as I have done. Moreover, since the
people felt bitterly over the death of Tiberius and
were clearly awaiting an opportunity for revenge,
and since Nasica was already threatened with prose-
cutions, the senate, fearing for his safety, voted to
send him to Asia, although it had no need of him
there. For when people met Nasica, they did not
try to hide their hatred of him, but grew savage and
cried out upon him wherever he chanced to be, calling
him an accursed man and a tyrant, who had defiled
with the murder of an inviolable and sacred person the
holiest and most awe-inspiring of the city's sanctu-
aries. And so Nasica stealthily left Italy, although he
was bound there by the most important and sacred
functions ; for he was pontifex maximus. He roamed
and wandered about in foreign lands ignominiouslv.

fj CJ * -

and after a short time ended his life at Pergamum.
Now, it is no wonder that the people so much hated

1 The pretender to the throne of Attains Philometor (xiv. 1).
He was defeated and taken prisoner by the Romans in 130 B.o.

2 In a lost biography.

195

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

OUTft)? 6 Sij/JLOS, 07TOV KOL ^KrjTTiWV 6

os, ov BoKovai 'Pco/j-aloL /nrjSeva SiKat,6-
repov fj-i^Se fjLO\\ov dyaTTtjcrai, Trapd /JUKpov t}\0ev
efCTrecrelv KOL arepecrOai. T/}? TT/^O? rov S))/JLOV eu-
i/ot'a?, ort TTpcorov fjiev ev No^a^rta rr;^ T€\€VTrjv
rov Tifiepiov TTV& '6/Lte^o? uvefyatvrjcrev etc

a>? U7r6\oiro KCU aAAo? o Ti9 TOtavrd ye pe^ot,

5 eVetra TWV Trepl Tdlov KOI QovX/Biov avrov St*
eV«-X?/cr/a? Trvv6avo[Jiei'u>v ri typovoiri Trepl rr}?
Ti/Bepiov TeXefT/}9, OUA: dpea-KO/jievrjv Tot? uvr'
exelvov 7reTro\iTcv}jLei>ots drroKpia-iv e&wKev. etc
TOVTOV jap 6 {Jiev Sr/yu,o9 avTeicpovcrev aury Xe-
yovri, yu^Se7T&> TOVTO 7TO£>/cra? Trporepov, av-os
Be TOV &r]/j.ov elrrelv Ara/ca)? TrpOTfyOrj. Trepl p.ev
TOVTWV ev Tft> *2,Kr)7ri(Di>os fiiw ra icaQ* efcaara

r.

I. Fai'o? ^e F/oay^o? eV dp^y fiev rj

TOU? €ov$ ?) ovov crvv<wv e avrovs

ecrnj re r^? dyopas KCU tcaO' eavrov

Sterpi/Sev, w? av Ti? ev re T&> Trapovrt,
a Trpdrrwv Kal TO \OLTTOV OI/TW? aTrpay-
/Siwcro/xe^o?, wcrre Aral \oyov Ticrl Ka@' 835
aurov Trapacr^etv co? &va"%epaivovTO<; Kal
2 (3\r)iJLGvov rrjv TOV Tifiepiov TroXtreta^.

196

TIBERIUS GRACCHUS, xxi. 4-5

Nasica, when even Scipio Africanus, than whom no one
would seem to have been more justly or more deeply
loved by the Romans, came within a little of forfeiting
and losing the popular favour because, to begin with,
at Numantia, when he learned of the death of
Tiberius, he recited in a loud voice the verse of
Homer1 : —

" So perish also all others who on such wickedness
venture,"

and because, in the second place, when Caius and
Fulvius asked him in an assembly of the people
what he thought about the death of Tiberius,
he made a reply which showed his dislike of the
measures advocated by him. Consequently the
people began to interrupt him as he was speaking,
a thing which they had never done beforehand Scipio
himself was thereby led on to abuse the people. Of
these matters I have written circumstantially in my
Life of Scipio.2

CAIUS GRACCHUS

I. Caius Gracchus, at first, either because he
feared his enemies, or because he wished to bring
odium upon them, withdrew from the forum and
lived quietly by himself, like one who was humbled
for the present and for the future intended to live
the same inactive life, so that some were actually
led to denounce him for disliking and repudiating
his brother's political measures. And he was also

1 Odyssey, L 47 (Athena, of Aegisthus).
8 One of the lost biographies.

197

V

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

fjLeiparciov IT av~ a^ acnw evvea yap

Ta£e\(f)ov KaO' rjXiKLav, etceivos Be OVTTW
rpidfcovra yeyovoos drreOavev. errel Be irpolovTos
TOV xpovov TOV re Tporrov rjO'V'^rj Biefiaivev dpyias
Kal /u,aXa/aa? KCLL TTOTWV KOI ^pt]/jLaTio-fj.MV d\\6-
rpiov ovra, KCLL TOV \oyov &<nrep
Ka.TacrKeva'Cop.ei'O'S eVt T^V iro\.LTeiav
3 OVK rjoe/j-ijcrcov, £iKr)v re TIVI TMV <$>i\a)V tyevyovri
Berrtw avveiTToov, TOV 8/;/xou avvevOovcrLayvTos v(f)
Kal /3aK)(6vovTOS Trepl avTov, arre

ei? (j)6/3ov av6i$ 01 Svvarol KaOiaTavTO, Kal vroXi";
rjv ev aurot? ^0709 co? OVK edcrovo~Lv eVl ori/iap-
jfiav TOV Tdlov rrpoe\6elv.

4 ^.vvTvy^dvei Be aTrb TavTOfJiaTOV \a-%eli> avTov
et? 2ap8a) ra/jiLav ^Opecrrr} TO) vTrdry Kal TOVTO
TO?? fj.ev e^Opols KaO* fjSovrjv eyeyoveL, TOV £e
Td'iov OVK eXvTrrjcrev. are yap wv rro\e/j.iKO^ Kal
^f.lpov ov£ev TT/OO? cTTpare/a? rjcrKri{j.€i>os rj St'/ca?,

€TL B€ TTjV 7TO\lT€LaV KaL TO /3r/[J.a (fcplTTWV, aVT€-
'XjE.LV Be Ka\OVVTL TU> Bl'][J.U> Kal TOi? <£>L\OIS 0V

BvvdfjLevos, TravTaTcacri TIJV drroBri/jLLav eKeiut^v

5 rjydrrrjo-e. Ka'iTOi KpaTel to^a 7ro\\r} TOVTOV
axparov yeveaOai Bijaayooyov, Kal rro\v TOV Tt-
fiepiov \auTrpoTepov 77/209 Trjv drrb TMV cf)(\wv
Bo^av. OVK e-^ei Be OVTW TO d\rj9es' dXX? eoiKev
UTT' dvdyKTjs nvos /j.d\\ov OVTOS r] Trpoaipecreajs

6 e/j-Trecreiv els TI/V 7ro\iT€Lav. la-opel Be Kal Ki^e-
pwv 6 pi]T(jL>p &)? apa (frevyovTL Trdcrav dp^r/v TW
Yatw Kal fj.eO^ r](TV^ia^ ypr}/jLtvw "Cr]V o

6'vap <$>ave\s Kal Trpocrayopevaas, " Ti

198

CAIUS GRACCHUS, i. 2-6

quite a stripling, for he was nine years younger than
his brother, and Tiberius was not yet thirty when he
died. But as time went on he gradually showed a
disposition that was averse to idleness, effeminacy,
wine-bibbing, and money-making ; and by preparing
his oratory to waft him as on swift pinions to public
life, he made it clear that he was not going to
remain quiet; and in defending Vettius, a friend of
his who was under prosecution, he had the people
about him inspired and frantic with sympathetic
delight, and made the other orators appear to be no
better than children. Once more, therefore, the
nobles began to be alarmed, and there was much
talk among them about not permitting Caius to be
made tribune.

By accident, however, it happened that the lot fell
on him to go to Sardinia as quaestor for Orestes the
consul.1 This gave pleasure to his enemies, and did
not annoy Caius. For he was fond of war, and quite
as well trained for military service as for pleading in
the courts. Moreover, he still shrank from public
life and the rostra, but was unable to resist the calls
to this career which came from the people and his
friends. He was therefore altogether satisfied with
this opportunity of leaving the city. And yet a strong
opinion prevails that he was a demagogue pure and
simple, and far more eager than Tiberius to win the
favour of the multitude. But this is not the truth ;
nay, it would appear that he was led by a certain
necessity rather than by his own choice to engage in
public matters. And Cicero the orator also relates2
that Caius declined all office and had chosen to live a
quiet life, but that his brother appeared to him in a
dream and addressed him, saying : " Why, pray, dost

1 In 126 B.O. * De div. i. 26, 56.

199

PLUTARCH'S UVKS

" rutV. SpabvveiSi orv ^crrtz1 diro£pa<ri?,

C r'

TOT tjaoi1 TTo/Tci'o/icroK ~c
. IVivufz'Os' orr o l\mK cV

pt"T/}? (i-^^ci^/Z1 e^i^OV, ViT/ 77O\l' 77<i'

Tor tFTpaTqybv evvoiq \~a] ri/.uj,
vat \/T07?/T/ va< (bt\o~oria 9r

. i<r)(ypov $* val po<

yct/iflvo? fr apoovi yeroneroi1 \'a TOI<
T<i\ TruXt.s^ scrOffra TDK

oi'\f]S rtjr
Tor (TTaT^oi1 aXX<wei> aju>i€€tv rot/?

vat

o l\/toc aurov? (It/)' eai'Ta"1!1 eiroirjGev €<r0ffra
TTt/ttvI'-a/ vat ftor)Qfi<Tat TO?S" TPa>ftato*9, Taf'ra
Tra\ir ti\- 'Pwprjv airayy€\\ofjteva vat So/eovvra

. vat Trpioroi' ft€V €K A.i/3vi)<i Trapa M/vt'xf/-a
TOI" /8a<riX€o>9 rrptafSti'f irapaycvofAGvov?, vat

s UK o

v ft- a/oova CTITOJ' Ta
roi-rt^ e^€/SaXov t'TTtcra boyfJM Troioirrai TOK

Jt, TOT

vat TOL>

o ^e TorTa>r arTa> rr^ocr-
frrrs 6^€7rX€UflT€ TT/JOS" opy>']i', vat
Tra* €\7riBas ov uoi-oi1 VTTO

200

CAIUS GRACCHUS, i. 6-n. 4

thou hesitate, Caius ? There is no escape ; one life
is fated for us both, and one death as champions of
the people."

II. After reaching Sardinia, then, Caius gave proof
of every excellence, and far surpassed all the other
young men in conflicts with the enemy, in just
dealings with the subject peoples, and in the good
will and respect which he showed towards his
commander, while in self-restraint, frugality, and
industry, he excelled even his elders. The winter in
Sardinia proved to be rigorous and unhealthy, and
the Roman commander made a requisition upon the
cities of clothing for his soldiers, whereupon the cities
sent to Rome and begged to be relieved from the
exaction. The senate granted their petition and
ordered the commander to get clothing for his soldiers
in some other way. The commander was at a loss
what to do, and the soldiers were suffering ; so Caius
made a circuit of the cities and induced them of their
own free will to send clothing and other assistance to
the Romans. This was reported to Rome, where it
was thought to be a prelude to a struggle for popular
favour, and gave fresh concern to the senate. So, to
begin with, when ambassadors of King Micipsa came
from Africa, and announced that out of regard for
Caius Gracchus the king had sent grain to the Roman
commander in Sardinia, the senators were displeased
and turned them away. In the second place, they
passed a decree that fresh troops should be sent to
relieve the soldiers in Sardinia, but that Orestes
should remain, with the idea that Caius also would
remain with him by virtue of his office. But Caius,
when this came to his ears, straightway sailed off in
a passion, and his unexpected appearance in Rome

201

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

ctLTtav el%ev, d\\a Kal rot? TroXXoi? dXXoKorov

TO Td/LLLaV Ol'Td TTpOaTTOUTTJVaL TOV dp^OVTO^.

ov IJLTJV d\\a Karrjyopias avTw yevofJLevi^ eVt Ttoi>

o{/ro)

dire\6eiv rj
5 rd f^eyicrra So^a?. ecrrpaTeva-0ai fjiev yap e<

err), TWV a\\wv Be/ca o-Tparevo^evcov ev 83 G
wv Be

e rw arpaTJjju) 7rapafj,e-
pieriav, TOV vo^ov y^er' eviavrov errav-
Se TCOV <TTpaTevcra/j.€vwv

7r\rjpe<? TO fBakdvTiov etcrei'^j/o^Q)? icevov
%ei'ai, TOU? Be a'XXou? ercTriovras ov elcn']i>eyKav
dpyvpiov Kal ^pvcriov juecrTovs Bevpo TOU?

III. 'E«: TOUTOU iraKw aXXa? ottVia? avTW KOI
eTrrjyov &)? TOU? avfj-^d^ov^ d^iardvn Kal
T}? Trepl <3>peyeX\av ev8ei%0eL<ri]$
Las. o Be TTCKTCLV vTrotyiav d7ro\v(rd/j.evo$
l </>az'el? Ka0apb<? evOvs eVt
rwv JJLZV yvtopificw dvBpa)i> 6

irpos avTov, o^Xou Be roaovrov
et? TTJV iro\iv etc T?}? 'iTaTu'a? Kal

\i7relv, TOV Be TreBiov prj Bef;a/j,evov TO 77X7)^0?

aTTO TW^ Teywv Kal TWI> KepdfjLwv Ta? fywvds o-vvrj-

2 ^etz'. TOGOVTOV B1 ovv e^eftidcravTO TOV ^r)fj.ov ol

BvvaTol Kal r>}9 e\7r/6o? ToO Patov Ka0el\ov, ocrov

CAIUS GRACCHUS, n. 4-111. 2

not only was censured by his enemies, but also made
the people think it strange that he, quaestor as he
was, had left his post before his commander.
However, when he was denounced before the censors,
he begged leave to speak, and wrought such a change
in the opinions of his hearers that he left the court
with the reputation of having been most grossly
wronged. For he said that he had served in the
army twelve years, although other men were required
to serve there only ten, and that he had continued to
serve as quaestor under his commander for more than
two years, although the law permitted him to come
back after a year. He was the only man in the army,
he said, who had entered the campaign with a full
purse and left it with an empty one ; the rest had
drunk up the wine which they took into Sardinia,
and had come back to Rome with their wine-jars full
of gold and silver.

III. After this, other fresh charges and indictments
were brought against him, on the ground that he had
caused the allies to revolt and had been privy to the
conspiracy at Fregellae,1 information of which was
brought to Rome. But he cleared himself of all
suspicion, and having established his entire innocence,
immediately began a canvass for the tribuneship. All
the men of note, without exception, were opposed to
him, but so great a throng poured into the city from
the country and took part in the elections that many
could not be housed, and since the Campus Martius
could not accommodate the multitude, they gave in
their voices from the house-tops and tilings. So far,
however, did the nobility prevail against the people
and disappoint the hopes of Caius that he was not

1 Fregellae revolted, and was destroyed in 125 B.C.

203

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

to? Trpoo'eBoKijo'e, TrpwTOv, d\\a reraprov
dvayopeuOtjvai. Trapa\a/3wv Be TTJV ap^v eudvs
rjv uTrdvTwv TT/QWTO?, la")(va)V re ra> \eyeiv, o>?
aAAo? ovBeis, KOI TOV rrd&ovs avTu> irapprja-Lav

3 evravda yap e^ aTracr?;? vr/joc^ao-ew? Trepirjye TOV
avaiJiL^vi}(JK,wv TWV yeyovoTwv KOL TrapaTi-
TO, ro)i> jrpoyoi'wv, co? etcelvoL JJLZV KOI
€7ro\€/jLr]a-av vrrep Tevviciov T/I/O? Brjj

, real Yatov ISeroviov Odvarov KCLT€-

, OTL t]/iipxM Tropevo/jievM t yop? ou)(

/ ,, *rf\ « p- \ ' i »

fj,ovo<?' \IJLMV be opwvTwv,

Tiftepiov £uXo£? orvveKOTTTOV oi)TOLtKol Sia

TroXeco? ecrvpero veKpos €K KaTrercoXtoi; pi(j)rj-

4 (TOyLte^O? 6/5 TOJ> TTOTafJiOV OL Be d\i(TKOIJLei'OL TOIV

0vr}GKov ciKpiTOi. KaiToi rraTpiov ecrnv
el Ti? £XWI> ^'LKrlv OavaTiKi-jV /J.TJ vTratcovei,

TOVTOV Trpo? ra? Ovpas ewOev e
dvaKa\el(j9ai rf) crd\7TLyyi, KOI /JLTJ rrpoTepov em-
ov avru) rou? SiKaard^. OI/TO>? ev\a-
l 7T€(f)v\ay/j,evoi Trepl ra? Kpi(rei^ rjcrav."
IV. Toiourotv Xoyoi? TrpoavacreKTas TOV

/cat

eV TO) \eyeiv}, Buo i^o/xou? elcre^epe, TOV yue/', et
dpXpVTOS dcprjpfJTO Tifv dp^rjv 6 Brj^os, ovx
TOVTW BevTepas dp%rjs [jieTovaiav elvar

204

CAIUS GRACCHUS, in. 2-iv. i

returned first, as he expected, but fourth. But after
entering upon his office ] he was at once first of all
the tribunes, since he had an incomparable power in
oratory, and his affliction gave him great boldness of
speech in bewailing the fate of his brother. For to
this subject he would bring the people round on
every pretext, reminding them of what had happened
in the case of Tiberius, and contrasting the conduct
of their ancestors, who went to war with the people
of Falerii on behalf of Genucius, a tribune whom they
had insulted, and condemned Caius Veturius to death
because he was the only man who would not make
way for a tribune passing through the forum. "But
before your eyes," he said, " these men beat Tiberius
to death with clubs, and his dead body was dragged
from the Capitol through the midst of the city to be
thrown into the Tiber; moreover, those of his friends
who were caught were put to death without trial.
And yet it is ancient usage among us that if anyone
who is arraigned on a capital charge does not answer
to his summons, a trumpeter shall go to the door of
this man's house in the morning and summon him
forth by sound of trumpet, and until this has been
done the judges shall not vote on his case. So
careful and guarded were the men of old in capital

cases.'

IV. Having first stirred up the people with such
words as these (and he had a very loud voice, and
was most vigorous in his speaking), he introduced
two laws, one providing that if the people had
deprived any magistrate of his office, such magistrate
should not be allowed to hold office a second time ;

1 For the year 123 B.C., ten years after Tiberius had
entered upon the same office.

205

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

Be, ei TIS ap%u>v ci/cpiTOv €KK6Kr}pv^oi 7ro\irrjv,
2 tear avrov BiBovTa Kpicriv TW S^aw. TOVTWV
avTiKpvs o [JLev Mdp/eov 'OfCTaftiov rjTL

VTTO Ttfteplov T>}? 8ijfJLap')(ias e/crreaovTa,

£' evefyeTO IToTT/XXio?' OI>TO? yap arparrjya)^

TOV TlSepiOV <})L\OV$ €J;€K/1pVJ;6. KOI

fjiev ov% t/TTocTTa? TIJV KplaLV €(j)Vj€v ej; '
rov Be erepov vo/Jiov Fai'o? auro?
c^rycra? r^ /jL^rpl K.opvrj\ia BerjOeicrr]

3 TOI^ 'QfCTafiiov. KOL o Bfjfjbos r)yda9r~i KOL

pr](T6, ri/jiwv r^v KopvrjXlav ov&ev ifrrov CLTTO TCOV
iraiScov i} TOV rraTpos, ^9 ye real ^O\K>}V el/cova
(TTijcras vcrTepov eTreypatye Jt£.opvr)\lav fiijTepa
rpdy%cov. enroll fjLOvev€.Tai &£ Ka^ Tov Taiov TTO\-
\a prfTopiKM^ KOL ayopaicos virep avTrjs elp^/j-eva
?rpo9 Tiva TWV e%0pwv " ^v ydp" €<prj, " Kopi'rj-

4 \iav XofSo/?eZ? TTJV Tifiepioi' TeKovaav" eVel ^6
Bia/3€/3\'Ji/:i€vos rjv ei? /j,a\a,Kiav 6

f* TLva 6e," elrrev, " e^wv Trapprja-iav

La aeavTov; e're/ee? yap w? erceivy]; rea
icracri rPa)j,aioi TT\€L(O ovov €K€Lvrv air

>P>\ T *\\tfO.)5 / \p

avopos ovcrav r/ ere TOV avopa. TOICLVTIJ fiev rj
TTLKpia T0)v \o-ywv TJV avrou, KOI TroXXa \afieiv
etc T0)v yeypafJb/jLevwv eaTiv 6/noLa.

V. Twv Be vo/Jifov ot»9 ela-efape T& B^JLLM %api£6- 837
fievos /cal rca,Ta\vu>v TTJV (Tvy/cXijTov, 6 fjiev TJV
Kk^pov^iKO^ dvave/jiwv1 rot? Trevrjcn rrjv Brj/aocriav,
6 Be cTTpaTKOTLfcos ecrdrJTa re Ke\evcov

1 avai'f/j.c>}v Coraes and Bekkor, after Du Soul, for the MSS.
a.fj.0. vfijuav. Ziegler adopts Siavtuav, proposed by Sint.2and
Cobet.

206

CAIUS GRACCHUS, iv. i -v i

arid another providing that if any magistrate had
banished a citizen without trial, such magistrate
should be liable to public prosecution. Of these laws,
one had the direct effect of branding with infamy
Marcus Octavius, who had been deposed from the
tribunate by Tiberius ; and by the other Popillius
was affected, for as praetor he had banished the
friends of Tiberius. Popillius, indeed, without
standing his trial, fled out of Italy ; but the other law
was withdrawn by Caius himself, who said that he
spared Octavius at the request of his mother Cornelia.
The people were pleased at this and gave then-
consent, honouring Cornelia no less on account of her
sons than because of her father ; indeed, in after
times they erected a bronze statue of her, bearing
the inscription: "Cornelia, Mother of the Gracchi."
There are on record also many things which Caius said
about her in the coarse style of forensic speech, when
he was attacking one of his enemies: " What," said
he, "dost thou abuse Cornelia, who gave birth to
Tiberius ? " And since the one who had uttered the
abuse was charged with effeminate practices, " With
what effrontery," said Caius, "canst thou compare
thyself with Cornelia ? Hast thou borne such children
as she did ? And verily all Rome knows that she
refrained from commerce with men longer than thou
hast, though thou art a man." Such was the bitter-
ness of his language, and many similar examples can
be taken from his writings.

V. Of the laws which he proposed by way of
gratifying the people and overthrowing the senate,
one was agrarian, and divided the public land among
the poor citizens ; another was military, and ordained
that clothing should be furnished to the soldiers at

207

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

teal /j,r}Bev et? rovro T?;?
v<patpei(T0ai rwv arparevofjiei'wv, KOI veu>repov
erwv errraKaiBeKa yu./) KaraXeyecrOai crrpariwrrjv
6 Be av/jL/jia')^t,KO^ lao^n](^ov^ rroLwv rot? rro\irai$

2 rou? 'IraXiwra?. 6 Be airi/cbs eTTev&vi^wv rot?

ayopdv. 6 Be BiKacrriKo1;, w TO

e T??? TCOV av<yK\v)TiKwv
jap e/cpivov ra? Bi/cas, /cal Bia rovro <po/3epol
rw re B/jfAM teal rot? Imreixnv r)crav, o Be rpia-
rwv iTTTrewv rrpoa Kare\e%ev avrols overt
teal ra? icpicreis KOIVCLS rwv QaKoalwv

3 erroi>]cre. rovrov rov VO/JLOV elcrfyepwv rd re a\\a
\eyerai o-TrovBduat ^La^epovrw^, real rwv rrpo
avrov rrdv-wv Bij/Aaywywv 77730? rr)V (rvyK\r)Tov
d<f)opcoi/rcov Kal TO Ka\ov/JLevov KOfJiinov, TT/OWTO?
Tore cTT/oa^el? e^a> rrpos rrjv dyopdv BrjfjLrjyopfjffai,
/cal TO \OLTTOV ovro) rroielv e£ etcewov, fjutcpa rrap-
€y/c\Lcrei teal fteraOecrei cr^^/zaTO? /^eya Trpdyjaa
Kivr}(ja<$ /cal /AereveyKcbv rporrov riva rr)v rro\ireiai>
€K T^}? dpicrroKparias et? rrjv By/jLOKpariav, co? rwi>
rroXXcov Beov, ov TJ}? /SouXr}?, (jro^d^eaOaL TOL/?
\eyovras.

VI. 'Evrel 5e ou JJLOVOV e'Be^aro rov VOJJLOV rovrov
6 Brjjjios, d\\d KciKeivti) rovs Kpivovras €K ra)i>
Lmrewv eBwKe Kara\e£ai, /jLovap^iKij ns
eyeyovei irepl avrov, ware Kal r^v

208

CAIUS GRACCHUS, v. i-vi. i

the public cost, that nothing should be deducted
from their pay to meet this charge, and that no one
under seventeen should be enrolled as a soldier ;
another concerned the allies, and gave the Italians
equal suffrage rights with Roman citizens ; another
related to the supplies of grain, and lowered the
market price to the poor ; and another dealt with the
appointment of judges. This last law most of all
curtailed the power of the senators ; for they alone
could serve as judges in criminal cases, and this
privilege made them formidable both to the common
people and to the equestrian order. The law of
Gracchus, however, added to the membership of the
senate, which was three hundred, three hundred men
from the equestrian order, and made service as judges
a prerogative of the whole six hundred. In his efforts
to carry this law Caius is said to have shown

mf

remarkable earnestness in many ways, and especially
in this, that whereas all popular orators before him
had turned their faces towards the senate and that
part of the forum called the " comitium," he now set
a new example by turning towards the other part ot
the forum as he harangued the people, and continued
to do this from that time on, thus by a slight deviation
and change of attitude stirring up a great question,
and to a certain extent changing the constitution
from an aristocratic to a democratic form ; for his
implication was that speakers ought to address
themselves to the people, and not to the senate.

VI. The people not only adopted this law, but
also entrusted to its author the selection of the
judges who were to come from the equestrian order,
so that he found himself invested with something
like monarchical power, and even the senate

209

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

avrov. <rvv€/3ov\eve
Be 0,66 TI TMV e/ceivy TrpeTrovTwv elcnjyov/Aevos'
2 olov TJV teal TO Trepl TOV airov Boy/^a fji€Tpt(orarov

KOI Ka\\LcrTov, ov

8' eTreicre Trjv /3ov\}jv
TOV CTITOV avaire/jL^raL rat?
TO apyvpLov, Kol 7rpo(T€7raLTidcra(T0ai TOV

/ca aoprjTOv TTOIOVVTCL TIJV p-^ijv rot?

co

ev rat?

3 "Eypa-^re Be /cal 7ro\et? diroLKiSas €K7T€fji7r€<T0ai
Kal ra? 0801)5 Troielaflai Kal KaTacrKevd^to-Qai
<TiTO/36\ia, TOVTOLS aTraai 7rpaTTO/j,€vois avTov

Kal BLOtKijTrjv e^LCTTa^, Kal TT/OO?

a7TOT/3L'0/U€I'05 TWV TOCTOVTCOV Kal Tllj\LKOl)TWV, d\\d

Kal Oav/^aaTw TLVL Ta^ei Kal TTOVW TMV

ct>5 fiovov eKacrTOV e^epya^op-evos, coo-re Kal

Trdvv fJLicrovvTas avTov KOI SeSoiKOTas €KTT\IJT-

Tea6ai TO Bid irdvTwv avvaifjiov Kal
4 01 Be 7ro\\ol Kal TIJV o-^nv avTrjv

e'^prrjfjLevov opwi'Tes avTov 7r\r)0o<$ epyo\d/3a)v,
Te~)(VLTO)V, Trpea/BevTcov, dp^ovTwv,

Trdcriv

l TO (re/jLvov ev TW (f>L\,ctvdp(i)7rcp Bia<pv\dTTwv,
Kal ve/jiwv avTov TO dpfjiOTTOV oltceltos CKUO-TW,
^a\€TTOv<f aTreBeiKvve (rvKofydinas TOVS (f)o/3epov
avTov f) (fcopTiKOV 6Xco5 7; (Biatov d7TOKa\ovvTas.
BeivoTepos rjv ev rat5 o/ifXta£5 Kal rat5

210

CAIUS GRACCHUS, vi. 1-4

consented to follow his counsel. But when he
counselled them, it was always in support of measures
befitting their body ; as, for instance, the very
equitable and honourable decree concerning the
grain which Fabius the pro-praetor sent to the city
from Spain. Cains induced the Senate to sell the
grain and send the money back to the cities of
Spain, and further, to censure Fabius for making
his government of the province intolerably burden-
some to its inhabitants. This decree brought
Caius great reputation as well as popularity in the
provinces.

He also introduced bills for sending out colonies,
for constructing roads, and for establishing public
granaries, making himself director and manager of
all these undertakings, and showing no weariness in
the execution of all these different and great enter-
prises; nay, he actually carried out each one of them
with an astonishing speed and power of application,
as if it were his sole business, so that even those who
greatly hated and feared him were struck with
amazement at the powers of achievement and
accomplishment which marked all that he did. And
as for the multitude, they were astonished at the
very sight, when they beheld him closely attended
by a throng of contractors, artificers, ambassadors,
magistrates, soldiers, and literary men, with all of
whom he was on easy terms, preserving his dignity
while showing kindliness, and rendering properly to
every man the courtesy which was due from him,
whereby he set in the light of malignant slanderers
those who stigmatised him as threatening or utterly
arrogant or violent. Thus he was a more skilful
popular leader in his private intercourse with men

211

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

rrpd^eaiv rj TO?? drro rov /?>;/xaro5 \6yois
70)709.

VII. 'EcrTrouSacre Be f^dXiara rreplr^i'
Te ^peta? a//,a /cat rov rrpos %dpiv KCU

evQelai yap ijyovro Bid TWV
teal TO jj,ev eaTopwro Trerpa ^effrfj, TO
Se a/jifjiov ^coyLiacrt vaKTtjs eTTUKi'ovro. 7n/u,7rXa-
fjievwv Be TMV KOI\WV fcai ^evyvv^evwv <y€<pvpai<j
ocra x€i/jLappoi &I€KOTTTOV 1} (f> a pay yes, u^fros re TWV
eKarepwOev laov /cal 7rapd\\T]\ov \af.i(3avovTa)V,
6fjLa\rjv KOI Ka\i]v o^nv el%e Si o\ov TO epyov. 838
2 7T/30? Be TouTOi? Sia/jLeTpijaas Kara /JLL\IOV oSbi>
(TO Be JJLI\IOV OKTCO araBlai/ oXiyov diroBel}
\t@ivov<s a-i^ela rou /jierpov
Be \L0ov$ eXarrov a7re%oi'
0ei' T^}? 6Bov Si&Qrjteev, &>? eli] aSiws Tot?
ej(ovcnv eTTiftaLveiV air* avrwi>

VIII. 'ETrt TOVTOIS rov BTJ/JLOV
avrov teal rrav onovv eTot/i&)9 e^oz^TO? evBeiKvvaflai
rrpos evvoLav, e<f)r) rrore Bij/jirjyopwv avros alr/jaeiv
^dpiv, fjv \a/3(*jv /jLev dvrl rravros e£eii>, el Be
drroTi>)(OL, [j,r)Bev €K€ivoi<> ^n,^ri^oLf>r]<je.iv. rovro
pi]6ev e'Bo^ev air^ai^ VTrareias elvai, KOI rrpoa-
BoKiav rracriv a>? ci/jia fjiev vTrareiav, d^a Be
2 8rjfj,ap')(iav /jierioov rrapea-^ev. evcrrdvrwv Be rwv
dp^aipecricoi' KO.I fierectjpw ovrwv dirdv-
Tdlov Qdvviov /cardyayv et? TO ireBLov

212

CAIUS GRACCHUS, vi. 4-vm. 2

and in his business transactions than in his speeches
from the rostra.

VII. But he busied himself most earnestly with
the construction of roads, laying stress upon utility,
as well as upon that which conduced to grace and
beauty. For his roads were carried straight through
the country without deviation, and had pavements of
quarried stone, and substructures of tight-rammed
masses of sand. Depressions were filled up, all inter-
secting torrents or ravines were bridged over, and
both sides of the roads were of equal and correspond-
ing height, so that the work had everywhere an
even and beautiful appearance. In addition to all this,
he measured off every road by miles (the Roman mile
falls a little short of eight furlongs) and planted
stone pillars in the ground to mark the distances.
Other stones, too, he placed at smaller intervals
from one another on both sides of the road, in order
that equestrians might be able to mount their horses
from them and have no need of assistance.

VIII. Since the people extolled him for all these
services and were ready to show him any token what-
soever of their good will, he said to them once in a
public harangue that he was going to ask a favour of
them, which, if granted, he should value supremely,
but if it were refused, he should find no fault with
them. This utterance was thought to be a request
for a consulship, and led everybody to expect that he
would sue for a consulship and a tribuneship at the
same time. But when the consular elections were at
hand and everybody was on the tip-toe of expecta
tion, he was seen leading Caius Fannius down into
the Campus Martius and joining in the canvass for

VOL. x. H 2I3

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

v exetvqt fi€Ta TWV

TOVTO poTrrjv rjvejfce TOO <$>avvla> /jLeyd\,rjv.
/JL€V uTraro?, Fai'o? Be 877/^/3^09 dTTeBei^dr) TO
BevTepov, ov 7rapayye\\a)V ovBe fjiericov, d\\a rou

3 'ETrel Be ewpa rrjv fji€v a-vyrc\r)Tov e^Opav avri-
Kpw$, afji[B\vv 8e rfj TT/JO? avrov evvoia TOV <&dvviov,

TO

/lev et? Tdpavra /cal KaTrvrjv
, fca\a)V Be eVl KOivwvia TroXtreta? rou?
77 Be J3ov\rj Beiaaaa pr) TravTaTrao'iv
yevrjTcu, fcaivrjv (cal dcrvvrjflrj irelpav eirtjye
rot? TroXXot? dTrorpOTrrjs, dvTi&yj/Aaycoyovcra Kal
4 ^api^OfjievT] Trapa TO fteXTiaTOV. rjv yap et?
TOV Fatov o-vvapxovTcov Aty&o? ApoOcro?, ai/

oure

, ijdei1 Be KOI \6ya) /cat ifkovTw rot? /j,d\iaTa
TifjLO)/J<€vot<> Kal Bvva/jLevots diro TOVTWV evdfjii\\o<$.

€7rl TOVTOV ovv ol jvwpt fAtoraTOi TpeirovTai,

TrapeKaXovv avrov a-fyacrdai TOV Yatov Kal

eVl TOV avBpa ava-Tr/vai, /jbrj ftia
e di'TLKpovovTa rot? 7roXXot9, aXXa
fjBovrjv apxpVTa Kal ^api^ofjievov vrrep wv

IX. 'EvrtSoL'? ovv o At/3iO? 66? TavTa T
TTJV eavTOV BrffjLap^Lav VO/JLOV? eypatyev OVTC

1 tfQfi Coraes and Bekker retain the old vulgate
214

CAIUS GRACCHUS, vm. 2-ix. i

him along with his friends. This turned the tide
strongly in favour of Fannius. So Fannius was
elected consul, and Caius tribune for the second
time, though he was not a candidate and did not
canvass for the office ; but the people were eager to
have it so.

However, he soon saw that the senate was hostile
to him out and out, and that the good will of Fannius
towards him had lost its edge, and therefore again
began to attach the multitude to himself by other laws,
proposing to send colonies to Tarentum and Capua,
and inviting the Latins to a participation in the Roman
franchise. But the senate, fearing that Gracchus
would become altogether invincible, made a new
and unusual attempt to divert the people from him ;
they vied with him, that is, in courting the favour
of the people, and granted their wishes contrary
to the best interests of the state. For one of the
colleagues of Caius was Livius Drusus, a man who was
not inferior to any Roman either in birth or rearing,
while in character, eloquence, and wealth he could
vie with those who were most honoured and influen-
tial in consequence of these advantages. To this
man, accordingly, the nobles had recourse, and
invited him to attack Caius and league himself with
them against him, not resorting to violence or coming
into collision with the people, but administering his
office to please them and making them concessions
where it would have been honourable to incur their
hatred.

IX. Livius, accordingly, put his influence as tribune
at the service of the senate to this end, and drew up
laws which aimed at what was neither honourable

215

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

KO,\WV TWOS OVT€ Twv \v<n,Te\wv e^ofievovs, d\\a
ev fjiovov, virep[3a\e(T9ai TOV Tdlov rjSovfj KOL

TO)V 7TO\\WV, WCTTTep 6V KW/jLW&ia, <T7T6VO'a)V

/cal SiafjiiX^cofjievos. M KOL
€7roir}cr€v eavr^v rj avyK\r)TO<$ ov

rot? TOV Tatov •jToX.iTevfJiacnvt a\\a avrov e/ceivov

ave\elv rj TaTreivwaai TravrdiTacn /3ov\o/jLevr)v.

2 TOV jjiev <yap airoiKia^ Bvo jpd^ravra KOI rou?

WV TTO\ITWV elcrdyovTa B^fioKOTTelv
, Aiftiw Be Ba)Se/ca KCLTOIKI^OVTL /cat Tpicr-

TWV

(Tvve\a^lBdvovTO. KaKeivo) /j-ev, OTL %copav
rot? nrevTjai Trpocrra^a? CKCKTTW T€\elv drrofyopav
€i? TO o~r)jn.6o-iov, &)? KO\aK€vovTi TGI/? TroXXoi;?
aTrrj-^OdvovTo, Aifiios Se KCU TTJV djroffropav TavTrjv
3 TWV vGLfjLafjievtov dtyaipwv ijpea'Kev aurot?. ert 8e
6 fjiev rot? A.aTivoL<; i(ro-dfi]<f)iav SiSovs c^vTrei, TOV
be, OTTO)? fjirjSe eVt GTpaTeias e^fj Tiva ACLTLVWV

ej3oi]6ovv TM VO/JLW.

/ecu at»TO? o At/3to? del

e\eyev co? <ypd(f)oi TavTa Ty /3ov\fj SOKOVVTO, KTJ&O-
4 [levy TWV 7ro\\tov o Srj Kal ^JLOVOV aTro TWV TTO\L-

T€VfjLaTO)V aVTOV Xplj&l/jLOV V7ri'lp')(€V. r)fJL6p(*)T6pOV

yap eo"%e TT^OO? Trjv {3ov\r)V 6 &r//jio$' Kal TOU?
jvaypi/jLcoTUTov^ avToi) irpoTepov v<popa>/ji€vov /cat
216

CAIUS GRACCHUS, ix. 1-4

nor advantageous ; nay, he had the emulous eager-
ness of the rival demagogues of comedy to achieve
one thing, namely, to surpass Caius in pleasing and
gratifying the people.1 In this way the senate
showed most plainly that it was not displeased with
the public measures of Caius, but rather was desirous
by all means to humble or destroy the man himself.
For when Caius proposed to found two colonies, and
these composed of the most respectable citizens,
they accused him of truckling to the people ; but
when Livius proposed to found twelve, and to send
out to each of them three thousand of the needy
citizens, they supported him. With Caius, because
he distributed public land among the poor for which
every man of them was required to pay a rental into
the public treasury, they were angry, alleging that
he was seeking thereby to win favour with the
multitude ; but Livius met with their approval when
he proposed to relieve the tenants even from this
rental. And further, when Caius proposed to bestow
upon the Latins equal rights of suffrage, he gave
offence ; but when Livius brought in a bill forbidding
that any Latin should be chastised with rods even
during military service, he had the senate's support.
And indeed Livius himself, in his public harangues,
always said that he introduced these measures on the
authority of the senate,, which desired to help the
common people; and this in fact was the only advan-
tage which resulted from his political measures. For
the people became more amicably disposed towards
the senate ; and whereas before this they had sus-
pected and hated the nobles, Livius softened and

1 An allusion to the rival demagogues in the Knights of
Aristophanes.

217

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

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218

CAIUS GRACCHUS, ix. 4-x. 4

dissipated their remembrance of past grievances and
their bitter feelings by alleging that it was the
sanction of the nobles which had induced him to
enter upon his course of conciliating the people and
gratifying the wishes of the many.

X. But the strongest proof that Livius was well
disposed towards the people and honest, lay in the
fact that he never appeared to propose anything for
himself or in his own interests. For he moved to
send out other men as managers of his colonies, and
would have no hand in the expenditure of moneys,
whereas Caius had assigned to himself most of such
functions and the most important of them. And
now Rubrius, one of his colleagues in the tribuneship,
brought in a bill for the founding of a colony on the
site of Carthage, which had been destroyed by
Scipio, and Caius, upon whom the lot fell, sailed off
to Africa as superintendent of the foundation. In
his absence, therefore, Livius made all the more
headway against him, stealing into the good graces
of the people and attaching them to himself, particu-
larly by his calumniations of Fulvius. This Fulvius
was a friend of Caius, and had been chosen a
commissioner with him for the distribution of the
public land ; but he was a turbulent fellow, and was
hated outright by the senators. Other men also sus-
pected him of stirring up trouble with the allies and
of secretly inciting the Italians to revolt. These
things were said against him without proof or inves-
tigation, but Fulvius himself brought them into
greater credence by a policy which was unsound and
revolutionary. This more than anything else was the
undoing of Caius, who came in for a share of the
hatred against Fulvius. And when Scipio Africanus

219

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

*A(f)pLKavb<> €$; ovSevbs alriov

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ev rot? irepl etcelvov ye-
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Kal

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TWV Trpay/jiaTcov T?;? avTOV Tcapovaias

220

CAIUS GRACCHUS, x. 4-xi. 2

died without any apparent cause, and certain marks
of violence and blows were thought to be in evidence
all over his dead body, as I have written in his Life,1
most of the consequent calumny fell upon Fulvius,
who was Scipio's enemy, and had abused him that
day from the rostra, but suspicion attached itself also
to Caius. And a deed so monstrous, and perpetrated
upon a man who was the foremost and greatest
Roman, went unpunished, nay, was not even so much
as probed ; for the multitude were opposed to any
judicial enquiry and thwarted it, because they feared
that Caius might be implicated in the charge if the
murder were investigated. However, this had hap-
pened at an earlier time.2

XI. In Africa, moreover, in connection with the
planting of a colony on the site of Carthage, to
which colony Caius gave the name Junonia (that is
to say, in Greek, Heraea), there are said to have
been many prohibitory signs from the gods. For the
leading standard was caught by a gust of wind, and
though the bearer clung to it with all his might, it
was broken into pieces ; the sacrificial victims lying
on the altars were scattered by a hurricane and dis-
persed beyond the boundary-marks in the plan of the
city, and the boundary-marks themselves were set
upon by wolves, who tore them up and carried them
a long way off. Notwithstanding this, Caius settled
and arranged everything in seventy days all told,
and then returned to Rome, because he learned that
Fulvius was being hard pressed by Drusus, and be-
cause matters there required his presence. For

1 See the Tiberius Gracchus, ad Jin., and cf. the Romulus,
xxvii. 4 f.

2 In 129 B.C., six years before Caius became tribune.

221

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

Aeu/ao9 yap 'OTTt/^fo?, dvrjp
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aeiv, vjrarevwv Se KaTa\vd€iv TOV Taiov,

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riov /jL€ru>/cr]o~€V e/5 rov VTTO ryv dyopav roirov

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rov virarov

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avrov Kal crvvi]6cov €\KOfj,€vov VTTO ra>v v
rwv rov Qavviov, iraprfkOe Kal ov
elre rrjv

222

CAIUS GRACCHUS, xi. 2-xn. 2

Lucius Opimius, a man of oligarchical principles
and influential in the senate, who had previously
failed in a candidacy for the consulship (when Caius
had brought forward Fannius and supported his can-
vas for the office),1 now had the aid and assistance
of many, and it was expected that he would be con-
sul, and that as consul he would try to put down
Caius, whose influence was already somewhat on the
wane, and with whose peculiar measures the people
had become sated, because the leaders who courted
their favour were many and the senate readily
yielded to them.

XII. On returning to Rome, in the first place
Caius changed his residence from the Palatine hill
to the region adjoining the forum, which he thought
more democratic, since most of the poor and lowly
had come to live there ; in the next place, he pro-
mulgated the rest of his laws, intending to get the
people's vote upon them. But when a throng came
together from all parts of Italy for his support, the
senate prevailed upon the consul Fannius to drive out
of the city all who were not Romans. Accordingly,
a strange and unusual proclamation was made, to the
effect that none of the allies and friends of Rome
should appear in the city during those days ; where-
upon Caius published a counter edict in which he de-
nounced the consul, and promised the allies his sup-
port, in case they should remain there. He did not,
however, give them his support, but when he saw one
of his comrades and guest-friends dragged off by the
lictors of Fannius, he passed by without giving him
any help, either because he feared to give a proof
that his power was already on the decline, or because

1 See chapter viii. 2.

223

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

eire /u?) 3oi'A6//-cZ'09, co? e\eyei>, d\!fi/j.a%ia<> auro?
cazi crv/j.7T\OKrj<; dp%d? ZIJ

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ev 0/577; 762't'cr^at om TOiavnji1 ai-iav. e
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eavrw TrapaXafiaiv, rd decopijrjjoia KaOel\e KOI

TOTTOV e> co

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TWV rroLrjTafjL^i'wv 7i]v dvayopevcriv Kal
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tLTrelv co? ^Lap^oviov yeXmra yeXaxrti', ov
oaov avrols CJ/COTO? e/c TCOV avrov

224

CAIUS GRACCHUS, xn. 2-5

he was unwilling, as he said, by his own acts to
afford his enemies the occasions which they sought
fora conflict at close quarters.

Moreover, it chanced that he had incurred the
anger of his colleagues in office, and for the follow-
ing reason. The people were going to enjoy an
exhibition of gladiators in the forum, and most of
the magistrates had constructed seats for the show
round about, and were offering them for hire. Caius
ordered them to take down these seats, in order
that the poor might be able to enjoy the spectacle
from those places without paying hire. But since
no one paid any attention to his command, he waited
till the night before the spectacle, and then, taking
all the workmen whom he had under his orders in
public contracts, he pulled down the seats, and when
day came he had the place all clear for the people.
For this proceeding the populace thought him a
man, but his colleagues were annoyed and thought
him reckless and violent. It was believed also that
this conduct cost him his election to the tribunate
for the third time, since, although he got a majority
of the votes, his colleagues were unjust and fraudu-
lent in their proclamation and returns. This, how-
ever, was disputed. But he took his failure overmuch
to heart, and what is more, when his enemies were
exulting over him, he told them, it is said, with more
boldness than was fitting, that they were laughing
with sardonic laughter, and were not aware of the
great darkness that enveloped them in consequence
of his public measures.1

1 Blass compares the laughter of the doomed suitors in
Odyssey, xx. 346 ff. — the fatuous smile of men whose fate is
sealed, though they are unaware of it.

225

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

XIII. 'E-Trel Be KCLI TOV ^OTTL/JLIOV
cravTes virarov TMV VO/JL^V TroXXoi/? Bieypa^ov teal
TTJV Kap%r)B6vo<; GKIVOW Sidra^iv, epeOi^ovres TOV
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TOV fjbev Trp&TOv %povov e/caprepeL, TWV $e <f>i\a)v
teal /j,d\HTTa TOV <&ov\(3iov Trapo%vvovTo<s wp/jLrjcre
rrd\iv wvdryeiv TOU? dvTiTa^ofjievovs 7T/)O9 TOV
2 vTrarov. evravda teal TTJV /j,r)Tepa \eyovaiv avTw
crvaTacridcrai, /JLKrOovfjLevrjv CLTTO rr}? £evr)<t Kpv(f>a
teal 7r€/A7rovcrav et? 'Pco/zryi/ avbpas, o>5 Brj 6epi-
Tavra yap ev rot? eTTKrroXiois avT^ yvvy-
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TOV 'OTTlfjilOV, KaT€L\rj7TTO fJLZV V7TO d/uL(j)OTe-

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<f>6vov, evavTia Be TOV<? rjye/jLovas ea^e BidOecris.
6 juiev ydp Fai'o? r/^^ero teal teatetos e\eye TOV<;

226

CAIUS GRACCHUS, xm. 1-4

XIII. The enemies of Caius also effected the
election of Opimius as consul, and then proceeded to
revoke many of the laws which Caius had secured and
to meddle with the organization of the colony at
Carthage. This was by way of irritating Caius, that
he might furnish ground for resentment, and so be
got rid of. At first he endured all this patiently, but
at last, under the instigations of his friends, and
especially of Fulvius, he set out to gather a fresh body
of partisans for opposition to the consul. Here, we
are told, his mother also took active part in his
seditious measures, by secretly hiring from foreign
parts and sending to Rome men who were ostensibly
reapers ; for to this matter there are said to have
been obscure allusions in her letters l to her son.
Others, however, say that Cornelia was very much
displeased with these activities of her son.

Be that as it may, on the day when Opimius and
his supporters were going to annul the laws, the
Capitol had been occupied by both factions since
earliest morning, and after the consul had offered
sacrifice, one of his servants, Quintus Antyllius, as he
was carrying from one place to another the entrails
of the victims, said to the partisans of Fulvius :
" Make way for honest citizens, ye rascals ! " Some
say, too, that along with this speech Antyllius bared
his arm and waved it with an insulting gesture. At
any rate he was killed at once and on the spot, stabbed
with large writing styles said to have been made for
just such a purpose. The multitude were completely
confused by the murder, but it produced an opposite
state of mind in the leaders of the two factions.
Caius was distressed, and upbraided his followers for

1 Cf. Cicero, Brutus, 58, 211.

227

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

rrepl avTov co? alriav BeofMevois Trdkai Kaff1 eavrwv
Tot9 €X@poLS BeBwKoTas, 6 Be 'O-Tri/^09 wcnrep
evB6(TL/j.ov \a,3(i)V €7rrjpro KOI Trapw^vve TOV Brj/jiov
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BS dyopas Trapa TO @ov\evTtjpiov errLTtjBe^ Trape-
KOfJLi^ov, ol/jicayfj ^paijjievoL KOI Opqvw, yiyvwcrKOV-
TO? p,ev TOV 'OTTI/JLLOV TO, rrpaTTo/Aeva, TrpocrTroiov- 841
pevov Be Oavfjid^eLV, wcrre Kal rou? {3ov\evTas

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Tvpvvovs.
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228

CAIUS GRACCHUS, xm. 4-xiv. 4

having given their enemies ground for accusing them
which had long been desired ; but Opimius, as though
lie had got something for which he was waiting, was
elated, and urged the people on to vengeance.

XIV. A shower of rain fell just then, and the
assembly was dissolved ; but early next morning the
consul called the senate together indoors and pro-
ceeded to transact business, while others placed the
body of Antyllius without covering upon a bier, and
carried it, as they had agreed to do, through the forum
and past the senate-house, with wailings and lament-
ations. Opimius knew what was going on, but pre-
tended to be surprised, so that even the senators went
out into the forum. After the bier had been set down
in the midst of the throng, the senators began to in-
veigh against what they called a heinous and mons-
trous crime, but the people were moved to hatred and
abuse of the oligarchs, who, they said, after murder-
ing Tiberius Gracchus on the Capitol with their own
hands, tribune that he was, had actually flung away
his dead body besides ; whereas Antyllius, a mere
servant, who perhaps had suffered more than he
deserved, but was himself chiefly to blame for it, had
been laid out in the forum, and \vas surrounded bv the

•

Roman senate, which shed tears and shared in the
obsequies of a hireling fellow, to the end that the sole
remaining champion of the people might be done
away with. Then the senators went back into the
senate-house, where they formally enjoined upon the
consul Opimius to save the city as best he could,1
and to put down the tyrants.
The consul therefore ordered the senators to take

1 The formal decree of martial law : consul videret ne quid
respublica detriment,! caperet (Cicero, In Cat. i. 2, 4).

229

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

crvyK\r)TiKov$, KOI TWV

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Kal TroAAa (fropTiKws irap ffkiKiav
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Ydiov, ft)? eVt (TVfL(£>opa Koivfi TT}? Trar/otSo? fjcrv-
yiav ayovTes Kal TrepLcrKOTrovfjievoL TO fjie\\ov, eV
fjiepei (^uXaTTO^re? Kal dvaTravo/nevoi Sirjyov.

XV. f/Ayua Be rfftepa TOV [lev Qov\(3iov €K TOV
TTOTOV KaOevBovTa fio\i<; eireyeipavTe^ a)Tr\t,£ovTO
Tcepl Trjv oiKiav avTov \a(f)vpois, a FaXara?
ore viraTevev el\7)<j)ei, Kal //-era- TroXXr}?
cnret\r)<; Kal Kpavyfjs c^copovv /caTaXryv|ro/xe^ot TOV
'AftevTLVov \6(f>ov. o Be Fato? QTC\i<iaaQai
OVK r)0e\r}cr€v, aXX* wo-irep et? dyopdv ev
2 Trpoyei, fJiiKpov VTre^ayo-fjLevos ey\eipi^>tov,

Be avTO) trepl ra? Ovpas ri yvvr) irpoaTreuovaa Kal
TrepiTTTv^acra TWV ^eipwv TTJ /u.ev avTov eKelvov, Trj
Be TO TraiBiov, " OVK eirl TO flr/pd ere," eiirev, "w
Fate, TrpoTre/jiTra) B^ap^ov, a>? TrpoTepov, Kal

230

CAIUS GRACCHUS, xiv. 4-xv. 2

up arms, and every member of the equestrian order
was notified to bring next morning two servants fully
armed ; Fulvius, on the other hand, made counter
preparations and got together a rabble, but Caius, as
he left the forum, stopped in front of his father's
statue, gazed at it for a long time without uttering a
word, then burst into tears, and with a groan departed.
Many of those who saw this were moved to pity
Caius ; they reproached themselves for abandoning
and betraying him, and went to his house, and spent
the night at his door, though not in the same manner
as those who were guarding Fulvius. For these
passed the whole time in noise and shouting, drink-
ing, and boasting of what they would do, Fulvius him-
self being the first to get drunk, and saying and
doing much that was unseemly for a man of his years ;
but the followers of Caius, feeling that they faced a
public calamity, kept quiet and were full of concern
for the future, and passed the night sleeping and
keeping watch by turns.

XV. When day came, Fulvius was with difficulty
roused from his drunken sleep by his partisans, who
armed themselves with the spoils of war about his
house, which he had taken after a victory over the
Gauls during his consulship, and with much threaten-
ing and shouting went to seize the Aventine hill.
Caius, on the other hand, was unwilling to arm him-
self, but went forth in his toga, as though on his way
to the forum, with only a short dagger on his person.
As he was going out at the door, his wife threw her-
self in his way, and with one arm round her husband
and the other round their little son, said : " Not to
the rostra, O Caius, do I now send thee forth, as
formerly, to serve as tribune and law-giver, nor yet to

231

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

fv, ov<? errl TTO^C/JLOV evBo^ov, 'Lva JJLOL /cal rra-

9 (OV TL TWV KOLVWV aTT O\iTrr)S Tl/AO)/A€VOV yOVV 7T€V-

#09, r/XXa rot9 liijBepLov (frovevcriv v7ro/3d\\€L<;

'iva

?} Spdcrys, 777209 ov£)€V Se rot? KOIVOIS 6'(£eAo? a

3 KGKpdrrjKev rj&i] rd ^eipw (3ia KOI cn^pw ra?

TrpdrrovcTiv. el Trepl Nofiavriav 6 cro9
9 eTre&ev, vTroaTrovSos av JUJLLV direSoOr)
vvv 8e tcra)? Kaju> TToraf^ou TIVOS f) Oa-
[teens eaofiau (frfjvaL Trore TO CTOJ^ cr<wyu,a

(f)pOVpOVfl€VOV. TL jap r) VOfJLOLS €TL 7TK7TOV Tf

4 $eo?9 /xera TOV Tiftepiov cfrovov; ' ToiavTa r?}9

aTpe/Jia ra9 7repi{3o\d<;
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dvav&os, lAe^pi ov \iTroO vpriaaaav avTrjv
ol OepaTTOVTes dpdfjievoi 77/009 Kpd<rcrov (D

TOV d$6\(f)OV KO/jli^OVTeS.

XVI. 'O ^e 4)ouX^O9, ft)9 eyevovTO
dOpooi, TreicrOels vrro TOV Tatov Tre/jLTrei TWV vlwv
TOV vecoTepov €%ovTa KTjpvfceiov et9 dyopdv. rjv Be 842
/eaXXt<7T09 o veaviaKOS 0(f)@f)vai' KOL Tore /caTa-
<rra9 Kocr/j,ia)<; real /uer' albovs SebaKpu/jLevos erroir)-

(TdTO (TV/jiaTlKOVS OyOV$ 7T/J09 TO!' VTTCLTOV K(U
2 TYfV <TVyK\rjTOV. OL /A€V OVV TTOXXO/ TWV TTCLpOVTCOV

OVK ar;8co9 rrpos ra9 SiaXvcreis el^ov 6 Be 'O?rt-
ov SL dyye\.a)V e^rf ^ptjvaL TrelOeiv rrjv
aXXa KCiTaftdvTas 0)9 vrrevOvvovs
7roXtra9 eVi fcpiffiv KOI TrapaSovTas avTOvs OVTWS
7rapaiT€Lcr0ai rrjv opyijv TW Be /aeipaKLa) real
Birjyopevcrev errl TOVTOIS KaTikrai 7rd\iv rj fj,rj

232

CAIUS GRACCHUS, xv. 2-xvi. 2

a glorious war, where, shouldst thou die (and all men
must die), thou wouldst at all events leave me an
honoured sorrow ; but thou art exposing thyself to
the murderers of Tiberius, and thou doest well to go
unarmed, that thou mayest suffer rather than inflict
wrong ; but thy death will do the state no good.
The worst has at last prevailed ; by violence and the
sword men's controversies are now decided. If thy
brother had only fallen at Numantia, his dead body
would have been given back to us by terms of truce ;
but as it is, perhaps I too shall have to supplicate
some river or sea to reveal to me at last thy body in
its keeping. Why, pray, should men longer put faith
in laws or gods, after the murder of Tiberius?"
While Licinia was thus lamenting, Caius gently freed
himself from her embrace and went away without a
word, accompanied by his friends. Licinia eagerly
sought to clutch his robe, but sank to the ground and
lay there a long time speechless, until her servants
lifted her up unconscious and carried her away to the
house of her brother Crassus.

XVI. When all were assembled together, Fulvius.
yielding to the advice of Caius, sent the younger of
his sons with a herald's wand into the forum. The
young man was very fair to look upon ; and now, in a
decorous attitude, modestly, and with tears in his eyes,
he addressed conciliatory words to the consul and the
senate. Most of his audience, then, were not disin-
clined to accept his terms of peace ; but Opimius
declared that the petitioners ought not to try to per-
suade the senate by word of messenger ; they should
rather come down and surrender themselves for trial,
like citizens amenable to the laws, and then beg for
mercy ; he also told the young man plainly to come

233

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

3 Karievai. Fai'o? pev ovv, 0*9 fyacnv, e/3ov\eTo

Kal TreiOeiv ryv o-vyK\rjrov' ovBevbs Be
\\wv (TvyxwpovvTOs, av0i$ eTre/jbtyev 6 $>ov\-
rov TralBa Bia\e^6/jLevov VTrep avrwv O/JLOICL
rot? Trporepois. 6 Se 'O-Trt/uo? cnrevSwv
avva'fyai TO f^ev /AeipaKiov evQvs crvveXa/Be
Trape&wrcev et? fyvXaKijv, rot? 8e irepl rbv
eiryei /zera TTO\\WV OTrXtrw^ Kal ro^orwv

4 O'L /jid\LcrTa /3aXXo^re? aurou? Kal KararpavfjiarL-

crvveTapa^av. yevo/jievr)? Be TT}? rpOTrfjs o
to? el'? ri (3a\avelov 1} /zeA,>; /Jievov Kara-
KOL fj,€ra fJLLKpbv dvevpeOels KaT€
a rov irpevftvrepov Tra^So?, 6 8e Fato?

VTT ovSevbs /za^o/zei/o?, aXXa Sv<ravacr%6Ttov
rot? yivofJievoL^ dve^coprjcrev 6t? TO TT)? 'A^Teyu-tSo?
iepov €Kei Be ^ov\6^evo<^ eavrov dve\elv VTTO rwv
TTKnordrcov eraipwv €Ka)\vdrj, IIo^Trwiaou Kal
\iKivvlov Trapovres <ydp ouroi TO re

5 \ovro Kal 7rd\iv (frevyeiv CTrfjpav avTov. evOa
\eyerai Ka9ecr0e\s et? 70^1^ Kal Ta?

TT/QO? TT)I> ^eoi^ errev^acrOai, rbv
dvrl TT}? d^apKTTia^ e/celvr)? Kal

TravaacrOai Bov\evovra' fyavepws yap

OL 7T\€L(7TOi /JL€T€{3d\\OVTO

XVII. QevyovTi B* ovv rw Yatw TCOV
€7TL(j)€po/jLevci)v Kal Kara\a/ui/3av6vT(0v irepl rrjv
%v\ivrjv ye(j)vpav, ol /jiev Bvo <f>i\oi TT po%a) pelv
eKeivov K€\€vcravT€S avrol TOU? BiwKovras vjre-
(TTijcrav Kal ^a\o^voi Trpb rr/s ye(f>vpa<; ovBeva
2 TraprJKav ea>? cnreBavov. TW Be Yatw crvvefyevyev

234

CAIUS GRACCHUS, xvi. 3-xvn. 2

back again on these terms or not come back at all.
Caius, accordingly, as we are told, was willing to come
and try to persuade the senate ; but no one else
agreed with him, and so Fulvius sent his son again to
plead in their behalf as before. But Opimius, who
was eager to join battle, at once seized the youth and
put him under guard, and then advanced on the party
of Fulvius with numerous men-at-arms and Cretan
archers. And it was the archers who, by discharging
their arrows and wounding their opponents, were most
instrumental in throwing them into confusion. After
the rout had taken place, Fulvius fled for refuge into
an unused bath, where he was shortly discovered and
slain, together with his elder son. Caius, however,
was not seen to take any part in the battle, but in
great displeasure at what was happening he withdrew
into the temple of Diana. There he was minded to
make away with himself, but was prevented by his
most trusty companions, Pomponius and Licinius ; for
they were at hand, and took away his sword, and
urged him to flight again. Then, indeed, as we are
told, he sank upon his knees, and with hands
outstretched towards the goddess prayed that the
Roman people, in requital for their great ingratitude
and treachery, might never cease to be in servitude ;
for most of them were manifestly changing sides, now
that proclamation of immunity had been made.

XVII. So then, as Caius fled, his foes pressed hard
upon him and were overtaking him at the wooden
bridge over the Tiber, but his two friends bade him
go on, while they themselves withstood his pursuers,
and, fighting there at the head of the bridge, would
suffer no man to pass, until they were killed. Caius
had with him in his flight a single servant, by name

•

235

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

ofC€Tl]S OVOfjia loKpaTIIS, 7rvTO)V fl€V,

cv dfjii\\r), 7rapa><e\€vo/j,€V(0v, ovBevo? Be ftorj-
OOVVTOS, oi'Be 'tinrov aiTov/jievy Trapacr^eiv e0e\ij-
cravTOS' €7reK€ivTO yap eyyvs 01 BicoKOVTes. o Be
(f)OdveL fJLLKpov e/9 iepov aXcro? 'ILpLvvvwv Kara-
<fivyu)v, Kafcei Bia^Oeiperai,, rov QiXoKparovs ave-
3 XOZ^TO? exelvov, elra kawrov eTricr^dPavTOs. co? Be

eviol aaiv, ajioreoi .ev VTTO

/re?, TOV Be OepdnovTos TOV
7repi/3a\6i>TOS ovBels exeivov TjBvvr/Ojj
TrpoTepov rj TOVTOV VTTO TroXXon' TTCUO-
/jLevov dvaip€0y)i'ai. TTJV Be K€(£>a\r)V TOV Ta'iov
\eyovaiv d\\ov /Aev aTCOKo^fai Kai KO/JLL^CIV,
d<pe\eo~0ai Be TOVTOV <j)i\ov 'OTTL/J-LOV TIVCL, S€TT-
TOV/jLOV\i]iov rjv yap irpoK€Kripvyp.ei ov ev dp^rj
r/}? /^a^>7? laoaTacnov ^pvai'ov TOLS dveveyKovcrt

4 TTJV Ta'iov Kal <&ov\{3iov K€(f)a\t)v. avr}V€^0r} Be
VTTO TOV ^,e7TTOv/j.ov\r/iov 7repL7T€7rap/j,evrj BopaTi

7T/30? TOV 'OTTLfjllOV, KOI %VyOV KO/J.I vOeVTOS €VT€-

Oelcra Xir^oa? eTTTaKaiBeKa Kal oijjtaipov e'tXtcvcre,
TOV %€7rTOv/u.ov\r)iov Kal rrepl TOVTO /jtiapov yevo-
/jievov Kal KaKovpy)jo~avTos' e^eX&jy yap TOV eyKe-
(£>a\ov €veT))^e /^oXv/BBov. 01 Be TOV <&OV\$LOV
Tt/v K€(j)a\^v KO/j.icravT€S (//crai^ yap TWV dcrrj/jLO-

5 Tepa)v^) ovBev eXaftov, TCL Be &a)/jiaTa Kal TOVTWV

a\\o)v et? TOV TTOTa/abv eppifyrj, Tpia-
L0)v dvaipedevT(t)v Kal Ta? overlap avTwv
aTreBoi'TO 7T/009 TO Brijj.6o-iov. aTreiTrav Be TrevOeiv
Tat? yvvai£i, TJJV Be Ta'iov Ajticivviav Kal TT)?

dTreo-Tep^crav. u>/j.oTaTOv Be Trpoaetpyd- 343
ToO <&ov\/3iov TOV vearrepov viov, OVTC

236

CAIUS GRACCHUS, xvn. 2-5

Philocrates; and though all the spectators, as at a race,
urged Caius on to greater speed, not a man came to
his aid, or even consented to furnish him with a horse
when he asked for one, for his pursuers were pressing
close upon him. He barely succeeded in escaping
into a sacred grove of the Furies, and there fell by
the hand of Philocrates, who then slew himself upon
his master. According to some writers, however,
both were taken alive by the enemy, and because the
servant had thrown his arms about his master, no one
was able to strike the master until the slave had first
been dispatched by the blows of many. Someone
cut off the head of Caius, we are told, and was carry-
ing it along, but was robbed of it by a certain friend
of Opimius, Septimuleius ; for proclamation had been
made at the beginning of the battle that an equal
weight of gold would be paid the men who brought
the head of Caius or Fulvius. So Septimuleius stuck
the head of Caius on a spear and brought it to Opim-
ius, and when it was placed in a balance it weighed
seventeen pounds and two thirds, since Septimuleius,
besides showing himself to be a scoundrel, had also
perpetrated a fraud ; for he had taken out the brain
and poured melted lead in its place. But those who
brought the head of Fulvius were of the obscurer sort,
and therefore got nothing. The bodies of Caius and
Fulvius and of the other slain were thrown into the
Tiber, and they numbered three thousand ; their
property was sold and the proceeds paid into the
public treasury. Moreover, their wives were for-
bidden to go into mourning, and Licinia, the wife of
Caius, was also deprived of her marriage portion.
Most cruel of all, however, was the treatment of the
younger son of Fulvius, who had neither lifted a hand

237

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

vrap/jievov ovr ev rot? pa^o/nevcus yev-
/ji€vov, a\\a €7rl cnrovBds e.\6bvra rrpb TT}? /j,d%r)<>
6 (rv\\a{36vre<; /col /jLerd rrjv fid^v dve\6vr€S. ov
fjLrjv a\\a real rourov KOI rwv a\\wv aTrdvrcov
fjid\\ov r)viacre TOJ)? TroXXoi/? TO
'Ofiovoias lepov VTTO rov 'OTTifii
yap €86fcei teal fjieya fypovelv KCU rponov TIVCL

€7TL (iOVOlS TOaOVTOlS 7TO\ITWV.

KOi VVKTOS VTTO TrV €7TLa()rV TOV V€GD

rives rov crrl'xpv rovrov ""Epyov d
vabv b/jiovoias rroielS
XVIII. Ouro? aevroi TTOWTO? eEovcria

. *

ropo? ev VTrareia ^prfcrdfjievo^ KCU

€7rl Tio"i\LOi<> TroXtrai? Fdiov

KOI <&ov\!3iov QXaKKOV, wv o IJLCV TJV VTrarifcbs /col
b Be r^? KaO* avrbv r)\iKias dpeTrj

7rp(i)T€VK(t)<i, OUK a7T6<7^€TO K\OTTr)S,

d\\d TrefjifyOeis a>? 'lovyovpflav rbv No/xa8a IT pea -
j3evrr)S Sie(f)0dp?] %prnj,axnv VTT* avrov' KOI Bi/cfjv
6<})\(i)i> ala^iaTrjv S(apoBofcias ev art/ua Kareyrj-
pacre fjuaovfjievos KOI 7rp07ni\aKi£6[ji€vo<; VTTO rov
2 Brjfjiov, Trap1 avrd /j,ev rd Trpa^Oevra raTreivov
yevopevov /cal a-varaX-evTOS, b\iya) Se varepov
avTOS ocrov el-^ev i/jiepov /cal irbOov rwv
-wv. clicbvas re yap avrwv dvabei^avre.? ev
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vevOrjaav d<f>iepa)(Tavr€<; drrrjp^ovro JJLCV wv wpai
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\ol /cal TTpoaemrrrov, wcrrrep 0ea)v iepols e7ri<f>oi-

XIX. Kal fievroi /cal rj ¥iopvi]\La \eyerai rd
238

CAIUS GRACCHUS, xvn. 5~xix. i

against the nobles nor been present at the fighting,
but had come to effect a truce before the battle and
had been arrested ; after the battle he was slain.
However, what vexed the people more than this or
anything else was the erection of a temple of Concord
by Opimius 1 ; for it was felt that he was priding him-
self and exulting and in a manner celebrating a
triumph in view of all this slaughter of citizens.
Therefore at night, beneath the inscription on the
temple, somebody carved this verse : — " A work of
mad discord produces a temple of Concord."

XVIII. And yet this Opimius, who was the first
consul to exercise the power of a dictator, and put to
death without trial, besides three thousand other
citizens, Caius Gracchus and Fulvius Flaccus, of whom
one had been consul and had celebrated a triumph,
while the other was the foremost man of his genera-
tion in virtue and reputation — this Opimius could
not keep his hands from fraud, but when he was sent
as ambassador to Jugurtha the Numidian was bribed
by him, and after being convicted most shamefully
of corruption, he spent his old age in infamy, hated
and abused by the people, a people which was humble
and cowed at the time when the Gracchi fell, but
soon afterwards showed how much it missed them
and longed for them. For it had statues of the
brothers made and set up in a conspicuous place,
consecrated the places where they were slain, and
brought thither offerings of all the first-fruits of the
seasons, nay, more, many sacrificed and fell down
before their statues every day, as though they were
visiting the shrines of gods.

XIX. And further, Cornelia is reported to have

1 Opimius restored the temple of Concord which had been

built by Camillas (see the Camillus, xlii. 4).

239

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

T€ aXXa TT}? avfjityopas evyevws KOI
evejfcelv, /cal Trepl Twv lepwv ev o£9
eiTTeiv a>9 a^/ou? ot ve/cpol ra<£ou? e^ovaiv. avrr)
Be Trepl TOU? Ka\ov[i,evov<$ M.ia"r)vov<i
2 ovBev yiteraXXa^aaa T/}? crvuijOous

del

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wr /3a<rtXea)i> «ai ^e^ofjievwv irap
avrf)? Swpa real TTefiirovTWV. rjSiarrj /j,ev ovv f)i>
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TOV TOV Trarpo? 'A<ppifcavov fiiov /cal
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Kpvros iwrifjiovevovcra, fcal TrdOrf KOI irpd^eis
avrwv, wcnrep apvaicov nvwv, e^rjyov fjiivr] rot?
3 TrvvOavofJLevois. o9ev eSo^ev eviois eicvovs VTTO
rj /j,6y€0ov$ fca/c&v yeyovevai /cal rwv

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vkvai /cal T€Td()dai /faXw9 o<>eXo9 e'crrt

vpwTTots, /ca OTI r)S pers rj
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ev 8e TO) TTTalaaL TO fyepew 6u\oyi(TTO)^ ov
TrapaipeiTai.

KAI KAEOMENOY2 KAT

I. 'HjLiv Be teal

irepas clover rjs T7?9
lv e/c 7rapa\\rf\ov
TWV ftiwv Trfv diToOea)pr]a'iv. TOU9 fjiev ovv Ypd<y-
240

CAIUS GRACCHUS, xix. 1-3

borne all her misfortunes in a noble and mag-
nanimous spirit, and to have said of the sacred places
where her sons had been slain that they were tombs
worthy of the dead which occupied them. She re-
sided on the promontory called Misenum, and made
no change in her customary way of living. She had
many friends, and kept a good table that she might
show hospitality, for she always had Greeks and
other literary men about her, and all the reigning
kings interchanged gifts with her. She was indeed
very agreeable to her visitors and associates when
she discoursed to them about the life and habits of
her father Africanus, but most admirable when she
spoke of her sons without grief or tears, and nar-
rated their achievements and their fate to all en-
quirers as if she were speaking of men of the early
days of Rome. Some were therefore led to think
that old age or the greatness of her sorrows had
impaired her mind and made her insensible to her
misfortunes, whereas, really, such persons themselves
were insensible how much help in the banishment of
grief mankind derives from a noble nature and from
honourable birth and rearing, as well as of the fact
that while Fortune often prevails over virtue when
it endeavours to ward off evils, she cannot rob
virtue of the power to endure those evils with calm
assurance.

AGIS AND CLEOMENES AND THE
GRACCHI COMPARED

I. Now that I have brought this story of the
Gracchi also to an end, it renrains for me to take a
survey of all four lives in parallel. As for the Gracchi,

241

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

vou? ot»8' ot rrdvv ra\\a /ca/ca><; \eyovres real
{jLKTOVVTes ero\/jirjo-ar elrrelv 009 ov/c evtyvecrraroi
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2 rpo<f)i]<; re real rraiBevcrea)? eKTrperrovs e
Be "AyLBos real KXeo/xei^ou? $vcri$ e

TT}? eiceivwv yevofjLevrj, Trap1 ocrov ovre
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KalTrpoyovifcris irjcr%vv07)crav eyicara'Knrelv ol Be
ical rrarepwv rdvavrla rrpoypr]iJLevwv yeyovores, /cal
rrjv TrarpiBa fjLO^drjpa rrpdrrovcrav real voaovffav
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4 ica\ov d-JTiip,jB\vvav op^v. /cal yJr]V rrjs ye
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1.1. r/M 76 fJir]V eiri(3ov\r) fcal roX/xa rwv

242

AGIS, CLEOMENES AND GRACCHI, i. i-n. i

then, not even those who utterly revile and hate them
on other grounds have ventured to deny that of all
Romans they were best equipped by nature for the
practice of virtue, and enjoyed a rearing and training
which were preeminent ; but Agis and Cleomenes
would appear to have had even sturdier natural gifts
than theirs, in so far as, though they did not receive
a correct training, and were reared in those customs
and ways of living by which their elders had long ago
been corrupted, they nevertheless made themselves
leaders in simplicity and self-restraint. And further,
the Gracchi, at a time when Rome had her greatest
and most splendid repute and an ardour for noble
deeds, were prevented by a sense of shame from
abandoning what was like an inheritance of virtue
from ancestors near and remote ; Agis and Cleomenes,
on the other hand, though they were sons of fathers
who had adopted opposite principles to theirs, and
found their country in a wretched plight and full of
distempers, did not suffer these things to blunt the
edge of their zeal for what was noble. Moreover, the
chief proof that the Gracchi scorned wealth and were
superior to money lies in the fact that they kept
themselves clear from unrighteous gains during their
official and political life ; whereas Agis would have
been incensed to receive praise for not taking any-
thing that was another's, since he freely gave to his
fellow citizens his own property, which amounted to
six hundred talents in ready money alone, to say
nothing of other valuables. How great a baseness,
then, would unlawful gain have been held to be by
one in whose eyes even the lawful possession of more
than another was rapacity ?

II. Again, the enterprise and boldness of their

243

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

7TO\V TO) /JL€y€0€i 7Taprj\XaTT€V. 67TO-

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KpaTovcrav rj Ej\,\.as evretoe icai

/neyiaTov ^vva^evoi^ Siaywi'i^o/jLevrjv dywva

Blass, Fuhr, and Ziegler, after Madvig :
244

AGIS, CLEOMENES AND GRACCHI, n. 1-4

attempted reforms were certainly very different in
magnitude. For in their political activities Caius had
in view the construction of roads and the founding of
cities, and the boldest of all the projects of the
Romans were, in the case of Tiberius the recovery of
the public lands, and in that of Caius the reconstitu-
tion of the courts of justice by the addition of three
hundred men from the equestrian order; whereas
Agis and Cleomenes in their reforms, considering that
the application of trifling and partial remedies and
excisions to the disorders of the state was nothing

more than cutting off* a Hydra's heads (as Plato says
tried to introduce into the constitution a change which
was able to transform and get rid of all evils at once ;
though perhaps it is more in accordance with the
truth to say that they banished the change which
had wrought all sorts of evils, by bringing back the
state to its proper form and establishing it therein.
Besides, this also can be said, that the policies of the
Gracchi were opposed by the greatest Romans,
whereas those which Agis instituted and Cleomenes
consummated were based upon the fairest and most
imposing precedents, namely, the ancient rhetras or
unwritten laws concerning simplicity of life and
equality of property, for which Lycurgus was voucher
to them, and the Pythian Apollo to Lycurgus.2 But
the most important consideration is that through the
political activity of the Gracchi Rome made no
advance in greatness, whereas, in consequence of the
achievements of Cleomenes, within a short time
Greece beheld Sparta mistress of the Peloponnesus
and carrying on a struggle for the supremacy with
those who then had the greatest power, the object of

1 Republic, p. 426 e. 2 See the Lycurgus, xiii.

VOL. x. *45

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

TOP irepl r/7? rjye/AOVias, ov reXo? TJV aTra\\ayelaav
'I\\vpitca)v orjr\o)v teal Ta\aTifcwv rr/v 'EXXaSa

III. Ol/Jiai Be teal ra? reXefra? raw dvSpwv

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yap /jLa%6/jL6voi irpos rou? TroXtra?, etra

TOVTCOV

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rot? TTyocoTOi? ay evajjii\\ov^ 'Pco/jialwv yevecrdat,
(TTpar'rjyoL^, el yu-r) TrpoavypeOrjcrav.

IV. T^? 8e vroXtreta? o /i-e^ 'Ayt? eoticev a^avQai
p,a\aK(t)repov, eKKpovcrOeis VTTO yAyrjcri\,dov teal
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yei\ev vTTo ttroXyLtta? 5ta T^ ijXitciav
o Be KXeofjiewr)? rovvavrLov Opacrvrepov teal

346

AGIS, CLEOMENES AND GRACCHI, n. 4-iv. i

which struggle was to set Greece free from Illyrian
and Gaulish troops and array her once more under
descendants of Heracles.

III. I think, too, that the way in which the men
died makes manifest a difference in their high ex-
cellence. For the Gracchi fought against their fellow
citizens, and then died as they sought to make their
escape ; but in the case of the Greeks, Agis would
not kill a single citizen, and therefore died what one
might almost call a voluntary death, and Cleomenes,
after setting out to avenge himself for insults and
wrongs, found the occasion unfavourable and with a
good courage slew himself. But again, when we take
the opposite view of their relative merits, Agis
displayed no deed worthy of a great commander, but
was cut off untimely, and with the many honourable
victories won by Cleomenes we can compare the
capture of the wall at Carthage by Tiberius, which
was no trifling deed, and his truce at Numantia, by
which twenty thousand Roman soldiers who had no
other hope of salvation were spared ; and Caius, too,
manifested great bravery in military service at home,
and great bravery in Sardinia, so that the brothers
might have vied successfully with the foremost Roman
generals, had they not been cut off untimely.

IV. In their civic activities, however, Agis would
seem to have taken hold of things with too little
spirit ; he was baffled by Agesilaus, and broke his
promise to the citizens about the re-distribution
of lands, and in a word abandoned and left un-
finished the designs which he had deliberately
formed and announced, owing to a lack of courage
due to his youth. Cleomenes, on the contrary,
undertook his change of the constitution with too

247

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

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2 aTTavras rov<t ot/ceTa?, efiaaiXevae &€ TW
TO) 5e

248

AGIS, CLEOMENES AND GRACCHI, iv. i-v. 2

much rashness and violence, killing the ephors in
unlawful fashion, when it would have been easier to
win them over to his views or remove them by
superiority in arms, just as he removed many others
from the city. For a resort to the knife, except under
extremest necessity, is not the mark either of a good
physician or statesman, but in both cases shows a
lack of skill, and in the case of the statesman there
is added both injustice and cruelty. Neither of
the Gracchi, however, initiated civil slaughter, and
Caius, we are told, would not resort to self-defence
even when his life was threatened, but though he
was a most brilliant soldier in the field, he showed
himself most inactive in civil strife. For he went
forth from his house unarmed and withdrew when the
battle began, and in a word was seen to be more
intent upon not doing any harm to others than
upon not suffering harm himself. Therefore we must
hold that the flight of the brothers was not a mark of
cowardice, but of caution. For they were obliged
either to yield to their assailants, or, in case they held
their ground, to defend themselves actively against
harm.

V. Again, the greatest of the accusations against
Tiberius is that he deposed his colleague from the
tribuneship and canvassed for a second tribuneship
himself; and as for Caius, the murder of Antyllius
was unjustly and falsely attributed to him, for it
happened contrary to his wishes and much to his dis-
pleasure. But Cleomenes, not to mention again his
slaughter of the ephors, set free all the slaves, and
was king by himself in point of fact, though nomin-
ally with another, after he had chosen his brother
Eucleidas, a man from the same house, as his col-

249

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

v CK yum? otcas avrw
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e/5e/8atft)<T6 rrjv alriav icaO^ avrov

3 avaipecrews. fcairoi Avtcovpyos, bv Trpoareiroielro

rrjv /te^ fia&iKeiav e/ccov cnrebcoKe rw
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vTrep avrov, T£> Be ercBiKovvri rov

250

AGIS, CLEOMENES AND GRACCHI, v. 2-5

league ; and he persuaded Archidamus, who belonged
to the other house and should have been his colleague
on the throne, to come back to Sparta from Messene,
and upon his death, by not following up the murder,
he fixed upon himself the blame for his taking off'.
And yet Lycurgus, whom he professed to imitate,
voluntarily surrendered the royal power to Charillus
his brother's son, and because he feared lest, if the
young man should die by another's hand, some blame
might attach to himself, he wandered a long time in
foreign parts, and would not come back until a son
had been born to Charillus who should succeed to his
office.1 However, with Lycurgus no other Greek is
worthy to be compared ; but that the political
measures of Cleomenes were marked by greater in-
novations and illegalities than those of the Gracchi, is
evident. And indeed those who are inclined to crit-
icize their characters accuse the two Greeks of having
been from the outset over fond of power and strife,
and the two Romans of having been by nature im-
moderately ambitious, though their detractors could
bring no other charge against them ; nay, it was
agreed that they were caught up by the fury of the
contest with their opponents and by a passion contrary
to their own natural bent, as by blasts of wind, and so
let the state drive into extremest danger. For what
could be more just and honourable than their original
design ? And they would have succeeded in it, had
not the party of the rich, by their violent and partisan
attempts to abrogate the agrarian law, involved both
of them in fierce struggles, Tiberius through fear for
his own life, and Caius in an effort to avenge his
brother, who had been slain without justice or

1 See the Lycurgus, iii. 5.

251

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

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dvaipeOevra;
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Be r)fj,apTr)Kevcu TO
Be /cal ro\/jirj Ydiov ovrc o\iyu>
varepov yeyovevai.

252

AGIS, CLEOMENES AND GRACCHI, v. 5-6

senatorial decree and without the concurrence even
of a magistrate.

From what has been said, then, my reader will
perceive for himself the difference between these
men ; but if I am to express my opinion of them
individually, I should say that Tiberius led them all
in exemplary virtues, that the youthful Agis com-
mitted the fewest errors, and that in achievement
and courage Caius fell far short of Cleomenes.

253

PHILOPOEMEN

OIAOIIOIMHN

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Tvpavvov 'Aparro a-vve%efta\ov, Kal Kvprjvaiois

256

PHILOPOEMEN

I. OLEANDER was a man of the highest lineage and
greatest influence among the citizens of Mantineia,
but he met with reverses and was exiled from his
native city. He then betook himself to Megalopolis,
chiefly because of Craugis, the father of Philopoemen,
a man in every way illustrious, and attached to him by
ties of personal friendship. As long as Craugis lived,
Oleander's wants were all supplied, and when Craugis
died, Oleander, wishing to requite him for his
hospitality, undertook the rearing of his orphan son,
just as Homer says that Achilles was reared by
Phoenix,1 so that the boy's character took on from
the very outset a noble and kingly mould and growth.
But as soon as Philopoemen had ceased to be a boy,
Ecdemus and Megalophanes, of Megalopolis, were
put in charge of him.2 They had been comrades of
Arcesilaiis at the Academy, and beyond all men of
their day had brought philosophy to bear upon
political action and affairs of state. They freed their
own native city from tyranny, by secretly procuring
men to kill Aristodemus ; they joined with Aratus in
expelling Nicocles the tyrant of Sicy on ;3 and at the
request of the people of Gyrene, whose city was full

1 Cf . Iliad, ix. 438 ff.

2 A brief biography of Philopoemen may be found in
Pausanias, viii. 49-51. It agrees, in the main, with that of
Plutarch. Philopoemen was born about 252 B.C.

3 See the Aratus, ii.-x.

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

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258

PHILOPOEMEN, i. 3-11. 3

of confusion and political distemper, they sailed
thither, introduced law and order, and arranged
matters in the city most happily. They themselves,
however, counted the education of Philopoemen also
among their many achievements, believing that their
philosophical teachings had made him a common
benefit to Greece. For since he was the child, as it
were, of her late old age and succeeded to the virtues
of her ancient commanders, Greece loved him sur-
passingly, and as his reputation grew, increased his
power. And a certain Roman, in praising him, called
him the last of the Greeks,1 implying that Greece
produced no great man after him, nor one worthy
of her.

II. In looks he was not, as some suppose, ill-
favoured ; for a statue of him is still to be seen at
Delphi ; and the mistake of hisMegarian hostess was
due, as we are told, to a certain indifference and
simplicity on his part. This woman, learning that
the general of the Achaeans was coming to her
house, in great confusion set about preparing
supper; besides, her husband chanced to be away
from home. Just then Philopoemen came in, wear-
ing a simple soldier's cloak, and the woman, thinking
him to be one of his servants who had been sent
on in advance, invited him to help her in her
housework. So Philopoemen at once threw off his
cloak and fell to splitting wood. Then his host
came in, and seeing him thus employed, said :
"What does this mean, Philopoemen?" "What
else," said Philopoemen in broad Doric, "than that I
am paying a penalty for my ill looks ? " And once
Titus Flamininus, making fun of certain parts of his

1 See the Aratus, xxiv. 2.

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

Ttro? elrrev, " 'H
e%6is Kal (JKekr)- yacrrepa o° ov/c e^et?-" rjv yap
€K ra)i> fieawv arevcarepos. TO fAevroL <TKa)u/j,a
7T/30? rr)v BvvafJiiv avrov fJLa\\ov eXe^Oi]. KOL
yap OTrXtra? e^wv ayaOovs Kal /TTTret? ^prifjid'Twv
TroXXa/a? OVK evTropei. -ravra fjiev ovv ev rat?
cr^oXat? irepl TOV 4>tX,o7rotyuef09 \eyerai.

III. ToO 6' 7/$ou9 TO (f)i\,OTi,jAOV OVK rjv jravrd-
TTCKTL fyiKoveiKias fcaOapov ovS* 0/977)9 d7Tij\\ay-
fjievov aXXa KaiTrep JE*7ra/j.eivd)v$ov /3ov\6fi6i>os
elvai fjiaXiara ^7/XwT?;?, TO Spaa-rrfpiov Kal CTVVZTOV

avrov Kal VTTO

TW &e Trpdo) Kal jSadel Kal fyiXavOpanru) Trapd Ta

ou

2 Tt/c/)? r) 7ro\LTtKrj^ dperrjs oiKelos elvai. Kal ydp
€K Trat&wv evOvs TJV (friX-ocrTpaTicoTrjs, Kal TOi?
Trpo? rovro ^piiai^OL^ fJiadt'ifjiaa-Lv vTrr/Kove Trpo-
, 67r\o/j,a%eiv Kal iTnreveLV. eirel Be Kal
evffrvws eSoKei Kal 7rap6Ka\ovv avTov
ejrl TYJV aB\i](Tiv evioi TWV $i\wv Kal T&V

rjpwTrja-ev avrovs /ULIJ 11 TT/OO? rrjv
v V7TO T^? a^X^creo)? /9XayS
3 T&V Se fyajjievwv, owep r/v, dO^TiKov crrpaTicoriKov

Kal fiiov SiafyepeLV Tot? Trdcrt, /jidXio-ra Be
Biairav erepav Kal aaK^aiv elvai, TWV fjiev virvw
T€ TroXXft) Kal 7r\r)o-/j.ovais eVSeXe^ecrt Kal Kivrjcrecrt,

Kal rcrviai^ avowTwv re Ka

\arrovra)v rrjv e%iv vrro Trdarjs /QOTTT}? Kal rrapeK-
ovaav, rd Be Trdarjs /j,ev TrXaz^/y? e/ATreipa KCLI

260

PHILOPOEMEN, n. 3-111. 3

re, said : " Philopoemen, what fine arms and legs
thou hast; but belly them hast not"; for Philo-
poemen was quite slender at the waist. This piece of
fun, however, was aimed the rather at his resources.
For though he had excellent men-at-arms and horse-
men, he was often at a loss for money. However,
these stories are told of Philopoemen in the schools of
philosophy.

III. But the love of distinction which marked his
character was not altogether free from contentiousness
nor devoid of anger ; and although he desired to
pattern himself most of all after Epaminondas, it was
the energy, sagacity, and indifference to money in
Epaminondas which he strenuously imitated, while
his proneness to anger and contentiousness made him
unable to maintain that great leader's mildness,
gravity, and urbanity in political disputes, so that he
was thought to be endowed with military rather than
with civic virtues. For from his very boyhood he was
fond of a soldier's life, and readily learned the lessons
which were useful for this, such as those in heavy-
armed fighting and horsemanship. He was also
thought to be a good wrestler, but when some of his
friends and directors urged him to take up athletics,
he asked them if athletics would not be injurious to
his military training. They told him (and it was the
truth) that the habit of body and mode of life for
athlete and soldier were totally different, and particu-
larly that their diet and training were not the same,
since the one required much sleep, continuous surfeit
of food, and fixed periods of activity and repose, in
order to preserve or improve their condition, which
the slightest influence or the least departure from
routine is apt to change for the worse ; whereas the

261

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

Trpoarj/cov elvai, fidkiara be

<j>epeiv paBiajs /mev evSeiav eWicr/jieva, paBia)<$ Be
dypwjrviav, aKovcras 6 ^iXoTroi^rfv ov JJLOVOV auro?
TO Trpdyfia teal KareyeXacrev, aXXa KOI
varepov anglais Kai rjrpOTrrj\.aKL<j[Jioli$)
oaov rjv eV CIVTM, Tracrav a6\rf(TLV e^efBakev a>?
TO, %pr)(Ti/LLc0TaTa TWV awfidrajv et? rou?
dywvas a^prjcrra jroiovcrav.

IV. 'AvraXXaYei? Se Bi&acrKdXwv KOI
<ya)ja)v €V ^ev rat? TroXtrf/cat? crrpareiais, a?
CTTOIOVVTO ArXwTreta? evefca KCU Xe^Xacri'a? et? r^
e/Lt^aXXo^re?, eWicrev avTov Trpwrov
efcarpaievovrwv, vara^ov Be
fta&'i^eiv. a^oX^ 8e ovcriys i} tewrjy&v
TO crcoyLta /cat KarecrKeva^e tc^vfyov apa KOI pcopa-
2 Xeot', 77 yewpywv. fy yap aypo? auTw /caXo? avro
(TTa&iwv etKOffi TT}? TroXea)?. et? TOVTOV e/3d$i£e
/caO rjfiepav /Aero, TO apiarov rj pera TO Selirvov,
teal Kara{3a\a)v eavrov eVt <TTi/3a&iov rov TV^OVTOS

epyarwv aveiraveTO. Trpco'l' Be

dvacrra<{ KOI crvvefya^dfjievos epyov TO A?
\ovpyovaiv 77 j3o7]\aTovau>, av0i<; et? TroXii/ a
Ta B^/jioaia TOi? <fii\oi<? teal Tot?

Ta yttei' ovv etc rwv crpaTeiMvirpocnovra Karav-

o?rXa

O€ olicov arro TT}? yecopylas av^eiv
eTreiparo Bi/caiOTaTa) T&V ^pr] /j,ar icr JJLWV ', ovSe TOVTO
7roiovfj.evos irdpepyov, aXXa /cat 7raj/t> irpocnj/ceiv

262

PHILOPOEMEN, in. 3-iv. 3

soldier ought to be conversant with all sorts of
irregularity and all sorts of inequality, and above all
should accustom himself to endure lack of food easily,
and as easily lack of sleep. On hearing this, Philo-
poemen not only shunned athletics himself and
derided them, but also in later times as a commander
banished from the army all forms of them, with every
possible mark of reproach and dishonour, on the
ground that they rendered useless for the inevitable
struggle of battle men who would otherwise be
most serviceable.

IV. And when, set free from teachers and tutors,
he took part in the incursions into Spartan territory
which his fellow-citizens made for the sake of booty
and plunder, he accustomed himself to march first as
they went out, but last as they came back. And
when he had leisure, he would give his body hard
exercise in hunting, thus rendering it agile and at the
same time sturdy, or in cultivating the soil. For he
had a fine farm twenty furlongs from the city. To
this he would go every day after dinner or after
supper, and would throw himself down upon an
ordinary pallet-bed, like anyone of his labourers, to
sleep for the night. Then, early in the morning, he
would rise and go to work along with his vine-dressers
or his herdsmen, after which he would go back again
to the city and busy himself about public matters with
his friends or with the magistrates.

As for what he got from his campaigning, he used
to spend it on horses, or armour, or the ransoming of
captives ; but his own property he sought to increase
by agriculture, which is the justest way to make
money. Nor did he practise agriculture merely as a
side issue, but he held that the man who purposed to

263

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

i rv

Be \6ya)v Kal o-vyypd/j./j,acri
evervyxavev, ou Tracriv, aXX' a<£' &v eBo

4 TTjQo? dpeTifv uxbeXelcrOai. Kal rwv Q/jUjpiKGOv oaa
ra? TT/OO? avSpeiav eyeipeiv Kal irapo^vveiv eVo/it^e

ias, TOVTOIS Trpocrel^e. TWV S' a\\cov ava-

/j-dXiara TO?? EvayyeXov
evefivero Kal ra? Trepl 'A\€%ai'Spov I
KaTel^e, TOU? \6yovs CTTL TO. 7rpdyfj.ara Kara-
aTp6<p€iv oio/j.ei>o$, el JJL^ cr^oX)}? eveKa Kal

5 aKaprrov Trepaivoivro. Kal yap rwv

, eVt TWV TOTTWV avTwv

e\ey)(ov Kal /zeXer?;^ eTroieiro, ^
Kal 7r6$L(ov aTTOKOTrds, Kal ocra Trepl peidpoL?
) crrevajTrols TrdOrj Kal cr^jJiaTa BLacrTr
Kal 7rd\iv crfcrTeXXo^eV?;? (£>d\ayyo$. e

GKOTTWV aUTO? 7T/30? aVTOV €V

6 TO£<? /ue^' eavTou 7rpo/3d\\a)v. eoiKe yap ovros
o dv^p Trepairepa) T>}? dvdyKrjs e/A(f)L\OKa\rja'ai
rot? CTTpaTiwTiKOi<;, Kal rbi' rroKefjiov a>? TTOLKL\W-
rdnjv vTTodecnv T?}? dpertj^ dcnrdcrao'dai, Kal
oXco? Karafypovelv roov d7TO\ei7ro/j.€i'a)v co? aTrpd-

V. "HS?; Se avrov Tfudtcovra err}

o ySacr^Xeu? AaKeSai/novioov VVKTO?
Trpoa-Treacov rfj MeyaXrj 7ro\ei Kal ra?
<; /S^acra^e^o? eVro? 7rapr)\@e Kal rifv dyo-
pdv KaieXaftev. €K/3oii6rjaas Be ^iXoTroi^v roz)?
264

PHILOPOEMEN, iv. 3-v. i

keep his hands from the property of others ought by
all means to have property of his own. He also
listened to the discourses and applied himself to the
writings of philosophers — not all of them, but those
whom he thought helpful to him in his progress
towards virtue. And as for the poems of Homer,
whatever in them was thought by him to rouse and
stimulate the activities of the soul which made for
valour, to this he would apply himself. Among other
writings, however, he was most of all devoted to the
"Tactics" of ISvangelus, and was familiar with the
histories of Alexander, thinking that literature was
conducive to action, unless it wrere prosecuted merely
to while away the time and afford themes for fruitless
small talk. Indeed, he would ignore the charts and
diagrams for the illustration of tactical principles, and
get his proofs and make his studies on the ground
itself. The ways in which places slope to meet
one another, and level plains come to an abrupt end,
and all the vicissitudes and shapes of a phalanx
when it is elongated and contracted again in the
vicinity of ravines or ditches or narrow defiles, these
he would investigate by himself as he wandered about,
and discuss them with his companions. For it would
seem that he brought more zeal than was necessary
to the study of military science, setting his affections
on war as affording a most manifold basis for the
practice of virtue, and despising as unsuccessful men
those who left it to others.

V. He was now thirty years of age, when Cleomenes,
King of the Lacedaemonians, suddenly attacked
Megalopolis by night, forced the guard, made his way
into the city, and occupied the market-place. Philo-
poemen came to the help of the citizens, but had not

265

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

uev 7roXe/ii'ou? ov KaTicr^vcrev e£e\dcrai)

, TOI>?

- -- rroXiVa? -poTTOv -ivd Try? TroXeo)? e£eAcAe^e,

70!? emSuiHCOVfft Kal TOP KXeo-
e'6'

(77(270?
•2 TpavfjMTLas ycvofi&fos* eVet ce ir

avTol) o KXeo/M&nrfi els ^lecrcrTJvrjv aTreXOovvi rijv
re TTG\IV fj.€Ta row

o <&i\G7roifj,r)v 7ou? TroXtVa?

a

r^ TroXii/ KXeo/ze^?, TrpocTKra-rat, ce rovs TroXtVa?

T<W Arat 777^ rroXij/ e^eiy ftefiaiorepov ov yap

avrotf

'

KO0ijft€VO<;, aXXa Arai, 70U7<Di^ urr' eptjfilaQ
aOai. Tav~a \eyatv TOV? /zef TroXtVa? aTrerpe^e,
TO) ce KXeoftevet Trpof^avLv 7rape<j-)(e \v[j.r)vacrQaL

a

VI. 'L-7£t ce Arrvyovos o /S

rv

l ra? rrept SeXXaTtay axpas Kal 7a? e/

avTC/v rraperatt. TT/V cvvap.iv ey/i-,
Kal @id£&r0at ctavoov^evO), r/v /j.fv ev
t fj.e~a TWV kav~ov
t&iXtnroifirjv, Kai Tra/xurraras

1 See the C7eom^ne>. xxiv.

- r:'. the: Oor'i'r,*-.. ixvii. and zxviii. The baV.le of
• it in 221 B.C.

266

PHILOPOEMEN, v. i-vi. i

force enough to drive the enemy out, although he
fought with vigour and daring. He did, however,
steal the citizens out of the city, as it were, by
attacking their pursuers and drawing Cleomenes
against himself, so that with the greatest difficulty
he got away last of all, after losing his horse and
receiving a wound. Moreover, when Cleomenes sent
to them at Messene, whither they had gone,, and
offered to give them back their city with its valuables
and their territory, Philopoemen, seeing that the
citizens would be glad to accept the offer and were
eager to go back home, opposed and dissuaded them
from it, showing them that Cleomenes was not so
much offering to restore their city as he was trying
to win over to himself its citizens, that so he miorht

^5

have the city also more securely in his possession ; for
he would not be able, Philopoemen said, to remain
there and guard empty houses and walls, but the
solitude would force him to abandon these also. By
this speech Philopoemen diverted the citizens from
their purpose, but furnished Cleomenes with an excuse
for devastating and demolishing the greater part of
the city and marching offloaded with booty.1

VI. Soon, however, Antigonus the king marched
with the Achaeans to give aid against Cleomenes, and
finding that his enemy was occupying the heights
and passes about Sellasia, he drew up his forces near
by with the purpose of attacking him and forcing a
passage.2 Philopoemen was stationed among the
Macedonian cavalry with his own fellow-citizens,3
and had as a support the Illyrians, a large body of

3 According to Polybius, ii. 66. 7, a thousand Achaeans
and as many Megalopolitans were stationed with the
Macedonian cavalry.

267

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

2 TroXXoi? ovai KOI fjLa'\ifJiOis. eiprjTO Be
efaBpevovaiv ijav^iav e^eiv a^pi av airo Qarepov
Kepcos VTTO rov /?ao-/,Xe&>? dpOfj <j>oiviiels vrrep
crapicrr]<s Biarera/j,evrj. rwv Se rjye/jiovwv rot?

ipwfjLevwv €K(3id%ecr0ai TOL/? Aa/ce&ai-
teal TCOV 'A^aiayv, Mcnrep Trpoa-ereraKro,
TTJV etfie&peiav ev rd^ei Sia(f)V\aTT6vTa>v, Eu^Xa^a?
o rov KXeojuievovs a£eX</>o? Kara^aduiv TO JIVO/JLCVOV
Trepl TOU? vroXe/xtof? Ta^u rou9 e'Xa-
rwv •fyiKwv TrepieTre/JL^rev, €%6mcr0€v rot?
eirnrearelv /ceXeucra? «al Trepiairav eprf-
TMV iTrTrewv a7ro\e\ei/jL/jLevovs.

3 Vivopevwv Be TOVTCOV Kal Twvfyi\wv Toi/?'JXXu- 359
piovs TrepicrTrcovTwv teal SiaraparTovTwv, avvi&cov

6 (&i\.o7roi/nijv ov /Jieya ov epyov eTnOeeOai. rot?
/tal TOV Kaipov v<j)ijyov{jL6vov TOUTO, irpwrov

aXXa jjiaivecrOai $o/ca)v Kare^povelro,
ovSe a^LOTrlcrrov TT/JO? rrj\tKovro

Trepl avrbv ovcrrjs, at»TO? e/i./3aXXet
4 (rvveTrKnTaadfjievo^ rou? TroXtra?. yevo^evr]^ Be
TO irpGyrov, elra (frvyfjs Kal cfrovov TroXXoC

TOV? (3a,(Ti\iKOV<; KOI 7rpocr/jiij;ai Kara Ta^o? Oopv-

Tot? 7roXe/uo£? TOI^ /xei' ILTTTTOV
8e Trpo? ^wpia cr/coXia Kal /neara pel
l (papdyywv 7re£o? ev ITTTTIKW OutpaKi Kal (TKevfj
fiapvrepa ^aXeTrw? «a
S^eXaweTat Bia/jLTrepes O/JLOV TOV?

268

PHILOPOEMEN, vi. 2-4

good fighters, who closed up the line of battle.
They had been ordered to lie quietly in reserve until,
from the other wing, a signal should be made by the
king with a scarlet coat stretched upon a spear. But
the Illyrians, at the command of their officers, tried
to force back the Lacedaemonians, while the Achaeans,
as they had been ordered to do, kept quietly waiting
at their post. Therefore Eucleidas, the brother of
Cleomenes, who noticed the gap thus made in the
enemies' line, quickly sent round the most agile of
his light-armed troops, with orders to attack the
Illyrians in the rear and rout them, now that thev had

•/ * J

lost touch with the cavalry.

These orders were carried out, and the light-armed

3 O

troops were driving the Illyrians before them in
confusion, when Philopoemen perceived that it would
be no great task to attaek the light-armed troops,
and that the occasion prompted this step. At first he
pointed this out to the king's officers. Then, when
they were not to be persuaded by him, but looked
down upon him as a madman (since his reputation
was not yet great enough to justify his being entrusted
with so important a manreuvre), he took matters into
his own hands, formed his fellow-citizens into a
wedge, and charged upon the enemy. At first the
light-armed troops were thrown into confusion, then
put to rout with great slaughter. And now Philo-
poemen, wishing to encourage still finther the king's
troops and bring them swiftly upon the enemy thus
thrown into disorder, quitted his hors*, and with
grievous difficulty forced his way along on foot, in his
horseman's breastplate and heavy equipment, towards
ground that was irregular and full of water-courses
and ravines. Here he had both his thighs pierced

269

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

evl /jLeerayKvXy, Kaipias ^ev ov yevo/jievrjs, I

Be TTJS 7rXT77?}9, wcrre rrjv alyjpfyv I'm, 6drepa

5 Sicocrat. TO fj,ev ovv irpwrov eva^edel^ cbcnrep
Secr/iw iravTCLTraaiv drrbpws el^e' TO jap

TT}? dyKV\r)<; yakeTrr^v €7roiei TOV

•> ^ r ^ \ * / \ ' ^ f

ave\KO/JL€vov oia rwv rpav/marcov rrjv Trapooov <w
Be &KVOVV ol irapovres a-^raadai KOL TT}? /jLa^tj^
aKfjirjv o^elav e^oucrT;? ea-(f)d$a%€v VTTO OV/JLOV /cal
(f)i~\.OTt/jLias Trpo? TOI^ dywva, TTJ Trapaftdcrei fcai
TT) 7rapa\\d^€L TWV crK€\wv 8ta yuecroi' tfXacra? TO
aKovrLGfjia %wpi? e/ceXevcrev e\Kvcrai TCOV d

6 e/cdrepov. ovrw Be d7ra\\ayel<? Kal

TO ^t(^>09 €%a)pei Bid TWV Trojid-cov eVt TOU?

"

Trapaa^ev T0t9

ovv 6 'Avriyovos drjrerTreipdro TGOV
epwrwv Bid ri, fjir] Kekevaavro^ avrov, TO ITTTTLKOV
7 eKLV^aav. TWV Be d7ro\oyov/jLevwv &)? Trapd yvd)/j,r)v
ftiaeOelev et? %et/oa? e\6elv Tot? TroXeyutoi? peipa-
KLOV M.eya\o7ro\,iTiKOv 7r/ooeyn/3aX6Wo?, ^eXacra?
6 ^Kwriyovos " 'E/ee«>o TOIVVV TO peipditiov" eiTiev,
epyov 9776/^0^09 fj,eyd\ov TreTroirj/cev."
VII. 'E/c TOUTOf Bo^av ea"X6v, wcnrep etVo9, o
Kal TOV fj,ev ' AvTiyovov crTrovBd-
6Vft)9 (TTpaTevoiTO fjLGT avrov, Kal

Kal %prj/u.aTa, TrapyTrjaaTO,
eavTov §vcnv KaTa/naOcov vrpo9 TO d

Kal ^aXe7rco9 e^ovaav, dpyelv Be
ov /3ov\6/jLevos daKr/crea)1? eveKa Kal

2 GTpaTeav. KaKel avyyov %povov

270

PHILOPOEMEN, vi. 4-vii. 2

through by a thonged javelin. The wound was not
fatal, though severe, and the head of the weapon
came out on the other side. At first, then, he was
held fast as by a fetter, and was altogether helpless ;
for the fastening of the thong made it difficult to draw
the weapon back through the wound. But since
those about him hesitated to attempt this, and since,
now that the battle was at its hottest, the ardour of
his ambition made him impatient to join in the
struggle, by moving his legs backward and forward he
broke the shaft of the weapon in two in the middle,
and then ordered each fragment to be drawn out
separately. Thus set free, he drew his sword and
made his way through the front ranks against the
enemy, thereby greatly animating the combatants
and inspiring them with a desire to emulate his valour.
After his victory, therefore, Antigonus put his
Macedonians to the question, and asked them why,
without his orders, they had brought the cavalry into
action. They defended themselves by saying that
they had been forced against their will to attack the
enemy, because a young man of Megalopolis had
first led a charge against them. At this, Antigonus
gave a laugh and said : " Well, then, that young
man behaved like a great commander."

VII. This naturally brought Philopoemen into high
repute. Antigonus was eager that he should take
service under him, and offered him command and pay.
These Philopoemen declined, chiefly because he well
knew that it was naturally unpleasant and hard for
him to be under another man's orders. Not wishing,
however, to be inactive and idle, for the sake of
training and practice in war he sailed to Crete in
search of military service. In Crete he practised

271

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

dvBpdai [ia%L[jLoi<; fcal TTOIK:L\OI$
7ro\e/jLov, ert Be aoo^pocri teal KeKo\ao-/jLevoi<$ rrepl
BLairav, e7ravf)\dev ovrw Xa//.7Ty009 et9 TOU? 'A^at-
3 ou9 cocrre evOvs nrTra/r^o? dTroBe^Otjvai. rcapa-
\a/3a)v Be TOU? /TTTret? (^auXot? yitei^ iTnrapiois
CK rov 7rpo<TTV%ov'ro$, ore crvjuftaivoi arpareia,
, avrovs Be ra? TroXXa? TWV

avff eavT&v, beivrjv &€ aTreiplav pera
Trdvrwv ovcrav, Trepiopwvras Be ravra roi)? ap%ov-
ra? del Bid re TO Tr\el(TTov ev TO?? 'A^atoi
(TTTret? Bvvacrdat, KOI yU-aXtcrra Kvpiovs elvai

4 /eal /coXacrew?, ou^ VTrei^ev ovBe dvr/Kev, aXXa

TroXet? €7ria)V KOI /car1 avBpa rwv vecov efcavrov
<$>i\OTiiLiav 0vi'€J;opjj,(ov, KOI KciKd^wv TOU?
Seoyu.ez'ou?, /AeXerat? re /tal rro/jirrais KOL
7T/009 aXX^Xou9 a/u,tXXat9 %pcoyu,6^o9, OTTOU rr\elcrroi
OedaOai /j,e\\oiev, ev o\iyw XP°V(P ^do-i p&fjLrjv re

5 6av/J.a(rrrjv fcal rrpodvpiav Trapea-rtja-e /eat, o
/jLeyMrrov rjv ev rot9 rarcriKols, eXcufipovs real o^et9 350
7T/J09 re ra9 «ar' ov\a^ov errL(Trpo<pas real rrepi-

/cdi Ta9 Kaff1 r(mrov e7ri(rrpO(f)d<; KOL
drreipydaaro, /cdi avveiQivev a>9 evl cra)/jiari,
eicovcnov eoucevat rr/v o\ov
rov dvarrjfJiaro^ ev rat9 fJL,erajSo\als ev-^epeiav.

6 Su<rTa<T^9 Be 77)9 Trepl rov Kdpiacrov avrois

?r/oo9 AtTa)Xou9 KOI

o rwv

272

PHILOPOEMEN, vn. 2-6

himself for a long time among men who were not only
warlike and versed in many kinds of warfare, but also
still moderate and restrained in their ways of living,
and he came back to the Achaeans with such distinc-
tion that they at once made him commander of their
cavalry.1 But he found that the horsemen whom
he was to command used worthless animals acquired
at random, whenever a campaign was to be under-
taken ; that they shirked most campaigns themselves,
and sent others out in their places ; that they were
all characterized by a shocking lack of experience,
together with its resultant cowardice ; and that their
commanders always overlooked these things because
the knights had the greatest power and influence
among the Achaeans and the chief voice in the
assignment of rewards and punishments. Philo-
poemen, however, did not yield or give way to them.
He went round to the different cities and roused the
spirit of ambition in each young man individually,
punished those who needed compulsion, introduced
drills, parades, and competitive contests in places
where there would be large bodies of spectators and
thus in a short time inspired them all with an
astonishing vigour and zeal, and, what is of the
greatest importance in tactics, rendered them agile
and swift in wheeling and deploying by squadrons,
and in wheeling and turning by single trooper, making
the dexterity shown by the whole mass in its
evolutions to be like that of a single person moved
by an impulse from within.

Moreover, in the fierce battle which they fought at
the river Larissus against Aetolians and Eleians, the
commander of the Eleian cavalry, Damophantus,

1 For the year 209-208 B.C.

273

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

TOV

&el;d/jL6vo<; Be TTJV opf^yjv exeivos avrov Kal <f)0dcra<;

TO) Sopari Traiei teal /cara/^aXXet ro^ Aa/jLocfravTOv.

7 evOus £e TOVTOV rrea-ovTOs e<f)V<yov ol 7ro\e/mioi, /cal

Xa/i7r/3O9 rjv o <&i\O7roifjLrjv, &>? ovre Kara

vecov rivbs ovre avveaei TWV

airo\€L7r6fjL€i>o<;, a\\a real /jLa-^eaOaL /cal arpa

VIII. To &€ KOIVQV TMV 'A^atW^ 7T/960TO? [Jb€V

et? d^Lcofjia Kal SvvafjLiv rjpev, e/c Taireivov
Kara TroXet? crvvayaycov /cal
*\\i]viKr]V /cal <fri\dv6pwjTOv

7ro\iTeiav eTreira, wcrvreyo eV roi? v&a<riv, dp^a-
o\iya)v vtyiaTaaOai Kal [liKpwv aw^aTwv,
ra eirippeovra rot? rrptoroLs evLa^ofie^a /cal
TrepiTTiTTTovTa TTTJ^iv icr^vpdv Kal cTTe^eoT^Ta

2 TTOiel Si d\\ij\(i)v, OVTO) rrjs 'EXXa^o? dcrOevovs
/cal €v8ia\vrov (frepo/jLevqs Kara TroXei? ev rw Tore

ovcp Trpwrov avo-Tavres ol 'A%aioi, Kal TWI>

(Jikv €K TOV ^Ot]9elv Kal (TWe-

\evQepovv diro rwv rvpdvvwv VTro\afM/3dvovT€$,
ra? Be o/Jiovoia KOI 7ro\neia Kara/JLiyvvvres €t
eafroiy?, ev aco^a Kal fjiiav Svva/MV KaraGKev

3 Si€voovvTO rr)v YleXoTrovvrjcrov. aXX' 'Apdrov p,e
^co^ro? ert TOi? Ma/ceSo^co^ OTrXoi? VTreSvovTO rd
TroXXa, 0€pa7T6vovT€S II To\€/jLa2ov, etr' avOis 'Az/rt-
yovov Kal <&i\i7r7rov ev yitecrai? dvaaTp6(f)O{Aei>ov<;

rat? 'EXX^WArat? TrdeGiv eVet

et? TO irpwrevew 7rporj\0ev, ijSrj Ka6^ eaurou?
274

PHILOPOEMEN, vn. 6-vm. 3

rode out from the ranks and charged upon Philo-
poemen. But Philopoemen received his onset, was
first to drive home a spear-thrust, and threw Damo-
phantus to the ground. Their leader fallen, the
enemy at once took to flight, and Philopoemen was
in high renown, as one who yielded to none of the
young men in personal prowess, and to none of the
elder men in sagacity, but both in fighting and in
commanding was most capable.

VIII. The commonwealth of the Achaeans was
first raised to dignity and power by Aratus, who
consolidated it when it was feeble and disrupted, and
inaugurated an Hellenic and humane form of govern-
ment. Then, just as in running waters, after a few
small particles have begun to take a fixed position,
others presently are swept against the first, adhere
and cling to them, and thus form a fixed and solid
mass by mutual support, so the Achaeans, at a time
when Greece was weak and easily dissolved and
drifting along by individual cities, first united them-
selves together, and then, by receiving into their
number some of the cities round about which they
had aided and assisted in shaking off their tyrants,
and by uniting others with themselves in a harmonious
civil polity, they purposed to form the Peloponnesus
into a single political body and one power. As long,
however, as Aratus lived, they were dependent for
the most part on Macedonian armies, paying court to
Ptolemy, and then again to Antigonus and Philip, all
of whom busied themselves in the affairs of Greece.
But when Philopoemen was advanced to leadership
among them,1 they were at last capable of contending

1 In 207 B.C. ; Aratus had died in 213.

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

7r\€lcnov oWe? ejrav-

4 cravro ^pci)fj,€voi TTpocrrTai^ eVetcra/cTot?. "Ayoaro?
ev yap, dpyorepos elvai BOK&V vrpo? TOU? TTO\€-
, 6/uXt'a teal TrpaoTTjri KCL\ <£t/\.tat?
ra TrXetcrra KaretpydcraTO ra)i> irpay-

O)? €V TOi? TTCpl €K€LVOV yeypaTTTCLl, ^fXo-

Be dyaQos TroXeyu-tcrrr/? wv KOI Bid rwv
evepyos, en 8' euTf^r)? real KaropOaiTiKos
ev rat? Tr^corai? yevo^evo^ /^a^at?, a/xa TT;
Svvdfiei TO (£>povr]/jLa T&V yA%aia)i> rjv^rjae VIKCLV
/JLCT avrov /cat KarevTV^elv ev rot?
dyucn.

IX. ripwrof />tei^ oC^ ra Trept ra? ra^et? «:at
07rXt<T//oi)? (pavXax; e^ovra Tot?

. e^pajuro fj.ev yap Ovpeols pev ev
Sid XeTTTOTT^ra /cat GTevwrepois rov 7repicrT€\\eiv
TCL crwyLtaTa, Bopaai Be /j.iKpOTepois TTO\V
(rapi(Ta)V' Kal cid TOVTO 7rXr}/crat /cat
iroppwOev rjoav VTTO Kov^ortjTos,
2 Be Tot? TroXe/itot? e\arrov el^ov etoo? 5e

/cat cr^7/yLtaT09 €t? o-Treipav OVK r]v avvrjdes, <f>d\ayyi
Be %p(t>fjLevoi /Ji^re 7rpo/3o\r/v e^ovcrrj /JLT/TC
aa7ri(T/jLOv a)? 77 Ma/cc8o^a)^, paSta)? €%eO\i
Kal BieaTTtoVTO. TCIUT& o t&iXoTTOLfMrjv BiBdi;a<;
tireiaev auTOi/? a^rt /ze^ dvpeov Kal Soparos d(nrica
\afBelv Kal <rdpiaav, Kpdveau Be Kal
TrepiKVTj/jilcri 7re(f)pay/jLevov<; povi^ov Kal
dvrl Bpofj,iKf)$ Kal fre^racrriK^ fjui^v dctKt.lv.

276

PHILOPOEMEN, vin. 3-ix. 2

alone with their most powerful neighbours, and
ceased to rely upon foreign protectors. Aratus,
indeed, who was thought to be too sluggish for
warlike contests, accomplished most of his under-
takings by conference, urbanity, and royal friendships,
as I have written in his Life ; x whereas Philopoemen,
who was a good warrior and effective with his
weapons, besides proving himself fortunate and
successful in his very first battles, increased not only
the power but also the courage of the Achaeans, who
were accustomed to be victorious under him and to
win success in most of their contests.

IX. In the first place, however, he changed the
faulty practice of the Achaeans in drawing up and
arming their soldiers. For they used bucklers which
were easily carried because they were so light, and
yet were too narrow to protect the body ; and spears
which were much shorter than the Macedonian pike.
For this reason they were effective in fighting at a

%/ fj

long distance, because they were so lightly armed,
but when they came to close quarters with the
enemy they were at a disadvantage. Moreover, a
division of line and formation into cohorts was not
customary with them, and since they employed a solid
phalanx without either levelled line of spears or wall
of interlocking shields such as the Macedonian
phalanx presented, they were easily dislodged and
scattered. Philopoemen showed them all this, and
persuaded them to adopt long pike and heavy shield
instead of spear and buckler, to protect their bodies
with helmets and breastplates and greaves, and to
practise stationary and steadfast fighting instead of
the nimble movements of light-armed troops. After

1 See the Aratus, x.
VOL. x. K 277

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

3 Tretcra? Be Ka6o7r\Laaa0ai TOt>9 €v rj\txla Trpwrov
fjiev etrrjpe Oappelv 009 a/ta^ou? yeyovoras, eVetra
ra? rpvtyds avrwv teal ra? TroXfreXeia? apiara
/uLereKocr/^rjaev. dfyekelv jap OVK TJV

etc TroXXoO vocrovvTWV rov icevov Kal fidraioi'

ea-0'rJTas dya7T(*)VTa>v Treptrra? crrpw/ii/a? re

fjievwv d\ovpyeis KOL Trepl SeiTrva (friXoTifiov/AevGdv 361

4 Kal TpaTre^as. 6 Se apgd/jLevos eKTpeireiv CLTTO TWV
OVK avayrcaitov eVl ra xp/jaifjia KOI /ca\a irjv
(f)L\OKO(TfJiiav, ra'xy Trdinas evreicre KOI

ra9 K-aff i}/jiepav Trepl crw^aa Scnrdvas

ev rat? o-TparicdTiKais Kal TroXe/u/cat? TrapacrKev-

5 at? SiaTTpeTrels opdcrOai K€KOO-^ij^ei>ov<;. TJV ovv
ISelv TO, [lev epyaanjpia yu-ecrra KaraKorrro/jLevcov
KV\IKWV Kal ®ripiK\elwv, ^pvaovpkvwv Be OwpaKwv

l Karapyvpov/jiei'cov Ovpewv Kal xa\ivwv, rd Be
afjLa£ojj,6va>v Kal veavi(TKwv OTT\O-
, ev Be rat? %epcrl rwv yvvaiKwv Kpdvrj

Ka 7TT€p a<at Kovovji Kal LTWVWV ITTTTL-

KWV

6 r) 5' o-v/ri? avrrj TO Odpvos av^ovaa Kal Trapaxa-
Xoucra TTJV opfi^v eirolei (f)i\07rapdf3o\ov Kai TT/OO-

7 &V/JLOV eVt TOU? Kivbvvovs. r) [lev yap ev
aXXoi? Qedfiacn 7ro\vre\eia rpv^v eTrdyeraL
fjLa\aKiav evBiBwcri rot? xpco^evois, wcnrep VTTO

Kal yapyd\,i(TfAWV r/}? aiaO^crews avveTTi-
rrjv Bidvoiav, 7; 8' ei? rd roiavra pavvvai
Kal fjLeya\vvei rbv &V/JLOV, wcrTrep "Ofirjpos e
'A^tXXea rcot' Kaiv&v O7r\wv

278

PHILOPOEMEN, ix. 3-7

he had persuaded those of military age to arm them-
selves in this manner, in the first place he inspired
them with confidence that they had thus become
invincible, and then made most excellent reforms in
their luxurious and extravagant ways of living. For
it was not possible to remove altogether their empty
and idle emulation from a people long addicted to it.
They were fond of costly apparel, the coverings of
their couches were dyed purple, and they vied with
one another in banquets and table array. But he
made a beginning by diverting their love of show
from what was unnecessary to what was serviceable
and honourable, and speedily persuaded and incited
them all to check their daily expenditures upon
bodily wants, and to find their chief adornment in
military and warlike equipments. And so one might
have seen the workshops filled with goblets and
Therycleian plate l which were being broken up, with
breastplates being gilded, with shields and bridles
being silvered over, while in the places of exercise
colts were being broken in and young men were
learning the use of heavy armour, and in the hands
of women there were helmets and plumes for dyeing,
and horsemen's tunics or soldiers' cloaks for em-
broidering. The sight of all this increased men's
courage, called forth their energies, and made them
venturesome and ready to incur dangers. For extra-
vagance in other objects of display induces luxury and
implants effeminacy in those who use them, since
something like a pricking and tickling of the senses
breaks down serious purpose ; but when it is seen in
the trappings of war it strengthens and exalts the
spirit, just as Homer represented Achilles, when his

1 See the Aemilius Paulus, xxxiii. 2.

279

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

VTTO T% oS/reo)? olov opywvTa Kal
7T/909 Tr]V Bi avrwv evepyeiav.

OVTCO Be KocrfJiija-as TOU? z>e'ou9 e
BL€7rov€L, Tat? KivtJGecri TrpoBvfjiws
8 /cat (f>L\oTL/jia)S. Kal >yap 77 ra^t?

TjyaTraTo adpavvrov TI \a/J./3dvetv TrvKva/jia 80-

Kovaa, Kal Tao7r\a rot9 crco/ma^y e

Kal KOixfra, fjied' rjSovris Bia \afjL7rp6r^Ta

/caAAo? aTTTO/nevcov Kal (hopovvrwv, t

re j3ov\o/j,€VGov Kal Biajcpidrjvai ra^to-ra 777)09

TOL/9 7TO\€/jiLOVS.

X. ^H^ &e Tore T0i9 'Ap^af oi9 o 77/309
TroXe/ao? TOZ/ Aa/ceSai/jLOViajv rvpavvov, CLTTO 7r
/cat yU€7aX?]9 Sumyu,e&)9 eVt/SofXeiyo^Ta iraaL TTeXo-

Mavriveiav e

Kara rao? o

arpariav eV avrov. eyyvs
Traperd^avTo vroXXot? fiei/ ^ez/ot9 eKa
Be O/JLOV TI rat9 7roXtrt/ca?9
2 yevo/jievov Be TOV dy&vos ev ^epcrip, 6

TOi9 ^eVot? TOU9 TCW 'A^atOJZ^

Kal 'Yapavrivovs rpe^rd/jLevo^ dvrl

TOV weLV €vvs eVt TOU9 ia.oxeVof9 /cat

Trapapprjyvvvai TO <ru^ecrT>7/co9 e'^eTrecre BICOKWV Kal
7rapr)\\a^e TTJV <pd\ayya TOOV 'A^atwf eV Ta^et,
3 fjievovTWV. o Be OtXoTrot/x?;^ TI]\LKOVTOV Trratcr-

eV dp-^fj yevo/jievov Kal TWV

?} /cat Bie<pddpdai BOKOVVTMV,
TOVTO nev o/xa)9 TrpoaeTTOietTo irapopav Kal

280

PHILOPOEMEN, ix. 7-x. 3

new armour was laid down near him, as exulting at
the sight and all on fire to get to work with it.1

After he had thus arrayed and adorned the young
men, Philopoemen exercised and drilled them, and
they eagerly and emulously obeyed his instructions.
For the new order of battle pleased them wonder-
fully, since it seemed to secure a close array that
could not be broken ; and the armour which they
used became light and manageable for them, since
they wore or grasped it with delight because of its
beauty and splendour, and wished to get into action
with it and fight a decisive battle with their enemies
as soon as possible.

X. At this time the Achaeans were carrying on
war with Machanidas the tyrant of Sparta, who,
relying upon his large and strong forces, was scheming
to get control of the whole Peloponnesus. Accord-
ingly, when word came that the tyrant had invaded
the territory of Mantineia, Philopoemen quickly led
his army out against him. They drew up in battle
array near the city, both parties having many mer-
cenaries and almost all their citizen soldiery. When
battle was joined, Machanidas with his mercenaries
routed the javelineers and Tarantines who had been
stationed in front of the Achaean line, and then,
instead of advancing directly against the main body
of the enemy and breaking up their close array, he
dashed off in pursuit of the fugitives, and so passed
by the phalanx of the Achaeans, which remained
drawn up in position. Then Philopoemen, although
so great a disaster had occurred at the outset and his
cause was thought to be utterly lost and ruined, pro-
fessed to ignore and make light of it, and seeing what

1 Iliad, xix. 15 ff.

281

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

Seivov, KariSwv be TOU? 7roXe/uoi>9, oaov
eV rfj Sioo^ei, T?}? <pd\ayyos djrop-
prjyvv fjievov 9 KOL KevrjV ^wpav SiBovras, OVK aTrrfv-
Tr)crev ovS* eWcrrT/ <fcepo/Jievoi<s avTols eVt TO?)?
4 favyovTas, dXX' eacra? 7rape\,0elv KOI

TT/JO? TOL»? OTrXtra? evOvs rj<ye
, 6p£)i> rrjv (f)d\ayya ryvfivrj
KOL KCLTO, Kepas TTapabpafjiwv eve-

ap%oi>TOS ainos Trapovros
/jLa-)(6(r0ai Trpoa&exofAei'ots' viKav yap yyovvro
KOL Kparelv TravTanraai, SLWKOVTO, rov Ma^a^Sa^
5 O/JW^TG?. wcrayue^o? $€ rourof? fyovw TTO\\W (Xe-
yovrai yap vjrep rovs T€TpaKia-'%i\,iovs aTroOavelv)
wp/Arjcrev eirl TOV Ma^awSaz/ e'/c TT}? Sjco^ea)?
ava(TTpe(f)OVTa /JLCTCL TMV ^evwv. rdcfrpov Se /u,e- 362
ydXrjs /cal ftaOeias ev jnecrw SieipyovaY)1?, irape^r)-
\avvov aXX^Xot? e^areputOev, 6 fjiev &ia/3fjvai real

6 (vev, o e rovro

'

ov% &)? crTpaTijywv fLa^ofJievwv, aXX'
6>jpL(t) 7T/30? a\KrjV VTT dvdyKrjs rpeTro/^evw $€ii>ov
KVVtiyeTOu TOV ^XoTrot/ie^o? crvvecrrayro^. evOa 6
fjiev rTTTTO? TOU Tvpdvvov /ow^aXeo? wi^ /cat 0u/j,o€i<H>r]<$
teal TO?? iJivw-fyiv al/jLa^Oel^ eicarepwOev eVeroX-
[ATjcre rf) Bia/3d<J€i, /cal 7rpO(T/3a\.(t)V TTJ Tacfipq) TO
arrrj0o<f e/Bid^ero roi? irpocrOiois Trepav epeicracrOaL

7 CTK€\€0-IV. €V ^€ TOVTM

017T6/3 et TO) oiTofJLGvi 'TTaprdav

, O^JLOV TrpoarfXavvov d/jL^orepoi
K\ivavT6<s evavrias. cfrOdvei, Be avrovs 6
diravTi'ia-as TW Ma^az^&a, /fal ro^
ITTTTOV avrov fjierewpl^ovTa Ti]V /ce(f)a\r)v irpb TOV

282

PHILOPOEMEN, x. 3-7

a great mistake the enemy had made by going off in
pursuit, thus breaking away from his phalanx and
leaving a vacant space there, did not oppose or resist
their chase after the fugitives, but let them pass him
by and make a great gap. Then he led straight
against the Lacedaemonian heavy-armed, seeing
that their phalanx had been left exposed, and fell
upon them in a flank attack, while their commander
was away and they were not expecting to fight ; for
they thought they were victorious and getting the
upper hand altogether, since they saw Machanidas
pursuing. After Philopoemen had routed these with
great slaughter (more than four thousand of them are
said to have fallen), he set out against Machanidas,
who was returning with his mercenaries from the
pursuit. But a broad and deep ditch stretched
between them, along which the two leaders rode
opposite each other, one wishing to get across and
escape, the other to prevent this. The spectacle
was not that of two commanders fighting, but that
of a powerful hunter attacking a wild beast that has
been forced to turn at bay, and Philopoemen was the
hunter. And now the tyrant's horse, which was
vigorous and high-spirited and felt the bloody spurs
in his sides, essayed to make the leap across, and
striking against the edge of the ditch with his breast,
was struggling with his fore-feet to extricate himself.
At this point Simmias and Polyaenus, who were
always at Philopoemen's side when he was fighting
and protected him with their shields, rode up both
at the same time and levelled their spears at the
horse. But Philopoemen was before them in attack-
ing Machanidas, and seeing that the tyrant's horse
was lifting its head up in front of its rider's body, he

283

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

opcov fjLtKpov eveieXtve TOV iSiov, Kal Bia-

TO

8 TOV avBpa avveTrepeicras. TOVTO e^cov TO
ev AeX0ot? ecrTrjKev VTTO TCOV *

KOL TTJV Trpav avTov KOL

XI. AeyeTai Se 77)9 TWV
o-ui^ecTToocr^?1 a-TparrjjovvTa TOV <&i\07roi/ji€va TO
SevTepov Kal vevLtcriKOTa fjiev ov 7ra\ai Trjv ev
MavTiveia fid^rjv, rare $e ff^(o\ijv ayovTa Bta
Tr]v eopTijv, TrpwTov fjiev em^el^ai rot?

cocnrep ei0i(rTO,

2 ra^ou? Kal paj/z,???' eVetra Ki6apw§&v a
fjLei'wv €i? TO 6earpov irapeXOeiv eyovra rou?
veavi(TKOV<s cv rat? crTpaTicoTiKals -)(\a/4vcrt Kal
(j)oiviKol<; vTroSvTctis, aKfjid^ovTas re

-. 5^«^V -\AV ^ V »/ \

/vou?, aido) oe 7roA,A,r)v irpos TOV ap^ovTa Kai
<ppovr)/j.a veavLKov vTro$aivovTa<; eK TroXXcov Kal
KO\£)v dycovwv cipTi S' avTtov elcre\rj\v9oTWV

Tvfflv Hu\dBj]v TOV KiOapcpSov aSovTa TOU?

eov Ylepaas evd

3 a/jia Se Trj \afjLTT poTrjTi rr}? (frwvr/s TOV Trepl TTJV
Troitjaiv Ofy/cov (TVfjLTrp^avTo^ e7ti[3\e-^nv yeveaOai
TOV OeaTpov TravTa^oOev et? TOV Qi'X.OTroi/j.eva Kal

TCOV ' E*\\iva)V TO Tra\atbv

Bekker has evto-rwo-Tjs, after Bryan.
284

PHILOPOEMEN, x. y-xi. 3

gave his own horse a little swerve to one side, and
then, clasping his spear firmly in the middle, pushed
it home with all his weight and overturned his enemy.
This is the attitude in which he is represented by a
bronze statue set up at Delphi by the Achaeans, who
admired especially both his deed of prowess and his
generalship on that day.

XL Moreover, we are told that at the celebration
of the Nemean games,1 when he was general of the
Achaeans for the second time and had recently won
his victory at Mantineia,2 but was at leisure the while
on account of the festival, Philopoemen in the first
place displayed before the assembled Greeks his
phalanx, with its splendid array, and performing its
tactical evolutions, as it was wont to do, with speed
and vigour. Then, while the minstrels were con-
tending for the prize, he came into the theatre with
his young men. They wore their soldiers' cloaks and
their purple tunics, were all in the prime of their
strength and of the same age, and showed not only
great respect for their commander, but also that high
spirit which young men have after many honourable
contests. And just as they made their entrance it
chanced that Pylades the minstrel was chanting the
opening verse of the Persians of Timotheus —

" Glorious the crown of freedom which he fashioneth
for Hellas " ;

whereupon, as the splendid voice of the singer fitly
sustained the majesty of the poet's words, all the
spectators turned their eyes upon Philopoemen and
gave him glad applause ; for in their hopes the

1 In the summer of 205 B.C.
8 In the spring of 206 B.C.

285

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

TGU9 eXiricriv avaXafjifBavovTwv KOI rov
rore (frpov/maros eyyicrra rw Oappelv yivofjLevwv.^
XII. Hapd Be Ta? yLta^a? Kai TOU? KivBvvovs,
wffTrep oi Ttoikoi TOU9 <Jvvr}Qeis iniftdras TTO-
Oovvres, edv a\\ov fyepwcn, TTTVpovrai KOI %€vo-
OVTOOS rj ^vvafjiLS TMV 'A^atcoi' erepov

KOI Trpo? eiceivov

KCU fjiovov ofyOevTos evOvs op6r) Kal
r)v Sia TO Oappelv, are &rj Kal rou? evavrlovs
aiaOai'6fji€voL irpos eVa TOVTOV rwv
dvTi/5\e7T€iv ou Swa/jievovs, d\\a Kal ryv Bo
avrov Kal Tovvo^a SeSoiKOTas, w? v)v fyavepov e
2 wv eTTpacrdov. OiXiTTTro? /Jiev yap 6 T&V Ma/ce-

av eK'Tro&cov 6

TOU9

?, erre^ev et? "Apyo? Kpvcfra TOVS

avrov zm'vuxjBeicn Be

rcavrrcaaiv ee/jLicrti] Ka ie/??; rrpos rovs
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Bekkcr after Coraes : yevofj.iv<av.
286

PHILOPOEMEN, xi. S-

Greeks were recovering their ancient dignity, and
.'n their courage they were making the nearest
approach to the high spirit of their fathers.

XII. But when it came to perils and battles, just
as young horses long for their accustomed riders, and
if they have others on their backs, are shy and wild,
so the Achaean army, when someone other *han
Philopoemen was commander-in-chief,1 would be out
of heart, would keep looking eagerly for him, and if
he but came in sight, would at once be alert and
efficient because of the courage he inspired. For
they perceived that he was the one general whom
their enemies were unable to face, and whose name
and fame they feared, as was evident from what they
did. For Philip the king of Macedon, thinking that
if Philopoemen could be got out of the way the
Achaeans would again submit abjectly to his sway,
secretly sent men to Argos who were to assassinate
him ; but the plot became known, and Philip was
utterly condemned and hated among the Greeks.
Again, the Boeotians were besieging Megara and
had hopes of its speedy capture, when suddenly a
report reached their ears (and it was a false report)
that Philopoemen was coming to the aid of the
besieged and was close at hand ; so they abandoned
their scaling-ladders, which were already planted
against the walls of the city, and fled away. And
once again, when Nabis, who succeeded Machanidas
as tyrant of Sparta, suddenly seized Messene, it
chanced that Philopoemen was out of office and had
no force under his command ; but since Lysippus,
the commander-in-chief of the Achaeans, could not
be persuaded by him to go to the rescue of the

1 A.S a rule, the same man could not be general of the
Achaean league two years in succession.

287

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

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eVrjs Coraes and Bekker, with the vulgate :
6/co,u,utVou

288

PHILOPOEMEN, xn. 4-xm. 2

Messenians, because, as he said, the city was utterly
lost now that the enemy were inside, Philopoemen
himself went to their rescue, taking with him his
fellow-citizens of Megalopolis, who did not wait for
any law or commission, but followed the man whom
nature had made superior as though he were always
in command. And when Nabis heard that Philo-
poemen was already close at hand, he did not wait
for him to come up, although he was encamped in
the city, but stole out by an opposite gate and led
his forces off as fast as he could, thinking that he
would be fortunate if he should escape ; and he did
escape, and Messene was set free.

XIII. All these things,, then, made for the honour
of Philopoemen ; but his going away to Crete again
at the request of the Gortynians, who wanted him
to be their general in their war, brought calumny
upon him, and it was said that when his native city
was at war with Nabis, he was away, either to avoid
fighting or to show kindness out of all season to
others. And yet so continuously were the Megalo-
politans under hostile attack all that time that they
lived upon their walls and planted their grain in the
streets, since their fields were ravaged and the
enemy were encamped almost in their gates. Philo-
poemen, however, was waging war in Crete all that
while, and serving as general across the sea, and so
afforded his enemies a chance to accuse him of run-
ning away from the war at home. But there were
some who said that since the Achaeans chose other
men as their generals and Philopoemen was without
public office, he merely put the leisure which belonged
to him at the service of the Gortynians when they

289

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

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rtva Kal yevvaiov TroXefAOv, dXXa TO KptiTitcov
evBv? Kal Tot? eteeivmv crofiia-tiacrt, Kal £0X049

290

PHILOPOEMEN, xm. 3-6

asked him to be their leader. For he was averse to
inactivity, and wished to keep his skill as a commander
in war, like any other possession, all the while in use
and exercise. And he made this evident by what he
once said about King Ptolemy. When certain persons
were extolling that monarch because he carefully
drilled his army day by day, and carefully and
laboriously exercised himself in arms, " And yet
who," said Philopoemen, "can admire a king of his
years for always practising but never performing
anything? "

The Megalopolitans, nevertheless, were displeased
at this absence, and looking upon it in the light of a
betrayal, undertook to make him an exile ; but the
Achaeans prevented this by sending to Megalopolis
Aristaenus, their commander-in-chief, who, although
politically at variance with Philopoemen, would not
suffer sentence of condemnation to be passed upon
him. In consequence of this displeasure, Philo-
poemen was ignored by his fellow-citizens, and
therefore induced many of their outlying villages to
secede from them, instructing them to say that they
did not belong to the city and were not under their
rule ; and when they made this plea, he openly
supported them in their contention and helped
them to raise a faction against the city in the
assembly of the Achaeans. This, however, was at a
later time.

In Crete he waged war in the service of the
Gortynians ; not the straightforward and honourable
warfare of a Peloponnesian and Arcadian, but one in
which he adopted the Cretan practices, and turning
their tricks and wiles and stolen marches and am-
buscades against themselves, speedily showed them

291

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

Trat

tSa? aTreSe^ez' di'orjra /cal icevd TT/JO?
d\r)0ivr)v iravovpyovvras.
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KOI rwv

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KIV&V-

TOU?

1 In the battle of Cynoscephalae, 197 B.C. See the
Flamininus, xiii.

292

PHILOPOEMEN, xni. 6-xiv. 3

that they were children opposing foolish and vain
mischievousness to genuine military experience.

XIV. Having thus won admiration, and having
come back to Peloponnesus with a brilliant re-
putation from his exploits in Crete, he found that
Philip had been defeated and subdued by Titus
Flamininus,1 and that the Achaeans and the Romans
were waging war upon Nabis. He was at once
chosen general against Nabis, and by hazarding the
issue on a naval battle would seem to have fared as
Kpaminondas once did, since he fought on the sea in
a manner which fell far short of his great reputation.
Epaminondas, however, as some say, was reluctant to
give his fellow-citizens a taste of the advantages
accruing from naval superiority, in order that they
might not surprise him by becoming, instead of
" steadfast hoplites," to use Plato's words,2 degenerate
mariners ; and therefore he purposely came back
from Asia and the islands without achieving any-
thing.3 Philopoemen, on the other hand, was per-
suaded that his skill in handling land forces would
suffice to give him success in fighting also on the sea,
and therefore learned to his cost how large a part of
superior excellence consists in practice, and how
much additional power it gives to men who have
accustomed themselves to all methods of fighting.
For not only was he worsted in the sea-fight, owing
to his lack of experience, but he actually launched
an old but famous ship after forty years of disuse,
and manned her, the result being that her seams took
in water and her crew came into peril of their lives.

' Laws, iv. p. 706. Cf. the Themistocles, iv. 3.

3 In 364 B.C., two years before his death, Epaminondas
successfully inaugurated a naval policy for Thebes, which
enabled her to cope with Athens on the sea.

293

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

4 II/)09 ravra yivwaKan' Karcuppovovvras avrov
Tot/9 TroXe/utof? ft)? TravTaTracn Trefyevyoros e'/c TT}?
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, evOvs eTTeTT\evcrev avrois ov Trpoa

«XX' €K\€\VjL€VOl<$ Slfl T1V VlK1l'. KOL

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rov

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rou

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Oavelv <Tvve/3> rwv rod

294

PHILOPOEMEN, xiv. 4-7

Understanding that in consequence of this disaster
his enemies despised him, thinking that he had
altogether given up activity on the sea, and that
they were insolently besieging Gythium, he promptly
sailed against them when they did not expect it and
were careless because of their victory. He landed
his soldiers by night and led them to the attack, set
fire to the enemy's tents, burned down his camp, and
slew many of his men. A few days afterward, as he
was marching through a rough country, Nabis came
suddenly upon him and threw the Achaeans into a
fright ; they despaired of saving themselves from a
position which was difficult and already commanded
by the enemy. But Philopoemen waited a little
while, surveyed the nature of the ground, and then
demonstrated that skill in drawing up an army is the
crowning feature in the art of war. For by changing
his order of battle a little and adapting it to the
present exigency, with no confusion and no trouble
he evaded the difficulty, and charging upon the
enemy put them to utter rout. Then, observing
that they were not fleeing towards the city, but
scattering themselves hither and thither through
the region (which was woody, entirely surrounded by
hills, and impracticable for cavalry owing to water-
courses and ravines), he checked his pursuit and
encamped while it was still light. But judging that
the enemy after their flight would steal back to the
city by ones and twos under cover of the night, he
placed large numbers of his Achaeans armed with
swords in ambush among the water-courses and hills
about the city. Here very many of the followers of
Nabis met their death ; for since they did not make

295

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

dOpbav TTOLOvuevoi TTJV dva^coprjaii', dXX* o>? e/cd
crroi? al (fruyal a-vve'rvy")(avov, waTrep
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KOL Ma/ceSocrtz; eSov~\,€Vcrev.

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6 <&i\O7roi[jLr)v dpTrdaas TOP Kaipov em-
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3 rou? 'A^atou? rrjv 7rb\iv. ov yevofjievov Qav^a-
crrw? /nev evBoKL^a'e nrapd rot? 'A^a^ot?, Trpoa-
KTrja-d/uevos aurot? d^L(t)fj,a TroXea)?

/cal Svva/JLtv (ov yap r\v /jLLKpbv 'A^oua?
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4 eicelvov eX-TrlcravTas e^eiv. Bib Kal rrji>
oiKiav Kal ovcriav e^apyvptcrOelcrav Kal

1 Cf. the Flaminimw, chapter x.

2 Cf. the Flamininus, ix. 5.

296

PHILOPOEMEN, xiv. 7-xv. 4

their return in a body, but as the chances of flight
disposed them severally, they fell into the hands of
their enemies and were caught like birds about the
city.

XV. In consequence of this exploit Philopoemen
was beloved by the Greeks and conspicuously
honoured by them in their theatres, thus giving
secret umbrage to Titus Flamininus, who was an
ambitious man. For as Roman consul he thought
himself more worthy of the Achaeans' admiration
than a man of Arcadia, and he considered that his
benefactions far exceeded those of Philopoemen,
since by a single proclamation he had set free all
those parts of Greece which had been subject to
Philip and the Macedonians.1

After this Flamininus made peace with Nabis,2
and Nabis was treacherously put to death by the
Aetolians.3 Sparta was therefore in a state of con-
fusion, and Philopoemen, seizing his opportunity,
fell upon the city with an armed force, and partly
by compulsion, partly by persuasion, brought it over
to his purposes and made it a member of the
Achaean league. This achievement brought him an
amazing repute among the Achaeans, since through
his efforts they had acquired a city of so great
dignity and power (and indeed it was no slight
matter that Sparta had become a member of the
Achaean league) ; moreover, Philopoemen carried
with him the principal men among the Spartans,
who hoped to have in him a guardian of their
liberties. Therefore, after they had confiscated the
house and property of Nabis and obtained thereby a

3 In 102 B.C. Nabia had called in the Aetolians to help him
against the Achaeans and Romans (Livy, xxxv. 35-37).

297

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

Kal eKarov Takdvrwv tyr)$>i,a-avro Swpeav
avTw bovvai, IT peer fteiav virep TOVTCOV Tre/r^a^Te?.
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TJTTOV evo-)(\olev avrol?' fte\,riov yap
elvai TWV e~)(9pwv irapaipelcrOai rrjv irapprjcriav

1 See the Aristides, iii. 4.
298

PHILOPOEMEN, xv. 4-6

hundred and twenty talents, they voted to make a
present of the money to Philopoemen, and to send
an embassy to Megalopolis on the matter. Here,
indeed, it became perfectly clear that Philopoemen
not only seemed to be, but actually was, a most
excellent man.1 For, to begin with, no Spartan was
willing to confer with a man of his character about

o

the acceptance of a gift, but they were all so reluc-
tant and afraid to do it that they entrusted the
business to a guest-friend of his, Timolaiis. And in
the second place, Timolaiis himself, when he came to
Megalopolis, having been entertained at the house
of Philopoemen, and having learned thoroughly how
dignified he was in his converse with others, how
simple his ways of living, and how his character
was nowhere to be approached and much less easy
to be overcome by bribes, held his peace about
the gift of money, and after giving some other
excuse for his visit to him, went back home. And
when he was sent a second time on the same errand,
he did as before. On his third visit, however, he at
last got so far as to acquaint Philopoemen with the
earnest desire of his city. Then Philopoemen, who
was pleased by what he heard, went in person to
Sparta, and counselled the people there not to try
to bribe good men who were their friends, and by
whose virtues they could profit without payment of
money, but rather to buy up and corrupt the bad
men who were ruining the city by their factious
conduct in the assembly, to the end that such might
have their mouths stopped in consequence of their
venality, and so be less annoying to their fellow-
citizens ; for it was better, he said, to take away
freedom of speech from their enemies rather than

299

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

T TMV

XVI. 'E-Trel Be 7rd\iv TOU?

dtcovcras 6 crTaTo^ TMV

ej3ov\eTo /coXd^eiv, ol Be et?

voi Bi€rdpa(T(Tov rrjv
erretpciro TrpaiiveLV /ecu Kcnairaveiv rov
rr}? opyrjs 6 ^C^oiroi^v, Si$d(TKa)V TOV Kaipov,
a>? 'At'Tfo^oL' roO /SacrtXew? «at 'PcofMaiwv ev TTJ

awpov/Jievwv
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2 Kovaai TMV aaTavoevwv. ov

TOV Aioffrdvovs, aXX' et? T^ AaK(i)vi/cr]v €fj./3a-
Xoi'ro? aytta T&) Ttrco /cal /3a8i£6i>TO)v evdvs fVt
rr/i^ 7r6\Lv, dyavarcT/ja'as 6 ^i^OTToifji^v, epyov ov

VO^JLLjJLOV OL»8' dTTT]fCpl/3a)/J.6VOV €K TMV SlKCLLMV, d\\d

fjie'ya teal ^ie<yd\(D (frpovijjutaTi To\/n,i]cra<;, 6i? TTJV
AaK6$aifj.ova 7rapr)\0e KCU TOV re <TTpaTr)yov TMV

'A^aiMV KOl TOV VTTdTOV TMV '^M/JLClitoV i'SiCOT?/?

MV aTretfXe^cre, ra? 5' ev TTJ 7ro\ei rayoa^a? eiravae
Kal KaTeaTrj<j6 rou? AaxeSaL/jiOVLOvs 7rd\tv 6i? TO

KOIVOV,

3 XpoVw Be vGTepov e<yKa\ea-as TL rot? AafceBai-
)aTi]<yMv o <&i\O7roi/j,r]V ra? /xev (pvyd?

645 TrfV 7TO\tV, OyBoiJKOVTCL B€ ^TTap-

aTreKTeivev, a>5 IToXuySi05 fyrjaLv, co? Be

1 Philopoemen was for the sixth time general in 188 B.C.
300

PHILOPOEMEN, xv. 6-xvi. 3

from their friends. Such was his splendid spirit in
matters of money.

XVI. Soon, however, Diophanes, the general of
the Achaean league, hearing that the Lacedaemo-
nians were once more agitating for a change, deter-
mined to punish them, and the Lacedaemonians
determining upon war, were throwing the Pelopon-
nesus into confusion. Here Philopoemen tried to
mollify Diophanes and put a stop to his wrath,
showing him what the occasion demanded, and that
since King Antiochus and the Romans were hovering
about in Greece with armies so great, it behoved the
general of the league to pay attention to them, and
not to stir up domestic troubles, but even to be
somewhat oblivious to the transgressions of his
colleagues. Diophanes, however, paid no heed to
this advice, but invaded Laconia along with Titus
Flamininus, and marched directly upon the city of
Sparta. Incensed at this, Philopoemen ventured
upon an act which was not lawful, nor even exactly
just, but great and prompted by a great spirit. He
went on past them into Sparta, and, private man
though he was, shut out therefrom both the general
of the Achaean league and the Roman consul, put
an end to the disorders in the city, and brought the
Lacedaemonians back again into the league, as they
were at the outset.

At a later time, however, when he had some
ground for accusation against the Lacedaemonians,
as general of the league l Philopoemen brought
back its exiles to the city, and put to death eighty
Spartans, according to Polybius,2 or according to

2 In a passage not extant. Livy gives the same number
(xxxviii. 33).

301

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

4 piaroKpaTtj^, Trei'TJKOvra KOI TpiaKO&ovs
Be rei^rj KaOel\e, %oopav Be 7roXX?)i' d
TrpOGeveLfie T0i9 Me7aXo7roX//ra£9, ocroi Be rjaav
VTTO T&v rvpdvvcov aTToBeBeLy/Aevoi TroXmu TJ/9
^TrdpTf]^, /jLeTaiKi^ev CLTfavTa^ aTrdjwv et? 'A^
7r\r]V rpio-^iXiwv TOVTOVS Be aTTeiOovvTas /cal
/3ov\o/j.ei>ovs aTre\9elv e/c T?}?

\i]crev, eW* olov ecfiv /3 pl^wv CLTTO TWV
TOVTWV ev Me7aX?7 TroXet aToav

5 e'yu,7rj7rXa,uez'09 ^e TCOV Nafce&aifJLOviwv KOI Trap*
d^iav 7r67rpa%6(TLV tTre/nftaii'wv, TO rrrepl TI-JV TTO\I-
reiav ep<yov ayfjioraroi' e^eipyuaaro KOI TrapavoiJ.(i)-
rarov. dveTKe <yap KOI Biecf)0€ipe rrjv AvKovpyeiov

ava^Kaaa^ TOL/? TratSa? avrwv /cal TOI)?
rrjv *A%alici}V avri r>}? nrarpiov TraiBeiav
, co? ovBeTrore fAi/cpbv ev rot9 Avxovpyov

6 Tore jjiev ovv VTTO av^opwv fieydXtov

vevpa TT}? vroXew? €KT€jJi€iv TW ^tXoTroiyaew irapa-

eyevovro xeipoSjOeis KOI rcnreivoi,
B' vorrepov alr^crd/jL€VOL Trapa 'Pa>fj.aicov TJ]V

ecfrvyov TroXtreia^, dve\a(3ov Be teal
rrjv Trdrptov, w? r^v dvvaTov e/c
KOLKWV KOI <p0opd$ T^Xt/cauTT;?.

XVII. 'Evrel ^e fPct>/iatot9 o 77/309 'Avrloxov ev 366
EXXa&t avvea'TTj ?roX6yuo9, ^ /xe^ IBicoT-rjs 6
, opwv Be TOV 'AvrLo^ov avrov ev
jrepl <yd[jLOvs KOL 7rapOeva)v

1 In 184 B.C. (Livy, xxxix. 34).
302

PHILOPOEMEN, xvi. 4-xvn. i

Aristocrates, three hundred and fifty. He also tore
down the walls of the city, and cutting off a large
part of its territory, annexed it to Megalopolis ;
moreover, in the case of those who had been made
citizens of Sparta by the tyrants, he removed them
all into Achaia, with the exception of three thousand
who would not obey him and were unwilling to go
away from Sparta. These he sold into slavery, and
then, as if in mockery of their fate, erected a portico
in Megalopolis with the money which they brought.
And now, glutting his anger at the Lacedaemo-
nians and unworthily trampling upon them in their
misery, he treated their constitution in the most
cruel and most lawless fashion. For he took away
and abolished the system of training which Lycurgus
had instituted, and compelled their boys and their
young men to adopt the Achaean in place of their
hereditary discipline, being convinced that while
they were under the laws of Lycurgus they would
never be humble.

For the time being, then, owing to their great
calamities, the Spartans suffered Philopoemen to
cut away, as it were, the sinews of their city, and
became tractable and submissive ; but a while after-
wards,1 having obtained permission from the
Romans, they abandoned the Achaean polity, and
resumed and re-established that which had come
down from their fathers, so far as was possible after
their many misfortunes and great degeneration.

XVII. When the Romans went to war with
Antiochus in Greece,2 Philopoemen was without
command, and seeing that Antiochus himself was
sitting idly down in Chalcis and spending his time

1 In 191 B.C. Cf. the Flamininus, xv.

3°3

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

ov /m$' wpav a"%o\d^ovTa, rou? Be
ev ara^ia rro\\y Kal %co/?t? tY/e^tovwv ev rat?
a^o/xe^ou? Kal Tpvfiwjnas, ij%0eTo yu,?;
rore TWV JA^aiMv, /ecu 'Pco/Aauois e\eje
' " crrpa-

ev rot? Ka7rrj\€LOi^ /careKO^a TOUTOU?
2 Trai'Ta?." eVei £e ViKiiaavres ol 'Pw/naloi rov
'AvTioxov evefyvovro rot? fEXX?;w«:ot
l 7repie/3a\\ovTO Trj Swajjiei, T0i>9

7;

eVl Trai'Ta 7ro\\r .era rov

Kal TO reXo? eyyvs rjv et? o TT)^ T^7;i^ e'Set

<^epofJLevr]v e^iKeaOai, KaOdirep dyaOos

TT/OO? KVfia &iep€i$6fA6vo<? 6 (&i\O7roi/jL'rjv ra

evSi&ovai Kal irapeiKeLV rjvayKa^ero T

Trepl &e TMV TrkeiffTwv Sia(f)ep6/ji€i>o<; TOU? TO> \eyeiv

Kal Trpdrreiv ur^uoz/ra? avriairav eTreiparo

T^ eXevBepiav.

3 ^ApLcrraLvov $e rov M6ya\o7ro\iTov
fjilv eV rot? 'A^euot? ^eyiarov, TOU? 8

ael OepairevovTos Kal TOU? 'A^aiou? //,?; olo/Aevov
&eiv evavnovcrOai /jLtjSe d^apicnelv eiceivoLS, ev
TW crvveSpiw \eyerat, rov <&L\o7roifji€va aiwrrav
dtcovovra Kal (Bapecos fyepew, re/V.0? Be VTT* opyrj?
Bvaavacr^erovi'Ta TT/JO? TOZ^ 'Apicnaivov eiTrelv
" O avOpwTre, rL aTrevBeis TT/V TTCTT /?&> /jLevrjv r>}?

4 'EXX,a8o? eVt^eti/;" Mawou ^e roi) 'Pco/^aiwv inrd-

TOV VeVLKTI KOTOS fJL€V 'AvTiO^OV, CUTOV {JL6VOV $6
304

PHILOPOEMEN, xvn. 1-4

in a courtship arid marriage which were not suited
to his years,1 while his Syrian troops, in great dis-
order and without leaders, were wandering about
among the cities and living luxuriously, he was
distressed because he was not general of the
Achaeans at that time, and kept saying that he
begrudged the Romans their victory. " For if I had
been general," he said, " I would have cut off all
these fellows in their taverns." But soon the
Romans, after conquering Antiochus, applied them-
selves more closely to the affairs of Greece. They
encompassed the Achaean league with their power,
since the popular leaders gradually inclined to their
support ; their strength, under the guidance of the
heavenly powers, grew great in all directions ; and
the consummation was near to which the fortunes
of Greece must come in their allotted revolution.
Here Philopoemen, like a good helmsman contend-
ing against a high sea, was in some points compelled
to give in and yield to the times ; but in most he
continued his opposition, and tried to draw to the
support of freedom the men who were powerful in
speech or action.

Aristaenus the Megalopolitan 2 was a man of the
greatest influence among the Achaeans, but he
always paid court to the Romans and thought that
the Achaeans ought not to oppose or displease them
in any way. As this man was once speaking in the
assembly, we are told that Philopoemen listened to
him a while in silent indignation, but at last, over-
come by anger, said to him : " My man, why art
thou eager to behold the fated end of Greece ? '
Again, Manius, the Roman consul, after his victory

1 Cf. the Flamininus, xvi. i. a Cf. chapter xiii. 4.

305

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

Trapd TWV 'A^atwv OTTW? edcrwcri TOU? Aa/ceBai-
ffrvydSas KaTe\6elv, KOL T/TOU TCLVTO TCO
ft) Tre/oi TCO^ (pvydScov afyov
o (£)£Xo7roiyu7;y ov Tot? (pvydcri
/3ov\6fjLevo$ St' avrov Kal ra)v 'A%ai(t)v, aXXa /JLT
Tirov jLtBe 'Patjiaicov diri TOVTO

KCU crrparTiywv et9 TOVTTLOV auro? Karjyaye TOU?
s. OUTW? et^e Ti Trpo? ra? e^ot'crta? UTTO

XVIII. "H8?7 Se 7670^0)9 ero? e/3

Se rwv 'A%aia)v crrpar^ycoi', ?i\iri^€V ov
exeivrjv TIJV dp^v aTroXe/zw? $id%€iv, aXXa
l TOU /3/ou TO \OLTTOV avTw [160^ fi<rv)(la<i

r irpdy/JLara irape^eiv. co? yap a VQGOI
rat? TWV (Tcofj^drcov pa)/AaL<$

, ovrws ev rat? 'EXX^z^/crat? 7r6\e(riv CTTI-

2 \eLTTOvcn]s r/)? Sfmyuea)? 6X7776 TO <pi\6veiKov. ov

aXXa NeyLteo't? Ti? wcnrep ddXfjrrji' evSpo-
7T/3O? rep/jiacrt rov ftuov KareftaXe. \6yerai
yap ev TIVI crv\\oyw TWV Trapovrwv eTraivovvrwv
dvSpa Seivov elvai SoKovvra Trepl cnparriyiav
elirelv TOV QiXoTroLfj-eva, " Kat TTW? dlfiov etceivov
\oyov "xelv r°v dvopos, ocms ?'/Xco t^wv VTTO

3 TT o\€ [Jiiwv ;" fjieO* i]/jLepa^ Se o\[ya<?
o Meo-cr?;i^o?, avOpwjros i&ia re TM

Kal TO?? aXXot? eira^Orj^ Bid
Kal aico\acriav, njv re M.effO'iyvrjv avre-

1 Cf. chapter xiii. 3.
306

PHILOPOEMEN, xvn. 4-xvm. 3

over AntiochuSj asked the Achaeans to permit the
exiles from Sparta to go back home, and Titus
Flamininus joined Manius in making this request.
But Philopoemen successfully opposed the request,
not out of hostility to the exiles, but from a desire
that they should owe this favour to himself and the
Achaeans, and not to Flamininus and the Romans;
indeed, as general for the following year he restored
the exiles to their city.1 To such a degree did his
lofty spirit lead him to strive and contend against
men in power.

XVIII. But being now seventy years of age,
and for the eighth time general of the Achaeans,2
he hoped not only to pass that year of office without
war, but also that affairs would permit him to spend
the rest of his life in peace and quiet. For as our
diseases seem to lose their virulence as our bodily
strength declines, so among the Greek cities the
spirit of contention lapsed as their power waned.
Nevertheless, some divine displeasure threw him
down, like an all but victorious runner, at the very
goal of his life. For it is recorded that at some
conference, when others present were lavishing
praise upon one who was reputed to be a redoubtable
general, Philopoemen contemptuously said : " Yet
why should any account be made of this man, who
has been taken alive by his enemies ? ' And a few
days afterwards Deinocrates the Messenian, a man
who had a private quarrel with Philopoemen3 and
was obnoxious to everybody else because of his
baseness and unbridled life, induced Messene to

2 In 182 B.C. Plutarch passes over the years 187-183,
during which the Achaean league and Philopoemen came
increasingly into collision with the Roman power.

8 Cf. the Flamininus t xvii. 3.

307

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

rwv 'A^a^wy, teal Kcofirjv TIJV KO\OV /jLe

6 Be ^>L\oTCoLfJL^v eru^e /nev ev "Apyei
rrvOofJievo^ Be ravra o-vvereivev et<? M.€yd\i]v TTO\IV
i}/jiepa fJLia crraStou? 7rXeioz/a9 f) rerpa/coaiov^.

4 KaKeWev evOvs €JBot]6ei rou? lirirel^ avaXaficov,
o'lirep rjcrav eVSo^oraroi fJiev TWV Trokir&v, vkoi 8e
KO/jLi&f), Si evvoiav TOV <&i\oTTOi/j,evos KOI ^\ov
e6e\ovral ava-rparevovre^. iTTTracrdfjievoi Se TT/OO?
rr)v Mecrcnjvrfv Koi Trepl TOV HLvdvSpov \6<$>ov

5 aTravrwvTi TW Aeivorcpdrei avjATreaovTes eicelvov 367

ev erp&lravro, TMV Be TrevraKocriwv, 01 rrjv

row

/COL TWV TTpOTCpOV TT^fJLwV, ft)?

ov, avOis ava TOV? Xo(/>ou5 aOpoL
Beicras 6 <&i\07roL/nriv icvK\a>6f)Vat KOL TWV i
^eL^ofJLevo^ ave^pei Bia TOTTWV %a\€7ra)v,
ovpaywv real 7ro\\dfci$ avTe%€\avvd)V rot? TroXe-
fcal oXw? €7ri(T7ra>iJL€VO<i e'(/>' eavrov, ov
VTWv dvT€/A/3a\,elv eKGLvwv, a\\a Kpavyais

6 tea Trepibpofjials xpwuevwv airoOev. a^>i(TTd^evo^
ovv 7roXXa/a? Sia rou? veavi<T/cov<5 /cal KU& eva
TrapaTre/uLTTtov e\a6ev ev TroXXoi? aTToiAovwOels
TroXe/itoi?. teal trvvatyai fiev els %et/5a? ovoelf
€T6\fJ>r](j-ev avrti), iroppwOev Be fia\\6/Jievos real
ftia&^evos 7T/30? %a)/ota TrerpwBrj /cal TrapdiepTjfjLva
vaXeTrco? /u,€T€%e«/)t^6TO /cal Kare^aive TOV 'ITTTTOV.

, r\\\ \ ~ r\> / A^"

7 avTO) oe TO fiev 7>;pa? VTTO afffcrj&eaxi TroAA-r;?
€\a(f)pov ty teal Trpbs ovBev ejjiTroBiov €t? TO

308

PH1LOPOEMEN, xvm. 3-7

revolt from the Achaean league, and was reported
about to seize the village called Colonis. Philopoe-
men at the time lay sick of a fever at Argos, but
on learning these facts, he hastened to Megalopolis
in a single day, a journey of more than four hundred
furlongs. From there he at once set out for the
rescue, taking with him the horsemen. These were
the city's most prominent men, but altogether
young, and serving as volunteers under Philopoemen
out of good will and admiration for him. They rode
off towards Messene and encountered Deinocrates,
who came to meet them at Evander's hill. Him
they put to flight; but the five hundred men who
were guarding the open country of Messene suddenly
attacked them, and when those who had before
been worsted saw this, they collected together along
the hills. Then Philopoemen, fearing that he would
be enveloped, and trying to spare his horsemen,
withdrew over difficult ground, bringing up the rear
himself and frequently riding out against the enemy,
and trying to draw their attacks entirely upon him-
self. They did not venture, however, to return his
attacks, but merely shouted and threatened his
flanks. Withdrawing from the line frequently, then,
to spare his young men, and sending them one by
one into safety, before he was aware of it he was
left alone among numerous enemies. Even then no
one ventured to come to close quarters with him,
but he was pelted with missiles from a distance and
forced upon rocky and precipitous places, so that he
had difficulty in managing his horse and kept tearing
him with the spur. His age, owing to his generous
exercise, was not burdensome, and in no way
impeded his escape ; but at that time his body

VOL. x. T 3°9

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

i, Tore 8e KOI 8ia TTJV dppw&riav TOV
cr(t)/j,aros eVSeoO? yeyovoTos /cal Sid Trjv O&OITTO-
piav KdTaKOTTOV, ftapvv ovra /cal

o

TOV TTTOyLtaTO? y€VO/jL6VOV Ka T??

Oova-ifi 6K€tTO TTO\VV y^povov avavo'os, wcrTe teal
Tou? TroXe^ou? TtBvavai So^a^Ta? CLVTOV
8 peiv o-rpe(f)€iv TO awjjia /cal (TKV\eveii>. eVei

aTrecTTpe^ov avTov ra? %elpas OTTicra) /cal
fjyov, vfipei ^pco/jLevoi 7ro\\fj teal \oi8o-
pia /car' dv$po<; ovbe ovap av TTOTC iraOelv VTTO

XIX. Ol 8' eV TTJ TroXef TTJ fjLev ajyeXia

(TTCO? 67rap0€VT€S TjOpOL^OVTO TTCpl Ta? TTu

£e elSov e\KOp.€vov TOV <£>i\O7roi/Aeva Trap
T)}? re So^? /cat TWV e/HTrpoaOev epywv /cal Tpo-
Traiwv, ri\e>]crav ol TrXeicrrot /cal crvvrjX'yricrav,
cocrTe real Satcpvcrai /cal TIJV avOpwiriin^v e/c(j)\av-
picrai ^vva/jLtv &>? CLTCIGTOV /cal TO /jLySev ovcrav.
2 ovTo) Se KaTa /JLt/cpov et? TroXXou? <^L\di'Opwrro<;
Xoyo? co? /JiviifjiOvevTeov eii) TWV TrpocrOev
/cal T^}? e\ev6epias rjv direo'coKev
^ e^eXacra? TOV Tvpai>vov. oXijoi Se

L TU>

TOV avSpa /cal KTeuvetv e/ce\€vov w? fiapvv vroXe-
real Sva/j-eiXiKTov, ai>T(o re Aeivo/cpaTei
el Siatyvyoi Ka&u/Bpio-jLievos VTT

3 avTov /cal eovcbs atiaXwro?. ov

avTov et? TOV /caXov/^evov
KaTaiyeioi> OVTG Trvevjjia \a/ji{3dvov OVTG

310

PHILOPOEMEN, xvm. y-xix. 3

was enfeebled by sickness and worn out with
a long journey, so that he was heavy and stiff,
and at length his horse stumbled and threw
him to the ground. His fall was a heavy one and
his head was hurt, and he lay for a long time
speechless, so that his enemies thought him dead
and tried to turn his body over and strip it of its
armour. But when he raised his head and opened
his eyes, they threw themselves in a throng upon
him, tied his hands behind his back, and led him
away, treating with great insolence and contumely
a man who could never have even dreamed that he
would suffer such a fate at the hands of Deinocrates.
XIX. The people of Messene, wonderfully elated
at the news, gathered in throngs at the gates. But
when they saw Philopoemen dragged along in a
manner unworthy of his fame and of his former
exploits and trophies, most of them were struck with
pity and felt sympathy for him, so that they actually
shed tears and spoke with bitterness of the incon-
stancy and vanity of human greatness. And so,
little by little, many were led to say humanely that
they ought to remember his former benefactions,
and especially how he had restored to them their
freedom by expelling the tyrant Nabis. But there
were a few who, to gratify Deinocrates, urged that
the captive should be tortured and put to death as
a stern and implacable enemy, and one more than
ever to be feared by Deinocrates himself in case he
made his escape after having been taken prisoner
and loaded with insults by him. However, they
carried Philopoemen into the Thesaurus, as it was
called, a subterranean chamber which admitted
neither air nor light from outside and had no door,

311

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

evcf) Karafc\€io/jL6vov, evravda
teal TOV \idov 67rippdj;avTes av&pas
KVK\U> Trepie<TTi]crav.

Ol 8' tTTTret? TWV 'A%aiwv eV TT}? <pv<yr)$ dva\a-
avrovs, &>? ovSa/nov (fravepbs TJV o
, a\X* e&oicei TeOvdvai, TroKvv p.ev

avaKa\ovfJievoi TOV avSpa
\6yov &)? ala"%pav crtorijpiav Kal aSitcov
Trpoe/jievoi, rot? TroXe/A/ot? TOI
5 d<j)€i&i]O'avTa rov ^r/v &i? avrovs, erreiTa

KOL TroXvTrpayfjLOvovvTCS eTrvOovro TVJV
avrov ical 8iijyye\\ov et? ra? TroXet?
01 Se av/j.(j)opav TroLovfiev
f^ev eyvwaav TOV avBpa Trapa rwv
Trpecrfieiav 7re///v/rai>T65, avrol 8e Trape-

XX. Ouroi yLtez^ oui^ ravra eTrpaTrov. 'O Se
keLVOKpdrrjs /xaXicrra TOI^ %pbvov co? crcoTijpiov ru>
<&i\o7ro[fjL€Vi BeBoiKa)? Kal (j)0daai, TCL irapd TWV
'A^a^wi/ y8ouXo/xe^o5, eVel 1/1;^ errijXOe Kal TO
7rX?}#o? dTre^coprjcre ra)v MecrGrjvioov, dvoi%a<$ TO
Bea/jtwrrfpiov elcre-nefji'^re ^yuocrtoz/ OLKerrjv (pdp/jia-
KOV KopL^ovTa, TrpoaeveyKeiv Kal TrapaaTrjvai 368
2 H-t'X.pi' av eKTrirj K€\evcras. erv^e p,ev ovv ev TO)
^Xa/^vSiO) KaTaK€L/ji6vos, ov KaOevSwv, aXXa \v7rrj
Kal dopvftw Karexojjievos, l&aiv Se ^>w? Kal Trape-

TOV

TOV (papfjiaKOv, a-vvaya<ya)v yuoXt? eavTov VTT

xal ^eatei^o? rwTrcrev el

312

PHILOPOEMEN, xix. 3-xx. 2

but was closed by dragging a huge stone in front of
it. Here they placed him, and after planting the
stone against it, set a guard of armed men round
about.

Meanwhile the horsemen of the Achaeans re-
covered themselves after their flight, and when
Philopoemen was nowhere to be seen, but was
thought to be dead, they stood for a long time
calling aloud upon their leader and reproaching one
another for having won an unlawful and shameful
safety by abandoning to the enemy their general,
who had been prodigal of his life for their sakes.
Then they went forward in a body, and by diligent
effort learned of his capture, and sent word of it to
the cities of the Achaeans. The Achaeans felt that
they had suffered a great calamity, and determined
to send an embassy and demand Philopoemen from
the Messenians, while they themselves prepared an
expedition against the city.

XX. The Achaeans, then, were thus engaged. But
Deinocrates, who feared that delay was the one
thing most likely to save Philopoemen, and wished
to forestall the efforts of the Achaeans, when night
came on and the multitude of Messene had dis-
persed, opened the prison and sent in a public
official with poison, ordering him to give it to Philo-
poemen and to stand by his side until he had drunk
it. Now, Philopoemen was lying down wrapped in
his soldier's cloak, not sleeping, but overwhelmed
with trouble and grief. When, however, he saw a
light and a man standing by him holding the cup of
poison, he pulled himself together as much as his
weakness permitted and sat up. Then taking the
cup he asked the man if he had heard anything

313

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

TI Trepl TWV iTTTrecov KOI /uLa\,i(Tra AvKopra
3 a/jievos eariv. elTrovros &€ rdv0p(*)7rov St,a7re<j)ev-
yevai TOVS TTO\\OV^, eVeWucre rrj rceffiaXf), real

rov

el rnavra

KCL\

avrov cnreicX.ivev, ov TroXXa TrpdyjjiaTa rco
O) Trapacr^cov, aX,V aTroaftecrOeis TCL%V bid
dadeveiav.

XXI. '£!<; ovv o Trepl TT}? reXefr^? \6yos rjftev
TOU? *A%aiov$, ra? /xei; TroXe*? CLVTWV Koivrj
Karr)(f)€ia real 7rev0o<$ el^ev, ol &' ev r)\iKia

ovS* TIVTIVOVV dva(3o\ijv eTronjaavro

a\X' e\6/u,€i>oi crrpaTTj'yov Av/coprav et? rr/z^ Mecrcr?;-

z^ta^ eve/3a\ov KOI KCIKWS ejroiovv rqv ^wpav, d^pi

2 ov &v/j,<f)povrj(7avTe<; eSe^avro rou? 'A^a^ou^. KOI

auro? avrov (f)0daas

Si? CLVTWV l drreOvriGKOv, ocroi? Be teal
TOVTOVS eV aliciais airoKov^kvov^
ev o Av/copras. TO 8e (rwfAa xav-
avTov fcal TO, \eityava GwOevres et?
v$piav dve^evryvvcrav, OVK draKTCOs ovSe co? 6

ttXX,' CTTIPLKIOV TTOfMTnjV TlVa CLfJia Ttti?

3 fjil^avre^. rjv /J,ev jap eVre^ayw/ueVou? IBeiv,
Se TOL>? avrovs /cal Satcpvovras, ?]v Be TOU? e"j(j9povs
Secr/j-iovs dyofJLevovs. avrrjv Se Tr]v vSpiav VTTO
7r\.r)9ov<; raivi&v re /cal cne<pdvo)v
6 rov (TTpaTijyov rwv

OJV Bekker and Blass have 5t* OWTW^ (died &y their
own hands), with Stephanus.

PHILOPOEMEN, xx. 2-xxi. 3

about the horsemen, and particularly about Lycortas,
and on being told by him that the greater part of
them had escaped, he nodded his head, and with a
kindly look at the man said to him : " That is good
news, if we have not wholly lost." Without another
word and even without a sigh he drained the cup
and laid himself down again. He did not give the
poison much to do, but breathed his last speedily, so
weak was he.

XXI. Accordingly, when the report of his death
reached the Achaeans, their cities were filled with
general dejection and grief, and the men of military
age, together with the members of the council,
assembled at Megalopolis. With no delay whatso-
ever they proceeded to take revenge. They chose
Lycortas general, invaded Messenia, and ravaged
the country, until the Messenians with one consent
received them into their city. Deinocrates antici-
pated their vengeance by making away with himself,
but all the others who had voted to put Philopoemen
to death they slew, and as for those who would have
had him tortured also, these Lycortas seized and
held for a more excruciating death. Then they
burned Philopoemen's body, collected his ashes in
an urn, and set out for home, not in loose or pro-
miscuous order, but with a blending of triumphal
procession and funeral rites. For their heads were
wreathed with garlands while their eyes were full of
tears, and they led their foes along with them in
chains. The urn itself, almost hidden from sight
by a multitude of fillets and wreaths, was borne by
Polybius, the son of the Achaean general, and about

315

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

IIoXu/:?to9 KCU Trepl CLVTOV ol irpwroi, TWV '
ol Be a-Tpanwrai, ft)7rXfcr//,eVot JJLGV avrot, rot? B*
K6Koa-/ji,r)/jL€vois eTrrjKoXovQovv, ovre, olov
ei TOCTOUT&), KaTij^els ovre rfj viicy
4 yavpicovT€<s. €K Se TWV Bia jjiecrov Trokewv KCU
aTTavTwvres, wcnrep avrov UTTO

e-jraviovra Se^iovftevoi, TT}? vSpias efaJTrrovro, KOI
6t? MeyaXrjv iroXiv. o>9 ovv avvave-
vTols ol TrpecrftvTepoi jmera yvvai/cwv

/cal TraiSayv, oXo^>f/)/zo? ijSrj Sta TTOLVTOS e^wpei

TOV CTTpaT€V/jiaTOS 6t9 T7JV TToiXiV 67TL7TO0OVCraV TOV

av&pa KOI ySa/oeo)? ^epovaav, oio/jL€vrjv avvairo-
/36/3\r)/cevai TO Trpwreveiv ev

fiev ovv, a>? etVo?, eVSo^ft)?, real Trepl TO

ol TWV Mecr<r?^t&)^

ovawv Be TTO\\WV fJLev eiKovwv avrov,
/jLeya\o)v Be TifJLMV, a? at 7roXe^9

TOA9

ave\elv cnrdcras KOI

avroi', ev$eiKi>i>iJL6vos, wcnrep eri ^COVTCI,
6 fP&)yiiatoi9 TToXe/ztoi' /cat KaKovovvyeveaOai. \6ywv
Be \€^6evTwv /cal Ho\v/3iov Trpos TOV

6 Moyu/it09 ouTe ot'
avBpos evBo^ov Tifias atyavlcrai,
OVK o\l<ya T0t9 7T€pl TLTOV /cal Mdvtov evavnco-
, d\\a T^9 %peta9 rrjv dperrjv efcelvoi KOI TO

1 In 146 B.C., at the close of Rome's war with the Achaean
league.

316

PHILOPOEMEN, xxi. 3-6

him were the chief men of the Achaeans. The
soldiers followed after, in full armour themselves,
and with their horses decorated ; they were neither
dejected in view of their great affliction nor exultant
over their victory. Moreover, the people from the
cities and villages on the way came to meet them,
as if receiving Philopoemen on his return from an
expedition ; they laid their hands upon his urn, and
accompanied him to Megalopolis. And so when
they had been joined by the old men and by the
women and children, a lamentation at once spread
through the entire army and into the city, which
longed for the presence of Philopoemen and was
grievously cast down at his death, feeling that with
him it had lost its supremacy among the Achaeans.

He was buried, then, as was fitting, with con-
spicuous honours, and at his tomb the captive
Messenians were stoned to death. Many statues of
him were erected and many honours decreed him by
the cities. All these a Roman, in the disastrous
days of Greece following the fall of Corinth,1
attempted to have removed, and he attacked the
memory of Philopoemen himself, accusing him, as if
still alive, of having been a malevolent enemy of the
Romans. After the proposal had been discussed
and Polybius had spoken in opposition to Philopoe-
men's detractor, neither Mummius nor the members
of the commission2 would consent that the honours
paid to an illustrious man should be obliterated,
although he had made no little opposition to Flami-
ninus and Manius. These judges distinguished, as

2 A commission of ten, appointed by the Roman senate to
settle the affairs of Greece. It was before this body that
Philopoemen's memory was attacked and defended.

317

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

Ka\6v, &>9 eoirce, rou

KOI TrpocrijKovTws rot? jjiev a)(j)€\ov(n, fJiicrOov /cal
Trapa TWV ev TraOovruiV, rot? 5* a
6(f)€L\€(T0ai Trapa r&v dyad&v del

Tavra irepl

PHILOPOEMEN, xxi. 6

it would appear, between virtue and necessity,
between honour and advantage. They rightly and
fitly considered that benefactors ought always to
receive reward and gratitude from their beneficiaries,
and good men honour from the good.
So much concerning Philopoemen.

TITUS FLAMININUS

TITOS

I. *Ov Be 7rapa/3d\\o/jL€v avrw, TITO? KOIVTIOS 369
QXafjiLvlvos, IBeav p,ev OTTOIOS rjv Trdpecm Oedcra-
crOat, TO?? /3ov\.OfJL€vois airo r^9 ev 'Pco/Ay ^aXfc^
elicovos, T) Keircu irapa rbv /jLeyav 'A7r6\\cova rov
€K Kap^Sovos avTLKpv rov iTTTroSpo/jLOV, <ypd/jL/jLa-
aiv (E^\\rjviKol<; eTriyeypa/jL/Aevi], TO Be i]0os o^u?
\eyerai yevecrOat KOI TT/JO? opyrjv Kal TT^O?
2 ov /JLTJV o/toto)9, aXX' e\a(f)po<f /iiev ev TO) K

KOL OVK eirifjiovos, TT/DO? Se ra? ^

01^/370? «rat rot? evepyeTrjflela-i Std Trai^ro? wcnrep

evvovs, teal TrpoOvnos, a>5

TOU? ei^ TreTrovOoras UTT' avrov

ae\ KOL

dpl(J'TWV KCU

trpd^ewv avrovpyos elvai, KOI rot? Seo-
€v 7ra0eii> ^a\\ov r) rot? ev Troifjcrat, Svva-
fyaipe, TOV? [lev v\r)v r>}? apery?, TOU? B€
axnrep a^TtTraXou? TT^O? $6£av f)yov^evo<^.
3 Tlai$ev0el<> Be TrcuBeiav TTJV Bia TOU> edwv TWV
arTpaTi(t)TLK<>)v, TroXXoi;? Tore teal ^eyd\ov<{

322

TITUS FLAMININUS

I. IN parallel with Philopoemen we shall put
Titus Quintius Flamininus. What his outward
appearance was may be seen by those who wish it
from the bronze statue of him at Rome. It stands
by the side of the great Apollo from Carthage,
opposite the Circus,1 and has upon it an inscription
in Greek characters. As to his disposition, he is
said to have been quick to show anger as well as to
confer favours, though not in like extent. For he
was gentle in his punishments and not persistent,
whereas in his favours he was unremitting, always
well disposed towards his beneficiaries as though
they were his benefactors, and eager to protect at all
times and preserve those who had ever met with kind-
ness at his hands, as though they were his choicest
possessions. But since he was covetous of honour
and fame, he desired that his noblest and greatest
achievements should be the result of his own efforts,
and he took more pleasure in those who wanted to
receive kindness than in those who were able to
bestow it, considering that the former were objects
upon which he could exercise his virtue, while the
latter were his rivals, so to speak, in the struggle for
fame.

From his earliest years he was trained in the arts
of war, since at that time Rome was carrying on

1 The Circus Flamininus is meant, which was erected in
221 B.C. by the censor Flamininua Nepos.

323

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

ttya)i/<£bjU,eV?7? dywvas Kal TWV vewv
ev TW (TrpaTevecrOai crTparrjyeiv BiBacrKo-

TTpO)TOl> fJLeV €V TO) 7T/30? 'AwifidV 7TO\€Uq)

VTrarevovn M.apfce\\w o-vvecrrparev-
4 craro. Kal Map/ce\Xo? /j,ev eveSpa

^T€\.6VTr)CT€, TtTO? &€ T>}? 7T€pl

KOI Tapavros avTov TO Sevrepov r)\w KOTOS e
evSoKLfMtjcrev ov% fjTrov eVt rot?
Kara rrjv crrpaTeLav. Sib Kal
airoLicwv et? Svo 7roXei9, Ndpveidv re KOI K&vaav,

Kal

II. ToOro 8e avrbv eTrfjpe /jLaXiara rav 3ia
/uL€aov Kal crvvtjdeis rot? i^eoi9 ap^a? vTrepfSavra,
Sr]fjiap%iav Kal aTpaT^yiav Kal dyopavo/niav, evOvs
avrov uTrare/a? d^iovv Kal Karyei TOU? djrb rwv
K\ripov%iwv €%a)V TrpoOvfJiovs. rcov $e irepl
<f>ov\/3iov Kal Wdviov Brj/jidp^cov I
Seivbv elvai Xeyovrcov avbpa veov e/? Tr)v
dp^rjv €icrlBid^e(TOai irapa TOU? vouovs, olov are-
\eGTOv en, TWV TrpcoTwv lepwv Kal avcrrrjpiaiv
2 TroXireta?, 77 jmev av^K\7)To^ drreScoKe TM

TrjV -fyrifyov, o Be Brjuos aTreBei^ev avrov viraiov
aera ^e^rov Al\iov, Kalirep OVTTO) TpiaKOvra errj
r/eyovora. K\r)pw Be \ayxdvei TOV TT/OO?
Kal Ma/ce^o^a? Tr6\e/Jiov, evrv^ia Tivl TWV '
cov av\\a')((jL>v Trpdyuaai Kal avQ p^ir oi<$ ov iravra
{Siq %pa) pevov

324

TITUS FLAMININUS, i. 3-11. 2

many great contests and her young men from the
very outset were taught by service as soldiers how
to command soldiers. To begin with, then, he
served as military tribune in the war against
Hannibal under Marcellus the consul. Marcellus
tell into an ambush and lost his life/ but Titus was
appointed governor of the country about Tarentum
and of Tarentum itself, now captured for the second
time. Here he won a good name, no less for his
administration of justice than for his conduct in the
field. For this reason he was also chosen director-
in-chief of the colonists sent out to the two cities of
Narnia and Cosa.

II. This success more than anything else so
exalted his ambition that he ignored the intervening
offices which young men generally sought, the offices
of tribune, praetor, and aedile, and thought him-
self worthy at once of a consulship ; so he became a
candidate for that office, with the eager support of
his colonists. But the tribunes Fulvius and Manius
opposed his course, and said that it was a monstrous
thing for a young man to force his way into the
highest office contrary to the laws, before he had
been initiated, as it were, into the first rites and
mysteries of government. The senate, however,
referred the matter to the votes of the people, and
the people elected him consul2 along with Sextus
Aelius, although he was not yet thirty years old.
The lot assigned him to the war with Philip and the
Macedonians, and it was a marvellous piece of good
fortune for the Romans that he was thus designated
for a field of activity where the people did not
require a leader relying entirely upon war and

1 In 208 B.C. Cf. the Marcellus, xxviii. f. a In 198 B.C.

325

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

aXXa ireiOol teal 6/J,i\Ca /taXXoi> aX&>cr///,o£9.
3 ^XtTrTrco yap rjv (TTo/J.a)/j.a /JL6V et9 nd^rjv CLTTO-

T) MaKeB6vO)V dp%1J, P^/^1! Be 7TO\€/JLOV

rpifirjv expVTOS Kal xoprjyia /cal Karat^uyrj fcal
opyavov oXco? T^? fyakaryyos rj rwv
^vvajjiis, wv fjirj Sta\vdei>TO)V CLTTO rou
/.ua? /JLO,^!^ °VK *)v epyov 6 777109 avrov
4 77 S' 'EX\a9 ouTTco vroXXa crvvevrjveyjLievr) '
a\\a Tore Trpcorov eTTLfiLyvv^evr] ra?9
el ^i fyvcrei, re xprjarbs rjv o ap^wv KOI ~\.6ya>
/jid\\ov rj 7ro\€/Jiw ^/?co/ae^o9, evTvy%dvovTi re 370
Trpo&fjv TTiOavoTris Kal TrpaoTTjs Iviv'^'^avo^vw
l roz^09 7rXet<TT09 vTrep TWV SiKalwv, OVK av

dvrl

rjydTTijcre. ravra fj,ev ovv eVl TWV TTpd^ewv avrov

III. HvvOavoj^evos Be 6 Ttro9 TOi;9 Trpb eavrov
<TTpar 77701^9, rovro /uez/ ^OV^TTLKIOV, rovro &e
otye 7779 co/oa9 €/i/3aXo^ra9 et9 Ma/ce-
iav Kal rou TroXe'/aof /5jpaSea)9 d

2 7T/909 TOl^ ^>L\i7T7rOV, OVK O)6TO

OIKOI rbv eviavrbv ev Tip,ai<$ Kal
vcrrepov e^u>p/JL^cra
oura)9 /cat auTO9 eviavrbv eTriKepSdvai rrj

TOV fj,ev vTraTevaas, rq> Be 7roX6ya7;cra9> aXX' O
326

TITUS FLAMININUS, n. 2-111. 2

violence, but were rather to be won over by per-
suasion and friendly intercourse. For the realm of
Macedonia afforded Philip a sufficiently strong force
for actual battle, but in a war of long duration his
phalanx was dependent for its vigour, its support,
its places of refuge, and in a word for its entire
effectiveness, upon the states of Greece, and unless
these were detached from Philip, the war with him
would not be a matter of a single battle. Greece,
however, had not yet been brought into much
contact with the Romans, and now for the first time
was drawn into political relations with them. Unless,
therefore, the Roman commander had been a man of
native goodness who relied upon argument more
than upon war, and unless he had been persuasive
when he asked an audience and kind when he
granted one, ever laying the greatest stress upon
what was right and just, Greece would not so easily
have been satisfied with a foreign supremacy instead
of those to which she had been accustomed. How-
ever, this will be made clear in the story of his
achievements.

III. Titus learned that the generals who had
preceded him in this field, first Sulpicius, and then
Publius Villius, had invaded Macedonia late in the
season, had prosecuted the war slowly, and had
wasted time in manoeuvring for position or in long
range skirmishes with Philip to secure roads and
provisions. These men had squandered the year of
their consulship at home in the honours and political
activities of their office, and afterwards had set out
on their campaigns. But Titus did not think it
right to imitate them and thus add a year to his
term of office, acting as magistrate during one, and

327

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

evepyv
Trapao"%eiv, ra<; fiev ev ry TroXet Tf^ia? Kai rrpo-

3 eS/ota? d<j)7jKev} airier d/ievo? Be rrapd T?}? /3ov\f)<?
TOV dBe\(f>bv avra) Aev/ciov ap^ovra vewv crva-rpa-
Teveiv, KOI T&V fjierd ^KyjTriutvo^ ev 'l/Brjpia pew
'AaBpovfiav, ev Aifivrj Be 'AvvLftav avrov fcara-
fjLe^a^rifjievwv rou? aK^a^ovra^ en real 7rpoQvjJ,ovs
dva\a/3cov wcrTrep <TTOyita>/ia, Tpia"%i\iov$ yevo-
yu-eVou?, et? rrjv "Hireipov acr^aXco? SieTrepa^e.

4 Kai TOV IIoTrXfoi' evpwv yu-era TT}<? Svvd/j,ea>s avri-

TW ^>iXt7T7r&) ra? rrepl TOV
TTOTa/jibv e'^oXa? real TCL crTevd (pv\aT-
TOVTI TcoKvv r;S?; xpovov, ovSev Be TrepalvovTa
Bid Trjv o^vpoT'rjTa TWV ^copicov, 7rape\a/3e TO
Kai TOV HorrXiov aTTOTreyU^a? KO,T€-
TOU? TOTTOVS. elcrl Be o%vpol /nev oi>%
TMV rrepl ra Te/^mj, «aXX?; Be BevBpcov, a)?
exeivoi, Kai ^Xwyoor^ra v\r)<; Kai StaT/06y3a5

5 \ei/uwva<; rjBels OVK e^ovaiv. opcov Be
Kai v^j-)\a)v €KaTepa)0ev €i? fiiav
yicrTrjv Kai (SaOelav (JVfjL^epo^ev

6 "A-v/^o? Kai cr^r/fjia Kai ra^o? e^o/jLOtourai
TOV Tltjveiov, Trjv JLLCV d\\Tjv drracrav d
VTTaipeiav, CKTO/jirjV Be KprjfAvcoBr) Kai aTevijv rrapd
TO peWpov dTTO\ei7rwv aTpaTrov, ovBe aXX&)9 pa-
Biav aTpaTevjmaTi Bie\Qelv, el Be Kai (f)v\dTToiTo,
Traz^reXw? arropov.

IV. 'H<rai/ fjiev ovv ol TOV TLTOV djeiv KVK\W
Bid TT;? &aa-(rapiJTiBos fcaTa AVKOV eurropov

328

TITUS FLAMININUS, m. 2-iv. i

as general for a second. On the contrary, he was

ambitious to prosecute the war at the same time

that he served as consul, and therefore renounced

his honours and special privileges in the city, and

after asking the senate that his brother Lucius

might accompany him on his expedition as naval

commander, he took with him as the main part of

his force those of Scipio's soldiers who were still in

full vigour of body and spirit after conquering

Hasdrubal in Spain and Hannibal himself in Africa

(they were three thousand in number), and crossed

safely into Epirus. He found Publius Villius

encamped with his forces over against Philip, who

for a long time now had been guarding the narrow

passes along the river Apsus. Publius was making

no progress, owing to the strength of his adversary's

position, and Titus therefore took over his army,

sent Publius home, and began an examination of the

ground. It has no less natural strength than the

Vale of Tempe, but is without the beautiful trees,

green woods, agreeable haunts, and pleasant meadows

which there abound. Great and lofty mountains on

either side slope down and form a single very large

and deep ravine, and through this the Apsus dashes

with a volume and speed which make it the equal

of the Peneius. Its water covers all the rest of the

ground at the foot of the mountains, but leaves a

cut, precipitous and narrow, for a path along past

its current ; this path would not be easy for an army

to traverse at any time, and when guarded, it would

be utterly impassable.

IV. There were some, therefore, who tried to have
Titus lead his forces by a roundabout way through

329

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

ooov xal paoiav €7ri^eipovvTe<;. o Be BeBoiKws
TToppo) 6a\drrT7]^ efif3a\a)v eavTov els TOTTOU?
y\iO"Xpov<; Kal cnreLpOfjievovs Trovrjpws TOV <&i\i7r-
TTOV <f>vfyofj,a'%ovi>TO<; aTroprjarj cnriwv Kal Trd\iv
aTrpa/cros, wcrirep o frpo avrov arpar'rjjo^, dva-
'^wpelv dvayfcacrOf} TT/OO? rrjv OaKacrcrav, e<yvw
7rpoo-/3d\cbi> dva /cpdros Sta rwv a/cpwv ftidcra-
2 aQai rrjv TrdpoSov. eTrel 8e ra oprj TOV ^tXtTTTrou
ayyi Kare^oi'ro^, etc rcov 7T\ayiwv Travra-
ejrl TOVS fPa)yu,atou? dfcovr'itov KOL ro^ev-
(frepo/juevcov, 7r\ijyal fJLev eyivovro

ywves oei? Kal veKpol Trap"
ovbev $e rov TTO\€/ULOV Trepan efyaivero, Trpo(Trj\.Oov
avOpwjroi TWV avToOi vefjibvTwv (f)pd£ovTe<s Tiva
KVK\waiv dfj,e\ov/j(£vrjv VTTO T&V 7ro\€/jiia)v, rj TOV
GTpaTov a^eiv viriayyovvTo Kal KaTaa-Tijcreiv
3 fjid\io'Ta TpiTalov eirl TWV ctKpcov. ryvuHTTirjv Se T^9
Trapei^ovTO Kal ftefiaicoTTjV Xapovra TOI^
, TrpaiTevovTa fJLev 'H7ret/o&>Tft)^, evvovv Be
oz/ra Kal Kpvfya <f)6/3q> TOV
u> TTLo-Tevcras o Ttro?
eva TTG^OU?
tTTTret? T/ota/coo-tou?. rjyovvTO 8e ol

Kal ra? /j,ev rjfiepas dveiravovTO
KOL\OVS 7rpo/3a\\6fji€voi, KOI uXcoSef? TOTTOU?,
Be vvKTCop TT/JO? TTJV ff€\qvi]V Kal yap rjv

'O Be Ttro? TOVTOVS drrocTTei\a<; Tas fiev aXXa? 371

Biaveirave TOV GTpaTov oo~a /nrj TrepiGTrav
aKpo/3o\io-/jLois TOW? TToXe/itou?, KaO' TfV Be
V7rep(j)avija'€(T0ai TWV aKpwv ol •jrepi'iovTe?,

330

TITUS FLAMININUS, iv. 1-4

Dassaretis towards Lycus, a safe and easy road. But
he was afraid that if he went far away from the sea
and got into regions that were poorly tilled and
barren, while Philip avoided a battle, lack of pro-
visions would compel him to come back again to the
sea with his task undone, like the general who had
preceded him. He therefore determined to attack
with all his might, and force his passage through the
heights. But Philip was occupying the mountains
with his phalanx, and on the flanks of the Romans
javelins and arrows came flying from all directions
against them. Sharp encounters took place, men
were wounded and men fell dead on both sides, and
no end of the war was in sight. But at last some
herdsmen of the vicinity came to Titus and told him
of a roundabout path which the enemy was neglect-
ing to guard ; over this they promised to lead his
army and bring it, in three days at the farthest, to
a position on the heights. As surety and voucher
for their good faith they brought Charops the son
of Machatas, a leading man in Epirus, who was well-
disposed to the Romans and was secretly co-operating
with them through fear of Philip. In him Titus put
confidence, and sent out a military tribune with four
thousand foot-soldiers and three hundred horsemen.
They were conducted by the herdsmen, who were in
bonds. By day they rested under cover of caves or
woody places, and they travelled in the night, by
the light of the moon, which was at the full.

After sending off this detachment, Titus kept his
army quiet for two days, except so far as he drew off
the enemy's attention by skirmishes ; but when the
day came on which the enveloping party were ex-
pected to show themselves on the heights, at daybreak

331

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

rjuepa Trdv /j,ev jBapv, irav 8e
oir\ov eKivet,' Kal Tpi%f) veiuas rrjv Svva/jLiv avrbs
aw et? TO arevooTarov Trapd TO peWpov op6ia<s
dvrjye ras (nreipas ySaXXo/te^o? VTTO T&V Ma«re-

KOL CrVjL7T€KOjL€VO<; TOt? aTTaVTOXTi TT€p\

5 ra? SvcrxcopLas, rwv be a\\a)v e/carepwtfev a

Kal Tat? rpa-^vr/rja-ii>

O TG ?)'X/O9 aV€(7^€ KOI

KCLTTVOS ov ySe/9a£O?, a\\J olov opeios o/u^X?; TTO/O-
pa)0€V avareXXwv /cat BicKfraivofievo? TOU?

e\dv9ave, Kara VMTOV yap r)v
TWV aicpwv e'xpjjievwv, ol Se 'Pcn/jiaLoi
ea")(ov afJL^>i^6\ov ev dywvi Kal TTOVM rrjv e

6 TT/JO? TO /3ov\6{ji€vov \a/jL/3dvovTes. eVel Be
\ov av^avo/Jievos Kal Sia/j,e\aiva)v rov depa
TroXL*? avo) xcopwv e&r)\ovTO TTU/OO-O? clvai

ol /ji€V aXaXa£az>T6? efreftaivov eppwfjLevws KOL
(Tvve(TTe\\ov et? ra rpa^vrara TOU? TroXe/utoi/?, ot'

a?ro

V. O^^ yLte^ o5z> ^f evBvs o^eia Trdvrcov, eVe-
Se Si(T%i,\ia)v ov TrXetou?- dfyrjpovvTO yap at
Sva%oopiai, rrjv Sicofyv. xprjuara 8e Kal a-Krjvds
Kal Oepdirovras ol 'Pco/jiaioi Siapirdo-avres €Kpd-
TOVV TWV O-TGVWV, Kal Siobo'evov rrjv "HTret/ooi/ OVTCO

Kttl

Kal rrjs 0a~\.daa"r)<; [laKpav 6Wa? avrovs,

TOP €7Tlp,r]VlOV CTiTOV flf]
332

TITUS FLAMININUS, iv. 4-v. i

he put all his heavy-armed and all his light-armed
troops in motion. Dividing his forces into three
parts, he himself led his cohorts in column formation
up into the narrowest part of the ravine along the
stream, pelted with missiles by the Macedonians
and engaging at close quarters with those who con-
fronted him at each difficult spot ; the other
divisions, one on either side, strove to keep pace
with him, and grappled eagerly with the difficulties
presented by the rough ground. Meanwhile the
sun rose, and a smoke — not clearly defined, but re-
sembling a mountain mist — lifted itself and came into
view from afar. The enemy did not notice it, for it
was behind them, where the heights were already
occupied, and the Romans were of doubtful mind
about it, but as they struggled and laboured on,
they let their wishes determine their hopes. Fut
when the smoke increased in size and darkened the
air, and ascending in great volume was clearly seen
to be a fire-signal from their friends, then the
Romans below raised shouts of triumph and dashed
upon their foes and crowded them together into the
roughest places, while the Romans behind the enemy
sent down answering shouts from the heights.

V. At once, then, the enemy fled precipitately,
but not more than two thousand of them fell ; 1 for
the difficulties of the ground made pursuit impossible.
However, the Romans made spoil of their money,
tents, and slaves, mastered the pass, and traversed
all parts of Epirus, but in such an orderly manner
and with so great restraint that, although they were
far from their fleet and the sea, and although their
monthly rations of grain had not been measured out

1 So Livy, xxxii. 12.

333

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

ypops, aTre^ecraL T?? %a)pa<; /n-
a)(j)€\€ia<f e'Xpvcfrjs. 6 yap TITO? TTVV-
rov Qi^nnrov, oo? o/jioia tpevyovri rrjv

row?

T&V iroKewv dvia-Trjffiv et? ra oprj, ra? Se
KaTairifjLirpricri, TWV Be ^prff^arcov TO, \ei7r6fieva
Sta 7r\,7}$o? 77 ftdpos dpTrayijv TrpoTL&erai, rpoTrov

Tiva

\OTi/jieiTO KOI irapeicd\ei rou? o-Tpar^coTa? wcnrep
ol/ceias teal 7rapaK6)^cop7j/ui€vrj<; KqSofievovs ftaSi-

3 ^eiv. KCU fJLGvroi teal irapel-^ev aurot? ra

rr}? eura^'a? aiadrjcriv ev0v<$. irpoa-e^opovv
yap at 7ro\ei9 a-v^a/zei^oi? ©erraXta?, ot 8'
X^^e? eirodovv fcal BICTTTOI-IVTO
Trpo? TOV TLTOV, 'Amatol Se
aTrenrdiJievoi TroXe/^el

4 ytiera 'P&fiaiwv TT/JO? avrov. 'Qirovvnoi Be, tcai-
Trep AtrwXwi/ Tore 'PwyLtatoi? <rvva^{wvi'Clo^kvwv
Trpodufjiorara teal TTJV TTO\I,V d^iovvrayv irapa\a-
ftelv real <pv\dTT€iv, ov Trpoaecr^ov, aXXa yLteTavreyCt-

ro^ Ttroy GKCiv SieTria-revarav eavrov?

teal

TLvppov fjiev ovv \eyovaiv, ore TrpwTOv diro

TO crrpdrevfia TWV 'PwfLaiwv
, elireiv ov ftapfiapiKrjv avry
$avr]vai rrjv T&V [Sapftdpwv irapdra^iv ol Be
Ttro) Trpwrov evTV<y%dvovT€<; rjvayKd^ovro Trapa-
5 TrX^crta? d<pievai (frcovd?. dtcovovres yap TWV
MafceBovwv a)? avO PWTTOS dp-^wv ftap/3dpov (rrpa-

334

TITUS FLAMININUS, v. 1-5

to them and they could buy little, they nevertheless
refrained from plundering the country, which offered
abundant booty. For Titus had learned that Philip,
in passing through Thessaly like a fugitive, was
driving the inhabitants from their cities into the
mountains, burning doAvn the cities, and allowing
his soldiers to plunder the wealth which was too
abundant or too heavy to be carried away, thus in a
manner ceding the country already to the Romans.
Titus was therefore ambitious, and exhorted his
soldiers accordingly to spare the country in march-
ing through it, and to treat it as though it had been
handed over to them and were their own. And
indeed the results showed them at once the advan-
tages of this orderly conduct. For as soon as they
reached Thessaly the cities came over to them, the
Greeks south of Thermopylae were all eagerness and
excitement to find Titus, and the Achaeans, renounc-
ing their alliance with Philip, voted to join the
Romans in making war upon him. The Opuntians,
moreover, although the Aetolians, who were at that
time righting most zealously on the side of the
Romans, asked permission to take Opus in charge
and protect the city, would not grant the request,
but sent for Titus and gave themselves with the
fullest confidence into his hands.

Now, we are told that Pyrrhus, when for the first
time he beheld from a look-out place the army of
the Romans in full array, had said that he saw
nothing barbaric in the Barbarians' line of battle j1
and so those who for the first time met Titus were
compelled to speak in a similar strain. For they
had heard the Macedonians say that a commander

1 Cf. the Pyrrhus, xvi. 5.

335

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

5t' 07T\(DV

Kal SovKovfievos, elra arcavrwvres dvBpl rr\v re
rfKiKiav vkw Kal rrjv O-^TLV <f>i\av0pa)7rq),
re Kal Bid\6Krov r/'Ei\\ijvi> KOI ri/j,r)<?
epacnfj, davjjbacriws eKrjXovvro, Kal ra?
aTribvres €ve7rifjL7r\acrav evvoias rrjs TT/JO? avrbv
6 a>9 e^oucra? t^je/JLOva Trjs eKevOeplas. eirel 8e Kal
<&L\,i7r7ry Sofcovvri, crvfJiftarLKWs e^eiv et? rav-rov
e\6aov rrpoineLvev elpijvrjv Kal <£>i\i,av eVt ry TOU?
"EXX^i^a? avrovofiovs edv Kal ra? (frpovpas aira\- 372
\drreiv, 6 Be OVK eBe^aro, iravrdiraaiv ij^ij rare
l rot? 6eparjrevov(TL ra rov QiXiTTTrov Trapearr)

virep

VI. Ta fjiev ovv a\\a Trpode^copet,
avrti), rrjv Be ^oiwrLav a
Qrjftaioov a7nf)vrr)a-av ol Trpwroi, (frpovovvres JJLZV
ra rov MaKeBovos Bta
Be Kal rifjLwvres rov Ttroz>, &)? (friXias Trpbs

2 repovs VTrap^ovarj^. 6 S* evrvj(a)v aurot? (f)i\,av-
6p(i)7ra)s Kal Be^iwcrdjAevos Trporjyev fj&vxy Ka@*
6B6v, ra [iev epwrcov Kal nrvvdavoiJLevos, ra Be
Birjyov/jievos, Kal irapdywv eTrirrjBes a^pt, TOU?

3 crr/xxTtcora? dva\aftelv eK rfjs Tropeta?. ovray Be
7rpod<yci)v crvveicrrjkOe TO?? ®rj/3aioi<; et? ryv TTO\,IV,
ov Trdvv /J,ev r)§ofievoi<s, OKVovcn Be Kw\veiv, errel

336

TITUS FLAMININUS, v. 5-vi. 3

of a barbarian host was coming against them, who
subdued and enslaved everywhere by force of arms ;
and then, when they met a man who was young in
years, humane in aspect, a Greek in voice and
language, and a lover of genuine honour, they were
wonderfully charmed, and when they returned to
their cities they filled them with kindly feelings
towards him and the belief that in him they had a
champion of their liberties. After this Titus had a
meeting with Philip (who seemed disposed to make
terms), and proffered him peace and friendship on
condition that he allowed the Greeks to be indepen-
dent and withdraw his garrisons from their cities ;
but this proffer Philip would not accept. Then at
last it became quite clear even to the partisans of
Philip that the Romans were come to wage war, not
upon the Greeks, but upon the Macedonians in
behalf of the Greeks.

VI. Accordingly, the other parts of Greece came
over to the side of Titus without any trouble ; but as
he was entering Boeotia without hostile demonstra-
tions, the leading men of Thebes came to meet him.
They were in sympathy with the Macedonian cause
through the efforts of Brachyllas, but welcomed Titus
and showed him honour, professing to be on friendly
terms with both parties. Titus met and greeted
them kindly, and then proceeded quietly on his
journey, sometimes asking questions for his own
information and sometimes discoursing at length,
and purposely diverting them until his soldiers
should come up from their march. Then he led
them forward and entered the city along with the
Thebans, who were not at all pleased thereat, but
hesitated to oppose him, since a goodly number of

337

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

arpanwrai ye /^erpioi, TO 7rX/}$o? GLTTOVTO, /ecu
/j,€VTOi 7rap6\0a>v 6 Tiros, co? OVK e~)(wv TJJV iroKiVy
eireiOev ete(rdat ra 'Pai/jLaicov, ' A.rrd\ov TOV fiacn.-
Xeo>9 crvvayopevovTos avrco Kal avve^op/AOJVTOS
Tot1? 0?;^3atou?. aXX' "ArraXo? /n€i>, a>? eoLKe,
rov y>]ph)$ TTpodv^iorepoi' eavrov TU> TLTCO p/jropa
7rapao-%eiv (f)i\OTifj.ov/j.€vos, Iv CIVTW TO) \e<yeiv

v €7ri\t](f)&el<; eVecre, /ecu JJLCT ov iroXv
vavcrlv ei<$ ' * Kcriav aTroKOp.i<j9ei$ 6T€\evTt]cr6V' ol
8e Bofwrol 7rpoo-€%(*)p)]crav
VII. <t>i\iinrov &e

Aral o TtVo? Trap' aurov
OTTO)? eTTL^rrj^icnirai fj
avrw rov TroXe/tou yu-eVorro?, et Se
erceirov ryv elp^vrjv yereuOai. <f)i\6n/20$ jap wv
la^vpa)^ eSeBiei ire^Oevro^ eVl TOI/ 7roXe/u,oz^
2 erepov crrparrjyov rr)V Sogav d<paip€0)jvai. Bta-
Se rcof ($)i\(t)v avrw /cu/re T

v^elv Kal rov

exeiveo (^>v\a^d}}i'ai, Be^d/j.€vo<; TO Soy /ACL
KOI rat? €\7rlffiv £Trap6el<$ evQvs e/? ®erra\iav
eVt rov <&i\i7T7rov rroXe/JiOv cop /At] (rev, virep e^atcicr-

/ecu

Alru)\ol Tre^ou? e^aKLa-^L\iov^ Kal Irrrrel^ rerpa-
Trapel^ov. r)v Be Kal TOV QiXLTTirov TO
fjia TO> Tr\j']0ei TrapariT\ii]a'iov.
3 'E?rel Be /SaSt^o^re? eV aXX?;Xof? /tal yevo/uLevot
jrepl Ti]v ^Korovcrav evravOa BiaKLvBvveveLV 6/ieX-

1 Cf. Livy, xxxiii. 1 f.
3 So Livy, xxxiii. 4.

338

TITUS FLAMININUS, vi. 3-vn. 3

soluiers were in his following. Titus, however, just
as though the city were not in his power, came before
their assembly and tried to persuade them to side
with the Romans, and Attalus the king seconded
him in his appeals and exhortations to the Thebans.
But Attalus, as it would appear, in his eagerness to
play the orator for Titus, went beyond his aged
strength, and in the very midst of his speech, being
seized with a vertigo or an apoplexy, suddenly fainted
and fell, and shortly afterwards was conveyed by his
fleet to Asia, where he died. The Boeotians allied
themselves with the Romans.

VII. Philip now sent an embassy to Rome, and
Titus therefore dispatched thither his own repre-
sentatives, who were to induce the senate to vote
him an extension of command in case the war con-
tinued, or, if it did not, the power to make peace.
For he was covetous of honour, and was greatly
afraid that he would be robbed of his glory if another
general were sent to carry on the war. His friends
managed matters so successfully for him that Philip
failed to get what he wanted and the command in
the war wras continued to Titus. On receiving the
decree of the senate, he was lifted up in his hopes
and at once hastened into Thessaly to prosecute the
war against Philip. He had over twenty-six thousand
soldiers, of whom six thousand infantry and four
hundred cavalry were furnished by the Aetolians.1
Philip's army also was of about the same size.2

The two armies advanced against each other until
they came into the neighbourhood of Scotussa, and
there they proposed to decide the issue by battle.3

8 On the same battlefield Pelopidas had been defeated and
slain by Alexander of Pherae, in 364 B.C. Cf. the Pelopidas,
xxxii

339

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

\ov, ov%, OTrep ettfo? rjv, TT/JO? Seou? 6\afiov ol
arparol TTJV aXX?;'Xa>j> <yeiTViacriv, aXXa Kal /naX\ov
o/9/i/}? KOI <£tXoT ifjiias eirK^povvro, 'Prwynatot jnei>,
el Ma/ceSo^wi/ KpaT^aovGiv, wv ovo^a BL 'AXe^-
avbpov aX/cr}? KOL Swdfjiews fir\ei(j'Tov rjv Trap"
, Ma/eeSoz'e? Se fP&)//,atou? Tlepcrwv rjyov-
SicKpepeiv ijXTri^ov, el Trepiyevoivro,
4 repov aTrobei^eiv 'A\e£dv$pov Qiknnrov. o
ovv Ttro? irapeKciXei, TOU? <rr par LU>T a<;
d<ya0ov<? yevecrOai teal 7rpoQv/AOv$, 0)9 ev rco
Oedrpw rf) 'EXXaSt yLteXXoi^ra? dycovi,-
Trpbs TOU? dpicnov^ T&V avraycoi'io-TCov o
&€ <E>tXi7T7ro9, etre diro rv^^ etre UTTO (TTrouS?}?
irapa rov /caipov dyvotfcras, r)v yap rt 7ro\vdvSptov

TOU a?a/co?, eVi TOUTO

v, ola Trpb fJid
/cat TrapopfJiav, aQvpias Se Seivrjs vryoo? TOI' olwvov

VIII. T^ 8' vcrrepaLa irepl TOV opOpov, e/c
*-al voriov VVKTOS, ei? ofJii^(X.rjv

TO TreSiov, /cal /caTrjei 7ra%u? e'/c TCOZ^ atcpwv
drjp 64? TO /jiera^v TWV GTpaTOTre&wv, eu^u? d
/jLevrjS rjfjiepas d'jroKpv'jrTWv TOU? TOTTOU?. ot
UTT' d/jL<f)OTep(i)v aTrocrTaXei'Te? etyeSpeias eveica
/caTacr/coTTT}? eV iravv ^pa^el TrepnTecrovres aXX?;-
Xoi? €/jid^(ovTO Trepl TO,? /caXouyCie^a? Kuz^o? tcetya-
Xa?, at \6(f)0)V ovaai TTVKVWV Kal 7rapa\,\t]\a)i>

340

TITUS FLAMININUS, vn. 3-vm. i

Their mutual proximity did not inspire them with
fear, as might have been expected ; on the contrary,
they were filled with ardour and ambition. For the
Romans hoped to conquer the Macedonians, whose
reputation for prowess and strength Alexander had
raised to a very high pitch among them ; and the
Macedonians, who considered the Romans superior
to the Persians, hoped, in case they prevailed over
them, to prove Philip a more brilliant commander
than Alexander. Accordingly, Titus exhorted his
soldiers to show themselves brave men and full of
spirit, assured that they were going to contend
against the bravest of antagonists in that fairest of
all theatres, Greece ; and Philip, too, began a speech
of exhortation to his soldiers, as is the custom before
a battle. But, either by chance or from ignorance
due to an inopportune haste, he had ascended for
this purpose a lofty mound outside his camp, beneath
which many men lay buried in a common grave, and
a dreadful dejection fell upon his listeners in view of
the omen, so that he was deeply troubled and refrained
from battle that day.

VIII. Towards morning on the following day, after
a mild and damp night, the clouds turned to mist,
the whole plain was filled with profound darkness, a
dense air came down from the heights into the space
between the two camps, and as soon as day advanced
all the ground was hidden from view. The parties
sent out on either side for purposes of ambush and
reconnaissance encountered one another in a very
short time and went to fighting near what are called
the Cynoscephalae, or Dog's Heads. These are the
sharp tops of hills lying close alongside one another,

VOL. x. 34 *

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

atcpai \6irral oY o/AOiorrjra rov 0"%tf/jt,aro$ oimy? 37

2 u>vo\Ji,acrQr)crav. yevo/uievwv Be olov el/cbs ev
(r/c\i)pOLs fj,eraj3o\wv Kara ra? fyvyas Kal
e/cdrepot rot? TTOVOVCTIV del real vTro^wpovo'iv eVi-
TreyCtTTO^re? [BorjOeiav CK TMV arpaTOTreSwv, Kal ijSrj
rov de/QO? ava/caOcupofjievov KaOopMvres TO, 741/0-

T&) {lev ovv £e%iM irepirjv 6 ^tXtTTTro?, CK TOTTWV
o\r)v eVepetcra? rrjv (frdXayya rot?
iois, TO ftdpos rou avvacrTria/jLOV Kal r^v
rpa^vrrjra rr}? 7TyOo/9o\^? rwv (rapicrcov ov% VTTO-
3 fJ,civdvT(i)V rou 8' evwvvfjiov Siacnracrjjibv ava TOU?
Xo</>oi>5 «:al TrepiKXacriv \a{A/3dvovTos, 6 TITO?, TO
uef r]TT(t)/j,evov diroyvovs, TT/^O? Se OaTepov o^e
TrapeXdcra?, TrpocreftaXe T0i9

d\fcrj T?}? exevcov Swaged)?, KW\VO-
Bta Trjv avw^a\lav Kal Tpa%vrr)Ta

TTyOO? S^ TO

4 (Bapei Kal Bvcrepyo)

77 (f>ci\ay^ eoiKev afAdftcp Tr)v Icr^vv, eco? eV ec

rrjpe rov o~vi>aa-7rt(Tuv ev

eva

rayv jjLa^o^evwv e/icacrTo? Bid re rov rpoTiov
OTrXtVea)? Kal on, iravros o\ov rois Trap* a\,\ij\wv
fiepecri fJbahXov r) Bi avrov lo"\(yei. rpaTrofjievoiv
Be rovrwv 01 u€v eBiwKOv TOI>? (pevyovras, ol Se

r&v MaKeBovajv

342

TITUS FLAMININUS, vra. 1-4

and got their name from a resemblance in their shape.
As was natural on a field so difficult, there were
alternations of flight and pursuit, each party sending
out aid from their camps to those who from time to
time were getting the worst of it and retreating, until
at last, when the air cleared up and they could see
what was going on, they engaged with all their
forces.1

With his right wing, then, Philip had the advantage,
since from higher ground he threw his entire phalanx
upon the Romans, who could not withstand the
weight of its interlocked shields and the sharpness
of its projecting pikes ; but his left wing was broken
up and scattered along the hills, and Titus, despair-
ing of his defeated wing, rode swiftly along to the
other, and with it fell upon the Macedonians. These
were unable to hold their phalanx together and
maintain the depth of its formation (which was the
main source of their strength), being prevented by
the roughness and irregularity of the ground, while
for fighting man to man they had armour which was
too cumbersome and heavy. For the phalanx is like
an animal of invincible strength as long as it is one
body and can keep its shields locked together in a
single formation ; but when it has been broken up
into its parts, each of its fighting men loses also his
individual force, as well because of the manner in
which he is armed as because his strength lies in the
mutual support of the parts of the whole body rather
than in himself. This wing of the Macedonians
being routed, some of the Romans pursued the fugi-
tives, while others dashed out upon the flank of the

1 For a fuller description of the battle, cf. Livy, xxxiii. 7-
10 (Polybius, xviii. 20-27).

343

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

€K Tr\ayiwv e/ereivov, cocrre ra^u teal TOU?
7repia"7rd(rdai KOI cfrevyeiv ra orr\a Kara/3d\-
5 \OVTCLS. eTrecrov fi€V ovv ofCTaKia'^LKiwv OVK
e'XttTTOi'?, €a\waav Be irepl TrevTaKKT%i\iOv<$. TOV
Be TOV <£>i\i7T7roi' ttcr</)aXco? a7T6\6elv TTJV alriav
e\a/3ov Airco\oi, irepl dpTrayijv yevo/nevoi, KOI
TTopQijcriv TOV %dpaKO<; en TWV 'Pwjjiaiwv Sico-
KOVTWV, cocrre fjirjOev evpelv etceLvovs eTraveXdovras.
IX. Tlp&Tov /jLev ovv eyevovTO \OL$oplai KOI
l Trpo? aXX^Xou? avrois- CK Be TOVTOJV
ae\ TOV TLTOV eXvTrovv eavTols a

TO VLKrifJLCL KOi TTf (j))]^T} 7TyOO/faTaXa/i/3aj'O^T69

"EiXXrjvas, wcTTe KOL ypd<peo'@aL KOI aSeaOat TCpo-

TCpOV? €K€LVOVS V7TO TTOlTjTWV KOI IBiCOTWV VjjLl'OVV-

2 T(ov TO epyov. wv fJLaX.LO'Ta &ia <7TO/aaro9 rjv TOVT\
TO

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©ecrcraXt^? Tpicrcrai K6i/jLe0a fiv places,
AlTco\(ov $ fJLir]6 evres VTC1 "Apeo? ?}Se AaTivcov,
ou? Ttro9 evpeiris j'jyay' air

7rr//jLa. TO &€ Opacrv Kelvo
Oowv e\d(j)(t)v &>

3 ToOro eVo^cre fjiev ' A\Kaios etfrvftpifov
Kal TOV apidjjiov TO)V drroOai'OVTcov e
\eyo/i,evov B€ TroXXa^oO KOI VTTO TTO\\WV
rjvia TOV TLTOV ff TOV <&i\LTnrov. o jmev yap a
TOV * &.\Kalov TO)

344

TITUS FLAMININUS, vm. 4 ix. 3

enemy who were still fighting and cut them down, so
that very soon their victorious wing also faced about,
threw away their weapons, and fled. The result was
that no fewer than eight thousand Macedonians were
slain, and five thousand were taken prisoners. Philip,
however, got safely away, and for this the Aetolians
were to blame, who fell to sacking and plundering
the enemy's camp while the Romans were still pur-
suing, so that when the Romans came back to it they
found nothing there.

IX. This, to begin with, gave rise to mutual
quarrels and recriminations ; but afterwards the
Aetolians vexed Titus more and more by ascribing
the victory to themselves and prepossessing the
minds of the Greeks with the fame of it, so that
they were mentioned first in the writings and songs
of poets and historians who celebrated the event.
Of these the one most in vogue was the following
epigram in elegiac verses : —

" Unwept and without graves are we, O traveller,
who on this ridge of Thessaly lie dead, in number
thirty thousand, subdued by the sword of the
Aetolians, and of the Latins whom Titus led from
spacious Italy, Emathia's great bane. And the bold
spirit that Philip had displayed was gone ; it showed
itself more agile than swift deer."

This poem was composed by Alcaeus in mockery
of Philip, and its author exaggerated the number of
the slain ; however, being recited in many places
and by many persons, it gave more annoyance to
Titus than to Philip. For Philip simply made fun of
Alcaeus with an answering elegiac distich : —

345

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

Kal a(jE>t>XXo9, o&oiTTope, TwS' errl
to) aravpos Tnjyvvrai r)\i/3aro<;

TirOV <j)L\OrilJ,OV/Jl€VOV 7T/309 TOU9 "

Trapoo^vve ra roiavra. Bio Kal ra

TWV 7T payflCiTQiV 6TTpaTT€ KCL0* eCtVTOV,

ra>i> AtrwXco^. ol Se
Xoyovs avTov Kal

€7rl o-v/jL^daeai irapa rov MaAre^o^o?, rovro
€K€ivoil Trepilovres eVt ra? aXXa? 7r6\et$
TrcoXelcrdat, TTJV elpijvrjv ^CkiTnrw, irapov
rov TroXe/xoy ap^v Kal ave\eiv dp%r)v vfi
5 TrpcoT?;? e&ov\to0r) TO 'EiX^tjuiKov. rav-ra
\eyovrcov Kal Siaraparrovrwv

at'TO? o ^tTuTTTro? €\0a>v TT/JO? Ta? 374
Sia\vcr6i,<> dvel\e rrjv viroiffiav,

/cat wuaot? Ta /ea avTov. Ka ovrw

/ea$'

KaraXverai rov 7ro/Ve/uoz> o TtVo?' /cat
a7re$wK6v avrw ftacrikeia
Trpocrera^fv dTroar^vaL, %t\ioi<; Be. ra-
e^rjfjiicocre, ras 8e vavs vracra? 7Tapel\ero
7T\rjv SeKa, ra)v Be Tralbcov rov crepov, Arj^Tptov,
ofjMjpevcrovra \a/3ot)v et9 fPcoyu,?/y aTrecrreiXev, cipiara
rw Kaipw Xprjcrd/jLevos Kal Trpo\a(Bojv TO fj,e\\ov.
6 'Avviftov yap rov At/9f09, dvBpos iyQlcrrov re
'P&)/aatot9 Kal (frvyddos, ijBrj rore 7T/909 'Avrio^ov
r\Kovro<$ rov /3acri\ea Kal rrapo^vvovros avrbv et9

1 TOVTO ^/ceTfoi Coraes, with the MSS. : TOI/TO e/cel^o after
Reiske.

346

TITUS FLAMININUS, ix. 3-6

" Leafless and without bark, O traveller, on this ridge
A cross is planted for Alcaeus, and it towers in the

sun " ;

but Titus was ambitious to stand well with the
Greeks, and such things irritated him beyond
measure. For this reason he conducted the rest of
his business by himself, and made very little account
of the Aetolians. They on their part were displeased
at this, and when Titus received an embassy from
the Macedonian king with proposals for an agree-
ment, they went round to the other cities vociferously
charging him with selling peace to Philip, when it
was in his power to eradicate the war entirely and
destroy a power by which the Greek world had first
been enslaved. While the Aetolians were making;

O

these charges and trying to make trouble among the
Roman allies, Philip himself removed all grounds for
suspicion by coming to terms and putting himself
and his realm in the hands of Titus and the Romans.
And in this manner Titus1 put an end to the war;
he returned to Philip his kingdom of Macedonia, but
ordained that he should keep aloof from Greece,
exacted from him an indemnity of a thousand talents,
took away all his ships except ten, and taking one of
liis sons, Demetrius, to serve as hostage, sent him off
to Rome, thus providing in the best manner for the
present and anticipating the future.

For Hannibal the African, a most inveterate
enemy of Rome and an exile from his native country,
had already at that time2 come to the court of King

1 Rather, the ten commissioners sent from Rome to settle
the affairs of Greece (chapter x. 1). Cf. Livy, xxxiii. 30
(Polybius xviii. 44).

2 In 196 B.C., according to Nepos, Hannibal, vii. 6.
According to Livy (xxxiii. 47), it was in the following year.

347

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

TO irpoaOev TTpoievai rp Ti^y?; TT)? Suva pews ev-
poovo~ri<s, J'jBrj KOL KaO^ eavTOV VTTO rrpay/idrwv
/jLeydXcov, a KaTepyacrdfjievos yueya? eTrwvofj.daO^,
7T/J09 Trjv aTrdvrwv rjye/JiovLav aTroftXeTTovra, /za-
7 \Lcrra Be Kara 'P 'fa {JLCLIMV dvicrrd/jievov, el pr)
TOVTO Trpoi&cov 6 Ttro9 e/jicjipova)? eveSwtce TT/>O?
•ra? $id\.vaei<;, d\\a TOV QiXiTTTTiKOv 6 'Ai/rto-
ijfai TToXe/zo? eV rfj 'EXXaSt, KOI
VTT airiwv afjL^orepoi KOIVWV ol
TWV rore teal SwaTMraroi fiacrCkewv eVt

av dwvas et virar^ KOI

8 KIV&VVOV? TWV 7T^09 ' 'AvViftaV OVK 6/\aTTOl/9. VVV

&e TWV TToXe/jicov /jLea-Tjv Kara /caipbv efji/3a\wv rrjv
elpi]vrjv 6 Ttro?, /cal jrplv aptaaOai, TOV fieX\oi>ra
Sia/co^a? TOV irapovra, TOV fjiev TTJV
eX-TTiSa, TOV &e Trjv TrpwTijv v(fiei\ev.
X. 'Evret Se ol Be/co, Trpeafteis, ovs 77

T& Ttrw, GvveftovKevov rou? fjiev a\\ov<$
e\ev9epovv, }Lopiv6ov Be KOI Xa\KiBa KOI
&r)/nr)TpidBa BiaTrjpetv e/A<ppovpovs eveica rr}? TT/OO?
dcrtfiaheias, evTavOa Brj rai? /caTrjyo-
\afjLrrpol \afJLTrpws ra9 7ro\ei<; d

A.LTO)\OL, TOV JJLZV TiTOV K€\6VOVT6

fEXXaSo9 \veiv (OVTW yap 6 <t>tXt7T7ro9 el(*)9ei
2 Trpoeipv)[Jievas vroXe^ ovofid^et-v}, TOVS B' r/
e/30)rw^T69 el K\OIOV e^orre? flapvTe
\eiOTepov Be TOV rrdXai TOV vvv, ^aipovcri, teal
6avfjL(i^ovcri TOV TLTOV a>9 evepyeTrjv, OTL TOV 7roSo9
Xu<ra9 T^V 'EXXa^a TOV Tpa^\ov BeBeKev. e'01
Oi9 d^do/jievo^ 6 T/TO9 KOI /3a/o€&>9 (frepwv, teal
Beo/Jievo? TOV evveBpiov, reXo? e^eTreta-e teal

348

TITUS FLAMININUS, ix. 6-x. a

Antiochus, and was trying to incite him to further
achievements while fortune gave his power successful
course. Antioclms himself also, in consequence of
the magnitude of his achievements, by which he had
won the title of Great, was already fixing his eyes on
universal dominion, and had a particular hostility to
the Romans. Therefore, had not Titus, in view of all
this, made favourable terms of peace, and had the war
with Antiochus in Greece found the war with Philip
still in progress there, and had a common cause
brought these two greatest and most powerful kings
of the time into alliance against Rome, that city
would have undergone fresh struggles and dangers
not inferior to those which marked her war with
Hannibal. But as it was, by interposing an oppor-
tune peace between the two wars, and by cutting
short the existing war before the threatening war
began, Titus took away the last hope from Philip,
and the first from Antiochus.

X. And now the ten commissioners, who had been
sent to Titus by the senate, advised him to give the
rest of the Greeks their freedom, but to retain Corinth,
Chalcis, and Demetrias under garrisons, as a safeguard
against Antiochus. Thereupon the Aetolians stirred
up the cities with the most vociferous denunciations,
ordering Titus to strike off the shackles of Greece
(for that is what Philip was wont to call these three
cities), and asking the Greeks whether they were
glad to have a fetter now which was smoother than
the one they had worn before, but heavier; and
whether they admired Titus as a benefactor because
he had unshackled the foot of Greece and put a
collar round her neck. Titus was troubled and dis-
tressed at this, and by labouring with the commission

349

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

T&9 TroXet? aveivai TJ}? (frpovpas, OTTO)? oXotfX>7/)o?
77 %ayO£9 VTrdp^rj Trap' avrov TO49 "EXX^cni/.

3 'Ia0jjii(ov ovv dyofji&vwv 7rX?}#o9 /xez^ av6pu>7rwv
ev T£) crraSico KaOrjaro rov yvfivitcov dywva 0ew-
fjievuH', ola &r) &ia ^povwv TreTrauyueVT/? /ue^ TroXe-
/xft)^ TT}? 'FAXa'So? eV e\iri(Tiv e\ev6epias, cra<pel
Be elpijrr} Travrfyvpi^ova"!^' ry a"d\7riyyL $€ aiw-

4 TT/}? ei? airavTas $iaSo&€icrris, 7rpoe\9u>v et? fieaov
o Krjpv£ avelrrev oil Pw/^aicov rj avyK\i]TO<; fcai
TITO? Koi'imo? crrpaTrjyos viraTOS Kara7ro\€/Jir)-

/9acriXea Qfanrirov KOI

ovs KOI e\€vOepou<; KOI d
vocals xpw/jievovs roi?

. TO

vBe

ovv Trpwrov ov TTCLVV Tra^re? ov
£-ni]KOV(Tav, aXX' ai>M/jLa\o<$ KOI @opv{3o)?)r]<$ Ki
cr/9 ?^ eV TW crraStw Oavjua^ovraiv KOI ^Lanrvv-
5 Oavo/Jievwv Kai 7rd\LV dveiTreiv /ceXevovrwv w? S'
ta9 yevo/^evt]? dvayayoov 6 rcr/pv^ Trjv
v €t? diravTas eyeywvei fcal
TO K/jpvyfAa, xpavyij fJLev aV^<7TO9 TO /^eye-
Sia %apdv e%Q>pei ^XP1 GaXdm]^, bp9ov Se
dv€i<TT)JK€i TO 9ea,Tpov, oi)Sei? Oe Xoyo? r;z
evwv, ecnrevSov Se Trdvres d

KCU irpoaeLirelv rov acorjjpa TT}? 375

real

6 To Se 7roXXa/c^9 \ey6/jLevov els v

teal /jieyedos w(f)0t] Tore. KOpaKG? yap

350

TITUS FLAMININUS, x. 2-6

finally persuaded it to free these cities also from their
garrisons, in order that his gift to the Greeks might
be whole and entire.

Accordingly, at the Isthmian games, where a great
throng of people were sitting in the stadium and
watching the athletic contests (since, indeed, after
many years Greece had at last ceased from wars
waged in hopes of freedom, and was now holding
festival in time of assured peace), the trumpet
signalled a general silence, and the herald, coming
forward into the midst of the spectators, made procla-
mation that the Roman senate and Titus Quintius
Flamininus proconsular general, having conquered
King Philip and the Macedonians, restored to free-
dom, without garrisons and without imposts, and to
the enjoyment of their ancient laws, the Corinthians,
the Locrians, the Phocians, the Euboeans, the Achae-
ans of Phthiotis, the Magnesians, the Thessalians,
and the Perrhaebians. At first, then, the proclamation
was by no means generally or distinctly heard, but
there was a confused and tumultuous movement in
the stadium of people who wondered what had been
said, and asked one another questions about it, and
called out to have the proclamation made again ; but
when silence had been restored, and the herald in
tones that were louder than before and reached the
ears of all, had recited the proclamation, a shout of
joy arose, so incredibly loud that it reached the sea.
The whole audience rose to their feet, and no heed
was paid to the contending athletes, but all were eager
to spring forward and greet and hail the saviour and
champion of Greece.

And that which is often said of the volume and
power of the human voice was then apparent to the

35'

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

V7T6 pirerofjievoi Kara rv^rji> errevov els TO GrdBiov.

atria Be rj rov depos pr/t^w orav yap rj

Kal fjieyakri (freprjrai, Biacnrco/jLevos
OVK dvrepeiBei, rot? rrerofjievois, aA.V o\L-

rroiei KaOdrrep Kevepfiarovaiv, el
Ata rrKrjyr) TIVI /jiaX\.ov a>? vrro /3eXof

Trirrrei Kal arcoQvi]GKGi. Svvarai Be Kal
elvai rov aepos, olov eXtyyuoy ev

Kal rra\ippvp/r)v rov crdXov Bid
\a/j./3dvovros.

XI. 'O 8' ovv TtVo?, el firj rd^iara TT}?
Bia\v0eLar]<$ vm^ofjievo^ rrjv cfropdv rov
Kal rov Bpo/jiov e%eK\.ivev, OVK av

roo~ovrwv 6/j.ov Kal rrdvroOev avrw
&>? S' drreKa/jLOv rrepl rr^v (TKrjvrjv
avrov y3ow^T69 7/S?; vvKros OL'CT?;?, av0L^ ovanvas
IBoiev T) (f)i\ov^ rj vroXtra? dcnra^6/j,€i>oi Kal rcepL-
7T\€Ko/iLevoi, TTyOo? tielrrva Kal TTOTOU? erpzrrovro

2 /ACT' d\\ij\a)v. ev co Kal /nd\\ov, &)? ei/co?, rjBo-
uevois ercyet, \oyL%ecr0ai Kal Bia\eye<j0ai irepl
'EA,\a&o?, ocrof? Tro\€fj.)ja-aaa rro\ep,ov^ Bid
eXevfleplav ovrcw rv-^ot, ftefiaibrepov ovBe

ereptov rrpoaywvia'afjLevtov oXiyov Beiv
avrrj Kal drrevOr]? (f)epofj,evr) TO Ka\-
\Larov Kal rrepifJia'^rorarov dO\ov. rjv S' dpa
andviov fjiev dvBpeia Kal (frpovijcris ev di'6pu>rrois,
(TTraviwrarov Be rcov d\\u>v dyaOwv 6

3 ol yap yAyrfcri\aoi Kal A.vaavBpOL Kal ol

352

TITUS FLAMININUS, x. 6-xi. 3

eye. For ravens which chanced to be flying overhead
fell down into the stadium. The cause of this was
the rupture of the air; for when the voice is borne
aloft loud and strong, the air is rent asunder by it
and will not support flying creatures, but lets them
fall, as if they were over a vacuum, unless, indeed,
they are transfixed by a sort of blow, as of a weapon,
and fall down dead.1 It is possible, too, that in such
cases there is a whirling motion of the air, which
becomes like a waterspout at sea with a refluent flow
of the surges caused by their very volume.

XI. Be that as it may, had not Titus, now that the
spectacle was given up, at once foreseen the rush
and press of the throng and taken himself away, it
would seem that he could hardly have survived the
concourse of so many people about him at once and
from all sides. But when they were tired of shouting
about his tent, and night was already come, then,
with greetings and embraces for any friends and
fellow citizens whom they saw, they betook them-
selves to banqueting and carousing with one another.
And here, their pleasure naturally increasing, they
were moved to reason and discourse about Greece,
saying that although she had waged many wars for
the sake of her freedom, she had not yet obtained a
more secure or more delightful exercise of it than
now, when others had striven in her behalf, and she
herself, almost without a drop of blood or a pang of
grief, had borne away the fairest and most enviable
of prizes. Verily, they would say, valour and wisdom
are rare things among men, but the rarest of all
blessings is the just man. For men like Agesilaiis,
or Lysander, or Nicias, or Alcibiades could indeed

1 Cf. the Pompey, xxv, 7-

353

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

KCU ol *A\Kij3id8at TroXe/zou? /JLCV ev Sierrew KOI
fid^as VIK.CLV Kara re yrjv KOI QaKacraav ap^ov-
res r)7TLcrrav70, Xprjo-Oai Be Trpbs %dpiv evyevij
real TO KCL\OV ols Karwpdovv OVK eyvaxrav, dXX'
el TO hlapa8a)vi6v Tt? epyov d<pe\oi KOA,
ev SaXayatw vav^a^iav real HXaraias KOL
yuoTTuXa? «:at TO, ?r/)o? 1&vpv/j,e8ovTi KOL ra irepl
Kvirpov KL/AWVOS epya, Tracra? Ta? yLta^a? 77
'EXXa? eVt 8ov\€ia /LLe/uid'^'rjTat Trpo? avnjv, Kal
TTCIV TpoTTCtiov avrrjs (Tvj^<popa Kal oveibos eV
avrrjv ecrrrjKe, ra TrXelcrra KaKia Kal

4 TWV rjyovjuevwv TTepirparreio'^^. d\\6<pv\oi
, evavcr/mara /jiiKpa KOI <y\i(T%pa
Tra\aiov ryevovs e^eiv SoKovvres, d<$* wv
l \6yw re Kal yvai/jir] ra)i> ^prjo-i/jiw
rfj 'EXXaSt OavfJiacrrov fjv, OVTOI Tot?

Kal rrovoL? ef;e\6/jL€voL rrjv 'EXXaSa
%a\e7ru)V Kal rvpdvvwv e\ev6epovcn.
XII. Tavra Srj rov<$ ''EXX^i^a? vTrrjei' Kal ra
rwv epycov o/jboXoyovvra Tot? Kr)pvy/jL,acriv. a/za
yap e^eTre^LTrev 6 TITO? Aevr\ov fjiev els 'A<7/az>
J&apyvXirfra? e^evOepwaovra, ^reprivtov Be els
©pd/crjv ras avrofli TroXet? Kal VIJGOVS drca\\d-
%ovra rwv <&t\L7nrov fypovpwv. IIoTrXio? Be
QVL\\IO$ eVXei Bia\e^6aevos 'Avri6%q) rrepl TT}?

2 T6'i> UTT' avrov 'EXX^co^ e\£v6epia<$. avros Be o
Tiros els XaX«tSa rrape\9(jL>v, elra rr\everas
€KeWev errl Mayvrjcriav, e^rjye rds (fipoupds Kal
rds iro\LTeias aTreBiBov rols B)j/j.ois. dywvoOerrjs
Be Ne/jieiwv aTroBet^ftels ev "Apyeu rr)v re iravij-
yvpiv aptcrra Biedi)Ke, Kal rrd\iv eKel rots
f/EXX>/crt rrjv e\evdepl,av VTTO tcrjpvKOS dvelrrev.

354

TITUS FLAMININUS, xi. 3-.\n. 2

conduct wars well, and understood how to be victori-
ous commanders in battles by land and sea, but they
would not use their successes so as to win legitimate
favour and promote the right. Indeed, if one excepts
the action at Marathon, the sea-fight at Salamis,
Plataea, Thermopylae, and the achievements of Cimon
at the Eurymedon and about Cyprus, Greece has
fought all her battles to bring servitude upon herself,
and every one of her trophies stands as a memorial of
her own calamity and disgrace, since she owed her
overthrow chiefly to the baseness and contentiousness
of her leaders. Whereas men of another race, who
were thought to have only slight sparks and insignifi-
cant traces of a common remote ancestry, from whom
it was astonishing that any helpful word or purpose
should be vouchsafed to Greece — these men under-
went the greatest perils and hardships in order to
rescue Greece and set her free from cruel despots and
tyrants.

XII. So ran the thoughts of the Greeks ; and the
acts of Titus were consonant with his proclamations.
For at once he sent Lentulus to Asia to set Bargylia
free, and Stertinius to Thrace to deliver the cities
and islands there from Philip's garrisons. Moreover,
Publius Villius sailed to have a conference with
Antiochus concerning the freedom of the Greeks who
were under his sway. Titus himself also paid a visit
to Chalcis, and then sailed from there to Magnesia,
removing their garrisons and restoring to the peoples
their constitutions. He was also appointed master of
ceremonies for the Nemeian games at Argos, where
he conducted the festival in the best possible manner,
and once more publicly proclaimed freedom to the

355

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

3 eTTifyoirwv re Tat? 7r6\eaiv evvo^iav a/j,a teal
Siterjv 7ro\\r)v Ofiovoidv re KOI <j)i\o(f)pocrvvr)v
Tr/90? d\\ij\ov<; Trapel^e, KaraTravwv /j,ev Ta?

, Kardywv £e TO? fyvyds, a/yaAXoyuei/o? &e
7T6L061V Kal ^La\\d(TcreLV Tou? f/EXX?^a? ov%
rjrrov rj rw KeKparrficevai TWV Marcebovcov, (bare
fjiLKporarov ?;S?; rrjv e\ev0epiav Sofceiv wv evepye-
rovvro.

4 B.evofcpdrrjv /JLCV ovv rov (^ikocrofyov, ore Av- 376
Kovpyos avrbv 6 ptfrap VTTO rwv re\wvwv 0,70/1,6-

vov 7T/30? TO ^eroiKiov d(j)ei\ero Kal Tot? ayovcriv
€7T€0r}K€ ^>iKt]v TT}? d(T€\y€ia<s, Xeyerai TO?? rraicrlv
diravnjcyavra rov Av/covpyov, " KaXijv ye v/j.cov,

ff

rear pi,

rcdvrzs yap avrov irraivovcnv efi ot?
TtTW 5e Kal fPo)/^atoi? a)V TOL»? f/EXX?;^a? evepye-
rrjvav OVK et? eTraivov? fiovoi', d\\d Kal rcianv
ev TTCLCTLV dvO pctyTrois Kal Svi'a/miv r) %«/oi? diryvra
5 Strata)?. ov ydp irpocr^e^ofjievoi {JLQVOV TOU?
7776/101/0? avrwv, d\\a Kal

Ka\ovvre<; eve-eii^ov at»Tou?. ovSe

'-\-\V v/i > " r § ' f / >pv /

, aX\a Kai pacri\eLS v<p erepwv aoi.Kov-
(3acTL\€wv Karefyevyov et? Ta?
, ware ev /Spa^el ^povw, rd%a TTOV
deov (TweffraTTTOfievov, rcdvra avrols
yeveaOai. Kal avros Be /JLeyicrrov e<^povr](rev errl
6 rf) T?7? 'EXXa'So? eXevOepweeL. dvariOels yap et?
i/? d(TTTL$a<$ dpyvpds Kal rov eavrov Ovpeov

356

TITUS FLAMININUS, MI. 3-6

Greeks. Then he visited the different cities, estab-
lishing among them law and order, abundant justice,
concord, and mutual friendliness. He quieted their
factions and restored their exiles, and plumed himself
on his persuading and reconciling the Greeks more
than on his conquest of the Macedonians, so that their
freedom presently seemed to them the least of his
benefactions.

Xenocrates the philosopher, as the story runs, was
once being haled away to prison by the tax-collectors
for not having paid the alien's tax, but was rescued
out of their hands by Lycurgus the orator, who also
visited the officials with punishment for their impu-
dence. Xenocrates afterwards met the sons of
Lycurgus, and said : " My boys, I am making a noble
return to your father for his kindness towards me ;
for all the world is praising him for what he did."
In the case of Titus and the Romans, however,
gratitude for their benefactions to the Greeks brought
them, not merely praises, but also confidence among
all men and power, and justly too. For men not only
received the officers appointed by them, but actually
sent for them and invited them and put themselves
in their hands. And this was true not only of
peoples and cities, nay, even kings who had been
wronged by other kings fled for refuge into the hands
of Roman officials, so that in a short time — and
perhaps there was also divine guidance in this —
everything became subject to them. But Titus him-
self took most pride in his liberation of Greece.
For in dedicating at Delphi some silver bucklers
and his own long shield, he provided them with this
inscription : —

357

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

a) Kpanrvalcn ryeyaores iTTrocrvvaia't,
Koupoi, LCD ^Trdpras TvvSapiSai /3acrtXet5,
A.ivedSa<5 Tiro? V^LJJLIV vireprarov WTracre Swpov,
rev^a^ iraicrlv e\ev6epiav.

7 ai>€0rjK€ Se KOI ^pvaovv ry 'A7roXXa>j^

TovSe rot, d/jbjSpocrioKTiv eVl TrXoKafioicriv eoi/ce1

KeicrOai, AaroiSa, ^pvao^aij arefyavov,
ov* Tropev AiveaSdv ra^o?

TOO Oeiu) /cvBo? oira^e TLTW.

8 Tfj S' ovv5 KopivOiteV 7ro\ei Trpo? TOv<$r'E\\r]vas
TO auro ^t? rjSrj crv/ji/3€/3r)K6' KOL <ydp Ttro? ev
\\opiv6w rore KOI Nepwv avflis Kad' 7/yU.a? eV

€\€v6epov<$ KOI O-VTOVO/JLOV? dfprjKav, o
ev bid Krjpvfcos, w? eip^rai, Nepwv Be auro? eVl
a/yopa? aTro /Sr^taro? eV TW 7rX?;$et

aXXa ravra p,ev varepop.
XIII. 'O ^e Tiro? Tore Ka\\icrrov KCLI

rov Tr/oo? Na/9^ dp^djjievos iroKe/JLOV, TOV
ifjioviwv e^w^ararov /cal 7rapai>o/jLa}TaTOV
rvpavvov, ev rro re\CL BietytixraTO rav T/}? 'EiXXaSo?

Trapacr^ov OVK e^eX?;(ja9, aXXa

$ov\€vovcrav, eire Cetera? /it^/ TOI) TroXe^ou

Xa/i jSdvowros a'XXo? a?ro 'Pw/Lt?;? eVeX^w^ arpa-

an anonymous correction adopted by Sintenis2 and
Blass ; Corae's and Bekker retain the vulgate

2 Sv Bekker corrects to 8s, after Jacobs.

3 3' oSy Bekker and Blass :

358

TITUS FLAMININUS, xn. 6-xm. i

"O ye sons of Zeus, whose joy is in swift horse-
manship^ O ye Tyndaridae, princes of Sparta, Titus,
a descendant of Aeneas, has brought you a most
excellent gift, he who for the sons of the Greeks
wrought freedom."

He also dedicated a golden wreath to Apollo, and it
bore this inscription : —

' This will fitly lie on thine ambrosial locks, O
son of Leto, this wreath with sheen of gold ; it is
the gift of the great leader of the children of
Aeneas. Therefore, O Far-darter, bestow upon the
god-like Titus the glory due to his prowess."

It follows, then, that the city of Corinth has twice
now been the scene of the same benefaction to the
Greeks ; for it was in Corinth that Titus at this time,
and at Corinth that Nero again in our own times — in
both cases at the Isthmian games — made the Greeks
free and self-governing, Titus by voice of herald, but
Nero in a public address which he delivered in person,
on a tribunal in the market-place amidst the multi-
tude. This, however, came at a later time.1

XIII. Titus now began a most honourable arid
righteous war, the war against Nabis, that most
pernicious and lawless tyrant of Sparta, but in the
end he disappointed the hopes of Greece. For though
it was in his power to capture the tyrant, he refused
to do so, and made peace with him, thus leaving
Sparta to the fate of an unworthy servitude. He was
led to this step either by his fear that a protraction
of the war would bring another general from Rome

1 In 67 A.D.

359

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

os dve\i]Tai T///; Sofav, et're <f>l\oveifcia teal

2 ^7/XoTfTrur. TO)/' (l>£\o7rot/A6;'Ov Tf/zo)/', ov cv re TO is
aXXot? ("(Tra(Tti> civBpa 8eiVOTdTOV TO)/' Ei\\r)VQ)V
o/'Ttt teal TTCpl GK€WOV TOV fTO\€fJiOV epyCt OaVfuHTTa

K(U BeiVOTTJTOS aTTO^ei^ii fitvov laa TO") TtTO)
'A^aiol /cal TifJiwvTes ev TO?V Oedrpots

€Kcil>Ol>, oiiff UftOVVTCl PcOfJLCLLCOV UTTdTtp

? avBpCOTTOV 'AjO/Cafittj

/cal 6/j.opfoi' 7TO\t/JL(i)V (TTpanjyoi', OfJLOtct

3 6av/J,d%€O'6ai Trap auTOtv. ov fJLijv aXX' auTov o

VTTt:p TOVTCOV a7T€\oy€lTO, KQi

a)v e(i)pa avr KdKy /ueyaXft) TOJ/' (f'
a7ro\ovfjievoi> TOV TVpCtVVOV.

vroXXa

evepyeffa?

TTy

o

€V TO)

wvioi ^/cvofji€voi /rat
ev Se T^ EvXXaOf %i\i()i KCLI oiatcoffioi

TO 7rXr}<9o? fjaav, del fJ&V olrcrpol T//V fJLeTa/3o\fj?t
Tore Be /cal /j,a\\ov, wv el/cos, lvTvy%dvovT€$ ol
fj,ev viol?, ol $e aoeXf^otv, o/ Se <rvwr)dea'iv) iKevOi*
5 pot? SovXoi KOL viK&triv al%fj,d\coTOt. TOVTOVS o 377
ei> TtVo? OUA: a(j>ei\ero TO>/> KSKTvjfievcov, fcatirep
tV avroiv, OL Be \\%<tiol \VTpd) ffdfJLfVOl

1 Cf. the Philopoemen, xv. 1-3.

360

TITUS FLAMININUS, xm. 1-5

to succeed him and rob him of his glory, or by his
jealous displeasure at the honours paid to Philopoe-
men. For in all other matters Philopoemen was a
most capable man among the Greeks, and in that war
particularly he displayed astonishing deeds of ability
and daring, so that lie was extolled by the Achaeans
as much as Titus, and equally honoured in their
theatres. This annoyed Titus, who thought it out of
keeping that a man of Arcadia, who had held com-
mand in small border wars, should receive just as
much admiration from the Achaeans as a Roman
consul, who was waging war in behalf of Greece.1
However, Titus himself had this to say in defence of
his course, namely, that he put an end to the war
when he saw that the destruction of the tyrant would
involve the rest of the Spartans also in serious
disaster.2

The Achaeans voted Titus many honours, none of
which seemed commensurate with his benefactions
except one gift, and this caused him as much satis-
faction as all the rest put together. And this was
the gift : The Romans who were unhappily taken
prisoners in the war with Hannibal had been sold
about hither and thither, and were serving as slaves.
In Greece there were as many as twelve hundred of
them. The change in their lot made them pitiful
objects always, but then even more than ever, natur-
ally, when they fell in with sons, or brothers, or
familiar friends, as the case might be, slaves with
freemen and captives with victors. These men Titus
would not take away from their owners, although he
was distressed at their condition, but the Achaeans

2 Titus offered this defence of his course to the congress of
Greek states at Corinth (Livy, xxxiv. 48 f.).

361

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

7revT6 JJLVWV eKaarov civSpa tcai crvvayayovres
ravTO Trdvras ijBtj irepl TT\OVV OVTI TO> TLTW irape-
, wcrre avTov evfypaLvofjitvov airoirXelv, CLTTO
epycov Ka\a$ d/jioifias /cal 7rp€7rovaa<? dvbpl
6 yueyaXw teal (j)i\07ro\iTrj KeKO^La^vov o STJ
7T/30? TOV Opia/JL^ov avru) Trdvrwv virdp^ai
TdTOV. ol yap az^Syoe? ovroi, KaOdrcep e9o$ earl
TO?? al/cerais orav e\ev9epw9wcrLV, ^vpecrdau re
ra? KetyaXds teal TTiXia (ftopeiv, Tavra
avrol Opia^/BeuovTL ra> TYrco TrapeiTrovro.

XIV. KaXXtco Se /cal TO. \d(pupa 7ro/JL7rev6/Jieva
O^TLV, 'Ej\\r)viKd Kpdmi KOI
teal adpiaai,. TO re ra)V ^
ov/c o\L<yov TJV, co? avaypdtyovcriv ol Trepl
TovSiravbv ev TG>

errra-

Be/carpeis, dpyvpov Se
SiaKO&ias efiSo/JujfcovTa,

O€K area a-a pas, X^pls Se TOVTWV rd
^tXtTTTTO? w<^etXe^. aXXa ravra ^v varepov
€7reLcr0r]a'av fPa)yua40f, ^taX^crra TOV Tirov avfiTrpd-
^avro^, dfyelvai TW QiXiTTTra), KOL av^^a^ov
d\lri](f)iaavTO, Kol TOV viov drTTi]\\a^av aura) rT/9

XV. 'E-Trel be 6 'Ai/Tto^o? et? Trjv 'EXXa8a
vaval TroXXat? /cat arpaTfo TrepaicoOels d^icrT^
ra? TroXej? /cat bieaTacria^ev, AtVwXwz^ avT&

KOI TraXat 8iaK€ifjLeva)v

1 The mina was one sixtieth part of a talent, or one
hundred drachmas.

362

TITUS FLAMININUS, xm. 5-xv. i

ransomed them all at five minas l the man, collected
them together, and made a present of them to Titus
just as he was about to embark, so that lie sailed for
home with a glad heart; his noble deeds had brought
him a noble recompense, and one befitting a great
man who loved his fellow citizens. This appears to
have furnished his triumph with its most glorious
feature. For these men shaved their heads and wore
felt caps, as it is customary for slaves to do when
they are set free, and in this habit followed the
triumphal car of Titus.

XIV. But a more beautiful show was made by the
spoils of war which were displayed in the procession
— Greek helmets and Macedonian bucklers and pikes.
Besides, the amount of money exhibited was large.
Tuditanus records that there were carried in the
procession three thousand seven hundred and thirteen
pounds of gold bullion, forty-three thousand two
hundred and seventy pounds of silver, and fourteen
thousand five hundred and fourteen gold coins bear-
ing Philip's effigy.2 And apart from this money
Philip owed his fine of a thousand talents.3 This
fine, however, the Romans were afterwards persuaded
to remit to Philip, and this was chiefly due to the
efforts of Titus ; they also made Philip their ally, and
sent back his son whom they held as hostage.

XV. Presently, however, Antiochus crossed into
Greece 4 with many ships and a large army, and
began to stir the cities into faction and revolt. The
Aetolians made common cause with him, a people
which had long been most inimically disposed towards

2 These "Philips" were nearly equivalent to sovereigns.
Of. Livy's description of the triumph (xxxiv. 52).

3 Cf. chapter ix. 5. 4 In the autumn of 192 B.C.

363

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

rov 'Pay/jiaiwv BIJJULOV ej^Opw^ fcal TroXe/u «:&>?, viro-
Oecriv rov rro\e^ov Kal Trpcxfracriv SiSovrwv e\ev-
Oepovv TQVS "EXX^m? ovbev Beopevovs (e\ev9epoi
2 yap r)aav\ aXX' evTrpeTrearepas alrlas airopla ru>
fca\\L(TTa> TWV OVO/JLCLTWV xprjaOai
Kal a(j)6$pa beiuavTes ol 'Pw/j-aioi TTJV a
l &o%av avrov TT}? Su^a/zew?, crpar^ybi'

rov TroXe/zou Mdviov ' AKL\LOV KaTeirefJi'^rav,
rriv Be Ttrov Sia TOW? f/EXX?;z;a?, wv TOU?
ev0v<f o^^el? ejroirjae /SefiaLorepov?, TOL»? Be

vocreiv wairep n l ev /caipw
rrjv irpos aurov evvoiav ecrr^cre real

3 Si€K(t)\vcr6i> e^a/Liapreiv. oXf/yot Se CLVTOV €^€(j) vyov

TrpoKareiX.rf/ufjievoi /cal $ie(f)0ap[jievoi. Travrd-
VTTO rwv AlrajXcov, 01)9 Ka'nrep opyicrOels
l Trapo^vvOels OJJLW^ //era r^v fAafflv Trepie-
ifTtV^o? jap rjrT^Oels ev ®ep/JLOTrv\ais
€v@v$ et? 'Acrtai/ dTriifkevcre, Mai/to9
8' o inraTOS TOL>? ytte^ auro? eVtcoz/
e7ro\iopK6i, TOU? Se rw {3acTL\ei

4 priaev e^atpelv. dyo^evwv 8e Kal <^epo^ei>wv VTTO
rov Ma/eeSo^o? rovro fiev AoXoTrcoz; /cal Ma7^?;Tft>^,
rovro Be 'AQafJidvcov Kal *Krrepavrwv, avrov Se
rov Martou T?)^ fjLev'HpaKXeiav Bia7re7rop0^Koro<;)
rr)V Se NaJTra/tTOt' A/TfoXcoz^ e^ovrwv 7ro\iopKOVv-
T09, oiKreipcov 701)9 f/EXX?;z^a9 o Ttro?

Ti Coraes, Bekker, and Blass, after Stephanus :
rts.

364

TITUS FLAMININUS, xv. 1-4

the Romans, and they suggested to him, as a pretext
that would account for the war, that he should offer
the Greeks their freedom. The Greeks did not want
to be set free, for they were free already; but for
lack of a more appropriate ground for his action the
Aetolians taught Antiochus to make use of that fair-
est of all names. The Romans, greatly alarmed by
reports of defection among the Greeks and of the
power of Antiochus, sent out Manius Acillius as
consular general for the war, but made Titus his
lieutenant to please the Greeks. The mere sight
of him confirmed some of these in their loyalty to
Rome, while to others, who were beginning to be
infected with disloyalty, he administered a timely
medicine, as it were, in the shape of good will
towards himself, and thus checked their malady and
prevented them from going wrong. A few, however,
escaped his influence, having been already won over
beforehand and totally corrupted by the Aetolians,
but even these, in spite of his vexation and anger,
were spared by him after the battle. For Antiochus
was defeated at Thermopylae l and put to flight, and
at once sailed back to Asia; while Manius the consul
went against some of the Aetolians himself and
besieged them, leaving others to King Philip to
destroy. And so it came about that the Dolopians
and Magnesians here, the Athamanians and Aperan-
tians there, were harried and plundered by the
Macedonians, while Manius himself, after sacking
Heracleia, was engaged in the siege of Naupactus,
which the Aetolians held. Then Titus, out of pity
for the Greeks, sailed across from Peloponnesus to

1 In 191 B.C. For a description of the battle, cf. Livy,
xxxvi. 14-21.

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

€K '[\e\OTTOVVl]a'OV TTyOO? TOV VTCaTOV. Kal TTpWTOV

IJLCV eTreTiurjaev el veviKi]Kcbs auro? ra eTraO\a TOV
7ro\e/jiov QfaiTTTTOv ea c^epeadai, KOI rpifio/jievos
Trepl p.i(i vroXet KdOrjTai Si opyr/v, Wvr] Be OVK
5 6\iya Kal /SacrtXeta? Ma/ce5of6? aipovauv. eVetra
TMV 7ro\iOpKovfJLevwv, w? elbov avroi', UTTO TOV
Ter^ou? avatca\ovvTCi)v KOI %et/;a?
8eo/julv6)vt Tore n*.v ovoev eLTrwv, a\\

vcras d7rtj\0ev, va"repov oe
tw Kal KaraTravffas TOV OvfJiov avTov
rot? AtVwXo?9 a/^o^a? So0ffvai, Ka
eV w TrpefT/BevaavTes et? 'Vw^v jieTpiov

XVI. IlXetcrToi> ^e tvywva Kal TTOVOV avTw 378

<u Trepl XaX/aSew*' Se^'crci? TT/JO? TO^
, eV 0/97^ yeyovoTwv &ia TOV yd/iov ov Trap1

, 01) «a(9 ajpav ovtie KCLTCI Kaipoi>, aXX*
epaffdels dvtjp 7rpeo-/3vTepo$ Koprjs, v) QvyaTrjp fjiev
r/v KXeoTTroXe/xof, /caXXicrr^ 8e Xe^/erat TrapOevMV
2 yevecrffai,. TOVTO rou? XaX/a£et? eTroirjae fjaai\l-
crai TrpoOv/jsOTaTa Kal TTJV Trukiv avTM Trpus TOV
7ro\eaov oparjTrjpioi> Trapafr^clv. i/eewoq uev ovv
(09 Ta^icrTa ueTci Tr]V fjid^v (f)evya)v Trpocreui^e
Trj XaX/a'Sf, rryi^ re Koprjv dvaXafioiv Kal TO,
Xptff&aTa Kal TOU9 <j)i\ovq et9 'Acrtaz
TOV ce Mdviov evBvs ejrl 701/9 XaAvaoet?

TITUS FLAMININUS, xv. 4-xvi. 2

the consul. At first he chided Manius because,
although the victory was his own, he was permitting
Philip to carry off' the prizes of the war, and to
gratify his anger was wasting time in the siege of a
single city, while the Macedonians were subduing
many nations and kingdoms. Then, when the be-
sieged citizens caught sight of him from their walls
and called aloud upon him and stretched out their
hands to him imploringly, he turned away, burst into
tears, and left the place, without saying anything
more at the time; afterwards, however, he had an
interview with Manius, put an end to his wrath, and
induced him to grant the Aetolians a truce, and time
in which to send an embassy to Rome with a plea for
moderate terms.

XVI. But the hardest toils and struggles fell to
Titus when he interceded with Manius in behalf of
the Chalcidians. They had incurred the consul's
wrath because of the marriage which Antiochus had
made in their city after the war had already begun,
a marriage which was not only unseasonable, but
unsuitable for the king's years, since he was an elderly
man and had fallen in love with a girl (the girl was
a daughter of Cleoptolemus, and is said to have been
most beautiful among maidens).1 This marriage in-
duced the Chalcidians to take the king's side most
zealously and allow their city to be his base of opera-
tions for the war. Antiochus, therefore, fleeing with
all speed after the battle at Thermopylae, came to
Chalcis, and taking with him his girl-wife, his
treasure, and his friends, sailed back to Asia ; but
Manius immediately marched against Chalcis in a
rage. He was accompanied, however, by Titus, who

1 Cf. the Philopoemen, xvii. 1.

367

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

Tropevop-evov 6 Tiro? 7rapaico\ov6u)v eyitaXarre real
7rapr)T€LTo /cal TeXo<? eTrei&e fcal /careTrpdvvev,
avTov re KOI rwv ev T€\€i 'Vw^a'iwv Seo^^o?.

3 OI/TW $ia(ra)@evT€S ol XaX/a8et? TO,

teal fjiejiara rwv irap aurois avaffrj^drcov
Ttrw KaOiepay&av, MV emypa^a^ ecrri
a%pi vvv opav "'O S^/zo? Ttrw /cat 'Hyoa^Xet TO
yv^i'dcriov," erepwOi Se 7ra\n>, " 'O BijjjLOs Ttrw

4 /cat ' A TTO XXwzu TO &e\<$>iviov" eri $e /cal /ca$'
?;/ua9 icpevs %eipOTOvr]Tbs aTreSeiKwro TLTOV, teal
Ovcravres avrw TWV (nrovBwv jevo^evwv a

eTTOL^p.evov, ov ra\\a Sia //,/}/co?
dveypdtya/jiev a 'jravofJievoi TT)?

e 'Pco/naitov c
i/ /jLeyaXevKTOTarav op/cots <pu\d(rcr€iv

fJL€\7T€T€ KOVpCtl,

/jteyav 'Pco/iiav re Tirov 9' dfia *J?(QfjLai(OV

re

> /

.. -ft / •? rr\r

(6 LLaiav, a) Lire

XVII. "*Hcrav 3e real irapa rcav a
yual TrpeTrovcrai, KOI TO Ta?

TTOIOVV, evvoia dav/jLacrrr) SS €7Ti6L/ceiavr)0ovs. /cal
yap ei riaiv e/c Trpajp.drwv r) 0tXoTt/ita? eveica,
KaOaTrep QiXoTroifjLeiJL /cal 7rd\iv Aicxfidvei o-rparr)-
yovvn TWV ' A-%aiwi>, TrpcxjeKpovGev, ov/c rji> ftapvs
ouS' ei? ep7a cjiaTelvwv o 0u/n6s, aXX' eV
TrapprjaLav rtvd 7ro\t,Tirc>jv eyowri
2 TTi/cyoo? yu-ez/ OL>^ ovbevi, TroXXoi? 8e o^u? eSo/cei /cal

ajy a.\\cat> 'EXA^vwi/ Coraes and Blass, after Biyan :
368

TITUS FLAMININUS, xvi. 2-xvn. 2

tried to mollify and intercede with him and at last
won him over and calmed him down by entreaties
addressed both to him and the other Romans in
authority.

Having been thus saved by Titus, the Chalcidians
dedicated to him the largest and most beautiful of
the votive offerings in their city, and on them such
inscriptions as these are still to be seen : " This
gymnasium is dedicated by the people to Titus and
Heracles," and again in another place, " This Del-
phinium is dedicated by the people to Titus and
Apollo." Moreover, even down to our own day a
priest of Titus is duly elected and appointed, and
after sacrifice and libations in his honour, a set hymn
of praise to him is sung: it is too long to be quoted
entire, and so I will give only the closing words of
the song :

"And the Roman faith we revere, which we
have solemnly vowed to cherish ; sing, then, ye
maidens, to great Zeus, to Rome, to Titus, and
to the Roman faith : hail, Paean Apollo ! hail,
Titus our saviour ! "

XVII. He also received from the rest of the
Greeks fitting honours,and these were made sincere by
the astonishing good will which his equitable nature
called forth. For even if the conduct of affairs or
the spirit of rivalry brought him into collision with
any of them, as, for instance, with Philopoemen, and
again with Diophanes the general of the Achaeans,
his resentment was not heavy, nor did it carry him
into violent acts, but when it had vented itself in
the outspoken language of free public debate, there
was an end of it. However, he was never bitter,

369

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

elvau Trjv fyvcriv, aXXco? Sc

TTCLVTWV T/SfCTTO? KOI €LTTeiV 67Tt^a0£? /JL€TCL

T77TO?. 'A^afou? /JLev yap (rtyeTepi^o/JLevovs TT)I>

, av

at %£\wvcu Troppwrepco rrjv K€(ba\,rjv
T]e\07rovvijcrov irpoTeivuxri* QiXiTTTrov Be,

7T€pl CTTTOvStoV Kal €iprfvr)S TO

, etTro^ro? //era TTO\\WV IJKCIV etceivov,
avrbv £e fjiovov, V7ro\a/3a>v 6 TITO?, " Avrbv 7"p,"
efyr], " fjiovov CTrolrjcras aTTOKTelvas rou? <pi\ov<;

3 Kal crvyyevels" eVet Se Aetz/o/cpar?;? o Mecro-?;Vi09
eV 'Pcoyu// Trapa TTOTOV fjLeOvadeis cop^ijaaro \afBwv
i/jLariov yvvaiKelov, rfj 5' varrepaia TOP Tirov rjj;iov
fio^Qeiv avTto &iavoov/j[€vy rr)V

crrdvai TWV 'A^a/wf, ravra pew

OavjjLa^eiv Se e/celvov, el

pr)/ca)<; irpd^ea-LV op^elcrOai Svvarat Trapa TTOTOV

4 KOI aSeiv. TT^O? 8e TOU? 'A^aiou? rwv Trapa

KaTa\ey6vTa>v real KaTapi9fJLovp,€i><i)i>
TroXXa? TrpO(Tr)<yopias, o Ttro9 etp^ &€iTTVOvvro<$
avrov Trapa TO) £evw Kal /ne/jL^ofiei^ov TO Tr\r)9o<s
TMV Kpewv Kal Oavfjid^ovTOS iroOev OVTO> Trot/ctX);?
dyopds evTroprjcrev, elrreiv TOV %evov, co? veia iravra
ecrrl TT; aKevao-ia Sia(f)epovTa Kal rot9 ^v
5 " M^ roivvv" ecfrrj, " /J,T)$€ t»/xet?, co avSpe? '

Ti Coraes and Bekker have TrAfjflos re, after
Bryan.

370

TITUS FLAMININUS, xvn. 2-5

although many imputed hastiness and levity to his
nature, and in general he was a most agreeable
companion and able to say a graceful thing with
force. For instance, when he was trying to dissuade
the Achaeans from appropriating the island of Zacyn-
thos, he said it would be dangerous for them, like a
tortoise, to stick their head out of its Peloponnesian
shell.1 Again, when he held his first conference
with Philip concerning a truce and peace, and Philip
remarked that Titus had come with many attendants
while he himself had come alone, Titus answered,
(e Yes, thou hast made thyself alone by slaying thy
friends and kindred." 2 Again, when Deinocrates
the Messenian, who had taken too much wine at a
drinking-party in Rome, and after putting on a
woman's robe had executed a dance, on the following
day asked Titus to assist him in his plan to separate
Messene from the Achaean league, Titus said he
would consider the matter ; " But I am amazed," said
he, " that when thou hast matters of so great moment
in hand, thou canst dance and sing at a drinking-
party." 3 And once more, when an embassy from
Antiochus was recounting to the Achaeans the vast
multitude of the king's forces and enumerating them
all by their various appellations, Titus said that once,
when he was dining with a friend, he criticised the
multitude of meats that were served, wondering
where he had obtained so varied a supply ; where-
upon his host told him they were all swine's flesh,
and differed only in the way they were cooked and
dressed. "And so in your case," said he, "men of

1 Cf. Livy, xxxvi. 32 ; Plutarch, Morals, p. 197 b.

2 Cf. Morals, p. 197 a (Folybius, xviii. 7).

3 Cf. the Philopoemen, xviii. ff. (Polybius, xxiii. 5).

37i

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

0av/nd%€T€ Tr]V 'Azmo^ou Bvva/j.tv\oyxo<t>6povs teal
gucrrotyopovs /cal rre^eTaipovs dtcovovTe?' rrdvTe?
yap OVTOL 2vpoi elcrlv 6rr\apioi^ SicKpepovres.

XVIII. Mera Be ra? 'EXXyvi/cas rrpd^e^ teal 379
TOP 'AvTioxifcbv rroXe/AOv a

evrlv apxrj fj,eji(rrri /cal rporrov Tiva TT?

T€ta? eVtTeXetcDO-f?. «ral avvripx* pev avru) Map-

K6\\ov TOV 7T€VTaKL<; vTTciTevcravTOS u/

Be TT}? /rfofX?)? TWZ^ ov/c a7«^ ein$>av£)V Te

TTpoa-eSe^avro Be TroXtra? aTroypafyofJie

ocrot, yovecov e\ev0epa)v r]<rav, dvayKaadevres VTTO

TOV Brj/^dpxov TepevTiov Kof Xew^o?, o? e

rot? dpia-TOKpariKots eireKre TOV BTJJAOV

Se yvwpifjifj)TdTwv KCLT CIVTOV avBp&v Kal
ev Trj TToXei Bia(f>epo/jieva)v TT/CIO? aXX?;-

lKai'OV ^KrjTTLMVOS KOi MdpKOV KttTft)^09,

TOI^ yw-ev Trpoejpa^e TT}? /3ouA,?}9, a>9 apidTOv civBpa
Kal TrpwTOi', KaTwvi & et? e^Opav r)\6e av^opa,
TOiavrr) -%pYi<rdiJL€VO<$. a8eX(/)o? ^ Ttrw Aev/cios
<$>\afJLivlvo<s, OUTE TO, aXXa rrpocreoiKtos eice'iv
Ti]V (frvcriv ev T6 rat? ijSovais dve\ev6epo<^
3 Aral 6\iywpoTaTO$ TOV TrperrovTOS. TOVTM
fjieipaKia KOS e/ow/ze^o?, bv /cal crrpaTLds
emjyeTO /cal BieTrwv eVa/?%ta5 el^ev del rrepl
avTOV. eV ovv TTOTW Tivl OpVTTTOfJLevos irpos TOV

1 Cf. Morals, p. 197 o (Livy, xxxv. 49).
372

TITUS FLAMINIXUS, xvn. 5-xvm. 3

Achaia, do not be astonished when you hear of the
Spear-bearers and Lance-bearers and Foot-compan-
ions in the army of Antiochus ; for they are all
Syrians and differ only in the way they are armed."1

XVIII. After his achievements in Greece and the
war with Antiochus, Titus was appointed censor.2
This is the highest office at Rome, and in a manner
the culmination of a political career. Titus had as
colleague in this office a son of the Marcellus3 who
had been five times consul, and the two censors
ejected from the senate four men of lesser note, and
received into citizenship all who offered themselves
for enrolment, provided they wrere born of free
parents. To this step they were forced by the
tribune Terentius Culeo, who wanted to spite the
nobility and so persuaded the people to vote the
measure.

The two men of his time who were most notable
and had the greatest influence in the city, Scipio
Africanus and Marcus Cato, were at variance with one
another. Of these, Titus appointed Scipio to be Dean
of the Senate,4 believing him to be its best and fore-
most man ; but with Cato he came into hostile
relations, owing to the following unfortunate circum-
stances. Titus had a brother, Lucius, who was
unlike him in all other ways, and especially in his
shameful addiction to pleasure and his utter contempt
of decency. This brother had as companion a young
boy whom he loved, and took him about and kept
him always in his train, whether he was commanding
an army or administering a province. At some
drinking party, then, this boy was playing the coquet

2 In 189 B.C. 3 Cf. chapter i. 3.

4 Cf. the Tiberius Gracchus, iv. 1 ; Cato the Elder, xvii. 1.

voi . x. .. 373

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

AevKiov ourco? e<pr) o~>68pa <£L\€IV avrov,

OUTTCO

TTOV (j)ovevofj,€vov $eaT?;?, TO rrpbs e/ceivov -}}Bv TOV
7T/3O? avTov ev TrXeiovi \6jft) 0e/j,evos. o Se A€VKIO<$
f)(j6e\$ " OvSev," e<pr], " Seivov Idcrofiai <yap eyo>

4 (TOV T1]V GTT L0 V /JiiaV " KOL K€\€VGa<$ 6VO, TWV KaTCL-

ti'iKoiv IK rov &€cr/j.(t)T'j]pLov TrpoaxOr/vai, KOL TOV
vTnjpeTrjv [j,€Ta7r6/ji^d/jievos, ev TW avf^Trocnw rrpoa--
era^ev cnroKo^rat, TOV di'OpwTrov TOV
QvaXXepios Be 'Avrta? OVK epa)/j,evy
epci)jji€vrj TOVTO ^apiaraaOaL TOV A€VKIOV. 6 oe

co? Ta\aTi]v avTOfjioXov e\dovTd /^era Trai&wv KOI

ryvvaiKos €7rl Ta? Bvpas o'e^d/u.evos et? TO avf-irroo'iov

6 Aeu/ao? drreKTeivev IBia xeiP^

5 £6/.i€vos. TOVTO jjiev ovv el/cos 6t

fcaTijyopias VTTO TOV KaTco/'o?' OTL Se OVK
yttoXo? ijVf d\\d 8ecr/zcoT^? o dvaipedels KCU

€K TWV KaTdSiKCOV, a\\Ol T6 7TO\\ol KOI

6 p/)TO)p €V T<y rrepl ^yj/oty? aura) aTam TTI/

XIX. Evrl TOVTW KaTd)V TifMrjTTjs ycvo/uevos
KOI KaOaLpwvT^v crvyK\ijTov d7nj\a<r€ TT}? (3ov\f]<?
rov ACVKLOV, VTraTiKov /j,ev di; tctJ^aaTO? OVTCL, avva-
TifJiov(j0aL Se TOV d$6\<f)ov SOKOVVTOS O.VTW. Sio
/col 7rpoe\0ovT€<; et? TOI^ Sf)jj,ov du<poT€poi Tcnreivol

1 Cf. Livy, xxxix. 43.
374

TITUS FLAMININUS, xvm. 3-xix. i

with Lucius, and said he loved him so ardently that
he had come away from a show of gladiators in order
to be with him, although he had never in all his life
seen a man killed ; and he had done so, he said,
because he cared more for his lover's pleasure than
for his own. Lucius was delighted at this, and said :
" Don't worry about that ! I will give thee thy heart's
desire." Then ordering a man who had been con-
demned to death to be brought forth from his prison,
and sending for a lictor, he commanded him to
strike off the man's head there in the banquet-hall.
Valerius Antias, however, says it was not a lover, but
a mistress whom Lucius thus sought to gratify.1 And
Livy says that in a speech of Cato himself it is
written that a Gaulish deserter had come to the door
with his wife and children, and that Lucius admitted
him into the banquet-hall and slew him with his own
hand to gratify his lover. This feature, however,
was probably introduced by Cato to strengthen the
force of his denunciation ; for that it was not a
deserter, but a prisoner, who was put to death, and
one who had been condemned to die, is the testimony
of many others, and especially of Cicero the orator in
his treatise " On Old Age," where he puts the story
in the mouth of Cato himself.2

XIX. In view of this, when Cato became censor 3
and was purging the senate of its unworthy members,
he expelled from it Lucius Flamininus, although he
was a man of consular dignity, and although his
brother Titus was thought to be involved in his
disgrace. Therefore the two brothers came before
the people in lowly garb and bathed in tears, and

3 Cf. Cato the Elder, xvii. 1-4 ; Livy, xxxix. 42.
» In 184 B.C.

VOL. x. N 2 375

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

TMV Tro\iTO)V

alrtav elirelv TOV Karwz'a KCU

\6yov, <w %pr]o-d]LLei>os OLKOV

2 7repi/3e/3\r]Kev. ovSev ovv vrn oaTeCkd/jievos o K.drayv
7rpor)\6e, KOI Karaara^ /jiera TOV avvdp^ovro^
r]pa)Tij(T€ rov TLTOV el ytvoba'Kei TO crv/j,7rocriov.
dpvovfjiivov Se e/ceivov, Sirjyrfa-djjievos et? opLdfJiov
Trpoe/fa\.€iTo TOV AevKiov ei TL(j>r)crt TO>V elprjpevcov
yur/ aX?7^e? elvai. TOV Se Aevxiov

6 /A€v &fj/jLos eyvo) SiKaLav yeyovevai Trjv

KCU TOV KaTwva irpoeTre/JL^e Xa/^Trpco? avro TOV

3 /3i]fj,a.To<;, 6 &e Ttro? Ty crv^opa TOV d&e\(j)ov
TrepLTcaOwv avvkcrTi] yuera TWV ird\ai [JLHJOVVTWV
TOV KaTcova teal Trdcras fjiev a?

TWV Br}fjLO(riajv eV5o«rei? KOI fALaOuxreis KCU
rjKvpwae KCU dvi\varev ev TTJ /3ov\f)
TroXXa? Be teal /ze^aA-a? ^tVa? KCLT avTov Trape-
OVK otS' OTTW? ev KOI Tco\iTiKws

VOjAlfAOV KOL 7TO\LTr)V dpLO~TOV

olxeiov fjLev, dva^iov Be tcai ra

oTOS dvij/ceaTOv e%9pav dpd/jievos. ov pr)v 380
d\\a TOV 'Paj/jidLcov TTOTC o~rjfj,ov 6eav e^ovTOS ev
TO) OeaTpw Kal T/}? @ov\f)S, wcrirep eicofle, KOCT/JLOS
, 6<p8els 6 AevKios eV ecr^aTOi? TTOV

Kal TaTreiva)? OLKTOV

TO 7r\)}0os OVK r)vear-%<-TO Trjv otyiv, aXX' eftowv

avTov els eavTovs T£>V

376

TITUS FLAMININUS, xix. 1-4

made what seemed a reasonable request of their
fellow citizens, namely, that Cato should state the
reasons which had led him to visit a noble house
with a disgrace so great. Without any hesitation,
then, Cato came forward, and standing with his
colleague before Titus, asked him if he knew about
the banquet. Titus said he did not, whereupon Cato
related the incident and formally challenged Lucius
to say whether any part of the story told was not
true. But Lucius was dumb, and the people there-
fore saw that he had been justly disgraced, and gave
Cato a splendid escort away from the rostra. Titus,
however, was so affected by the misfortune of his
brother that he leagued himself with those who had
long hated Cato, and after getting the upper hand in
the senate, revoked and annulled all the public
rentals and leases and contracts which Cato had
made, besides bringing many heavy indictments
against him.1 That he acted the part of a good man
or a good citizen I cannot affirm, in thus cherishing
an incurable hatred against a lawful magistrate and
a most excellent citizen on account of a man who,
though a kinsman, was nevertheless unworthy and
had suffered only what he deserved. However, as
the Roman people was once enjoying a spectacle in
the theatre, and the senate, according to custom, had
seats of honour in the foremost rows, Lucius was
seen sitting somewhere in the rear among the poor
and lowly, and excited men's pity. The multitude
could not bear the sight, but kept shouting to him
to change his place, until he did change his place,
and was received among their own number by the
men of consular rank.

1 Cf. Cato the Elder, xix. 2 ; Livy, xxxix. 44.

377

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

XX. To B* ovv (j)vcrei TLTOV (f)i\6rL/j,ov, ci^pi
i/cavTjv el%ev v\rjv Trepl TOU? elprj/nevovs
, evBo/ci/jiei' real jap e

\\f /

/jL€ra rr^v vTrareiav, ovevo?

Be rov ap%eiv KCLI TrpecrfivTepos
v, ev OVK eovri trdeis eri

\OLTTU) /3tco (TTrapywvTa TT/JO? S6j;av KOI
2 TW Trddei Kare%€iv eavrov ov Suvdjuevos.
yap TIVI fcal TO Trepl 'AvvlfSav <f>opa cSorcei
€Tra'%0r)'$ yevevBai rot? TroXAot?. o yap 'Avvi/3a$
OLfcoOev fAev e/c Kap^So^o? V7r€fc8pas ^

€K€iVOV

TV^OVTOS, av6^ fyevywv KOI
ir\avr)6el<$ iro\\a reXo? ev rfj T&tOvvia /carecrr?)
Tlpovacav OepaTrevwv, ov&evo? 'Putfjiaiwv dyvo-
ovvros, d\\a Trapoptovrwv ajravrcov oY dadeveLav
KOI 7^pa? axTirep eppi/jL/jtevov UTTO r^5 rvx^S-
3 Ttro? Be 7T/36cr/9eL'Tr/9 Si erepa? 6^; Ti^a? TTpa^et?
VTTO r^9 /3ou\rj<? TT/oo? Tov TIpovaiav d(f>iKOfJLevos
KOI TOV AvvifBav I8u>v avroQi &iaiTa>[Ji€VOV, rjyavd-
KTrjcrev el £f), teal 7ro\\d rov Tlpova-iov Beofj,evov
teal \L7rapovvTO<s VTrep dvBpos i/ceTOV Kal (rvvrjOovs
ov Traprjxe. ^prjafiov Be TWOS, co? eoitce, iraXaiov
Trepl rfjs ' 'Avviftov reXeyrt)? ourw? e

1 The battle at Magnesia, in Lydia, 191 B.C. Under the
terms of peace, Antiochus was to deliver Hannibal to the

Romans. Cf. Livy, xxxvii. 45.
373

TITUS FLAMININUS, xx. 1-3

XX. Now, the native ambition of Titus, as long
as it had sufficient material to gratify it in the wars
which I have mentioned, met with praise, as, for
instance, when he served a second time as military
tribune after having been consul, though there
was no necessity for it ; but after he had ceased to
hold office and was well on in years, he met the
rather with censure, because, although the portion of
life which still remained to him did not admit of
great activity, he was unable to restrain his passion
for glory and his youthful ardour. For by some such
fierce impulse, as it would seem, he was led to his treat-
ment of Hannibal, which made him odious to most
people. Hannibal had secretly fled from his native
Carthage and spent some time at the court of Anti-
ochus ; but when Antiochus, after the battle in
Phrygia,1 had gladly accepted terms of peace, Hanni-
bal took to flight once more, and after many wander-
ings, finally settled down at the court of Prusias in
Bithynia. No one at Rome was ignorant of this, but
all ignored him on account of his weakness and old age,
regarding him as a castaway of Fortune. Titus, how-
ever, who had been sent by the senate as ambassador
to the court of Prusias on some other business,2 and
saw that Hannibal was staying there, was incensed
that he should be alive, and although Prusias made
many fervent intercessions in behalf of a man who
was a suppliant and familiar friend, would not relent.
There was an ancient oracle, as it would appear,
concerning Hannibal's death, and it ran as follows : —

Libyssan earth shall cover the form of Hannibal."

ct

2 According to Livy (xxxix. 51), Hannibal's presence in
Bithynia was part of Rome's complaint against Prusias.

379

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

o /nev apa AifivTjv v7T€i>o€i real ras ev

ev Se

T07T09 ecrrl OivcoBt^ eVl 6a\d(Tcn~i<; KGU TT/JO? avrq)

NlfBvcrcra KaKelrai. irepl rav~

T7]v eru^e Siarpificdv 'A^,/5a?. aet Se a
fj rov Upovcriov /jLoXaKia KOI <f)O/3ovfjievos TOU?
rr/y oiKiav en Trporepov
(7vvT€Tpr)/j.€wjv €K TT}? eavrou
, aXXou /car' a\\o TMV inrovo^wv, iroppw Se
5 TrdvTWV dS?;Xa>? £K<fyepovrwv. 609 o^ ij/covce rore
TO Trpoaray/jia rov TITOV,

TWV VTTOVOfjlCOV, €VTV%O)V

ejva) Si avrov T6\€vrav. evioi p,ev ovv \eyovaiv

o-nicrQev epeicravTa Kara TOV lar^iou TO
>yovv Kal cr(j5o8yoco9 avaK\a.<javTCL crvvTeivai KOI
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crTOK\ea /cal MtSav alfia TavpeLov Tuel

p/jiaKOv e^ovra Kepdaai Kal TTJV Ki>\iKa
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ov ^]V ovSe Ttro9 d%io£)j\a)TOV
oj)Se TO>V Trpoyovayv d^iav, o'i Tlvppy
Kal KpaTovvTi Tt]i> fj.e\\ovcrav inTOTreiA-fyavTes Kare-

380

TITUS FLAMININUS, xx. 3-6

Hannibal thought this referred to Libya and a mirial
at Carthage, and believed that he would end his days
there ; but there is a sandy tract in Bithynia on the
sea-shore, and on its border a large village called
Libyssa. Near this village Hannibal was living.
But he had always distrusted the weakness of
Prusias and feared the Romans, and therefore even
before this time his house had been provided with
seven underground exits leading from his own
chamber. These ran in different directions beneath
the surface of the ground, but all had secret issues
far away. Accordingly, when he now heard of the
behest of Titus, he set out to make his escape by
way of the underground passages, but encountered
guards of the king, and therefore determined to
take his own life. Some say that he wound his
cloak about his neck and then ordered a servant to
plant his knee in the small of his back, pull the rope
towards him with all his might until it was twisted
tight, and so to choke and kill him ; some, too, say
that he drank bull's blood in imitation of Themis-
tocles l and Midas ; but Livy says 2 that he had
poison which he ordered to be mixed, and took the
cup with these words : " Let us now at last put an
end to the great anxiety of the Romans, who have
thought it too long and hard a task to wrait for the
death of a hated old man. Nevertheless, Titus will
riot bear away an enviable victory, nor one worthy
of his forefathers, who sent secret information to
Pyrrhus, when he was at war with them and a victor
over them, of the poisoning that was going to be
attempted." 3

1 Of. the Themistocles, xxxi. 5.

9 Livy, xxxix. 51. 8 Cf. the Pyrrhus, xxi. 1-3.

381

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

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yov&iv. a7rayy6\0€i>ru)v $e TOVTWV rrpos rrjv
crvy/cXrjTov, OVK o\iyoLs eVa^j)? eSo^ev 6 Ttro?

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ryijpws aTTrfji'a Kal K0\ovpov a

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fyovTOS, a\\a Sia B6%ai>, &>? eVco^L'^o? roO Oavdrov

2 ryevoiro. Kal rrjv 'A(£>piKavov ^KrjTTiwvos €KTI-

/ca JL€<aorviav eri

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to/jLari, TCL^LV eKeivw1 rjrpo\a(BovTo<s dve^G-
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\6jov Trepl GTpaTrj'ywv efJUTeaovTOs Kal TOV

oV KpOLTKTTOV a7TO(f)r)VafjL€VOV ^fG^Ovkvai TWV

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Taura 5 TOV ^KTTIWVO^ ol TroXXol

Coraes and Bekker, after Reiske : eivat. Blass
corrects to irpor}Kov<Tav %i> d. Ta|tr.

382

TITUS FLAMININUS, xxi. 1-4

XXI. Such are the accounts of the death of
Hannibal. When the story of it was brought to the
senate, many of them thought the conduct of Titus
odious, officious, and cruel ; for he had killed Hanni-
bal when he was like a bird permitted to live a tame
and harmless life because too old to fly and without
a tail, and there had been no necessity for his doing
this, but he did it to win fame, that his name might
be associated with the death of Hannibal. Men also
pointed to the clemency and magnanimity of Scipio
Africanus and admired it all the more, since after
defeating a Hannibal who had not been conquered
before and was filling Africa with fear, he neither
drove him from the country nor demanded his
surrender by his fellow citizens, nay, he actually
gave him a kindly greeting when he held conference
with him before the battle, and after the battle, in
making terms of peace, he did not insult or trample
upon the fortunes of his foe.1 Moreover, we are told
that the two men met again at Ephesus, and in the
first place, that when, as they were walking about
together, Hannibal took the side which more properly
belonged to Scipio as the superior, Scipio suffered
it and walked about without paying any heed to it ;
and again, that when they fell to discussing generals
and Hannibal declared Alexander to have been the
mightiest of generals, and next to him Pyrrhus, and
third himself, Scipio asked with a quiet smile, " And
what wouldst thou have said if I had not conquered
thee ? " To which Hannibal replied, " In that case,
Scipio, I should not have counted myself third, but
first of generals. " 2

Such conduct on the part of Scipio most people

1 Cf. Livy, xxx. 29 ff. 2 Cf. Livy, xxxv. 14.

383
N3

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

TOV TLTOV 009 d\\oTpia> veKp&> Trpoae-
ra? ^etpa?. evioi $e rjcrav ol TO ireirpa-
yfjievov eTraivovvres Kal TOV 'Avvi/3av, IX)? 6^77,
5 Trvp rjyov/Jievoi beo^evov TOV PLTTL^OVTOS' jurjoe yap

avTov TO cra)/j,a Pw^tatoi? KOI rrjv

dv, d\\a TTJV BeivoTrjTa KCU Trjv
piav yeyovevai (JLETO. T^? £IJL$>VTOV TriKpias teal
v ovSev dcfraipeiv TO yrjpas, a\X'
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6/jLoiav, d~\J\a ^TaTflirTovaav eKKa\el-
adcn rat? e\7TL,cri TT/JO? ra? eVt^ecrei? TOU? del TO*
6 fjLKreiv TroXejjLouvTas. teal TO, vo~Tepd TTW? GTL

/J,d\\OV 6/J,apTVprj(7€ Tft) TtTW, TOVTO fieif *Apt(TTO-

VIKOS o TOV KiOapwSov BLO, TTJV Eu/zeroD? S6£av
€/jL7r~\.i](Ta<; aTracrav dTTOGTacrewv Kal TroXe^wz/ Trjv
'A(riav, TOVTO Be Mt^/atSari;? /zera ^v\\av /cal
Kal ToaovTov o\e6pov (JTpaTevfjLaTwv
o-TpaTTjywv avOis eirl Aei>KO\\ov QK yrjs OJJLOV

Ov firjv ovBe Yatov Mapiov T air CIVOT epos 'Avvi-
/5a? eKeiTO. TO) /AW yap ySacrtXei/? ^>tX
Kal /9to5 771^ avvJ}Qr]<s Kal SiaTpiftal Trepl vavs

17T7TOVS Kal (TTpaTLWTWV €7TlfJL€\eiaV Tfl? ^

cPa)/jLaloi yeX&VTes a\wfievov KOI
ev Aifivrj /ji€Ta /jiiKpbv eV 'Pco/^rj
KOL fJLao~Tiyovfjievoi TrpocreKvvovv. OUT&)?

1 In 131-130 B.C. 2 In 88-84 B.C.

384

TITUS FLAMININUS, xxi. 4-7

admired, and they blamed Titus for having laid
violent hands on one whom another had slain. But
some there were who praised what he had done and
thought that Hannibal, as long as he was alive, was
a consuming fire which needed only to be fanned ;
for when he was in his prime, they said, it was not
his body nor his arm that had been formidable to
the Romans, but his ability and experience coupled
with his ingrained bitterness and hostility, and from
these naught is subtracted by old age, but the
natural characteristics remain unchanged : whereas
fortune does not remain the same, but changes sides,
and summons with hope to fresh undertakings those
whom hatred makes perpetual foes. And sub-
sequent events were perhaps still more a justification
of Titus ; for Aristonicus, the son of a harpist's
daughter, used his reputed connexion with Eumenes
to fill all Asia with wars and rebellions,1 and Mithri-
dates, notwithstanding his defeats by Sulla and
Fimbria and his great losses in armies and generals,2
rose once more to be a formidable antagonist of
Lucullus by land and sea.8

However, not even Hannibal was reduced to a
lower level than Caius Marius. For Hannibal had a
king as his friend, and his days as usual were occu-
pied with ships and horses and the care of soldiers ;
whereas Marius in his misfortunes was a laughing-
stock to the Romans as he wandered about and
begged his way in Africa, though after a little while
he was in Rome with his axes at their necks and his
rods at their backs, and they were humbly begging
his mercy. So true is it that nothing in the present

3 In 74-67 B.C. The argument is that if so great dangers
to Rome were latent in Asia, the presence of Hannibal there
was a menace.

385

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

ovSev ovre futcpbv ovre /ueya rcov rrapovrwv
TO /ji6\\oi> eariv, aXXa fiia rov
8 r€\evrrj /cal rov elvai. Bib Kai fyaa-iv evioi, Tirov
OVK dcfS eavrov ravra Trpd^ai, Tre/jL^^ijvaL Se Trpecr-
ftevrrjv /Aero, AevKiov ^,Kr)7riwvos, ovSev aXXo r/}?
TTyoecr/^eia? e'^oucr?;? epyov 17 rbv* Avvifiov Odixnov.
'E?rel &€ ovbe/Jiiav eri TOVTCOV KCLTOTTIV ovre
7ro\LTiKrjv rov Ttrof Trpa!*iv OVT6 TroX.e/jLiKrjv laro-
prjKaiJieVy d\\a KOI reXevrrj^ erv)(ev
wpa rrjv avyKpicriv

KAI TITOY

I. MeyeOei fJLev ovv rcov el? roi)? ^
evepyeaicov ovre <&i\07roi/ji€va T/TW TrapaBdXXeiv
ovre rrdvv TroXXou? rwv ^iXoTrot/^et'o? dfjieivovwv
dvopa)!' afybv eVrt. Tot? pev <ydp "RXXtja-i 77/^09
01 TroXe/iot, TW Se ov%(' E\\r]vi, teal vrrep
' KOL ore (&i\07TOLji/r]v dArjavwv rot?

eavrov TroXtrat? dp,vveiv TroXe/iOf/xe^Oi? els
drrrjpe, rore viKYjcras Ttro? ev yuecr?; rfj
<&i~\.i7T7rov r)\ev0epov /cal rd Wvt] /cal
2 aTracra?. et Se Tf? e^erd^oi ra? /za^a? e/ca-
repov, TrXeiou? "EXX-^a?

rj Ma/ce^o^a? T/TO9 r/

ia roivvv u/^aprrj/nara rov /j,ev
386

PHILOPOEMEN, TITUS COMPARED, i 1-2

is either small or great in view of what may happen
in the future, but change, like life, can only end
with death. For this reason some say that Titus
did not take this step on his own account, but that
he was sent as ambassador with Lucius Scipio, and
their embassy had no other object than the death of
Hannibal.

We do not find that Titus was active after this,
either as statesman or soldier, and his end was a
peaceful one. It is therefore time to think of our
comparison.

COMPARISON OF PHILOPOEMEN AND

TITUS

I. ACCORDINGLY, in the magnitude of their bene
factions to the Greeks, neither Philopoemen nor any
one of the Greeks who were better men than
Philopoemen is worthy of comparison with Titus.
For they were Greeks and waged their wars against
Greeks ; whereas Titus was not a Greek and waged
war in behalf of Greeks ; and at a time when Philo-
poemen was unable to defend his own countrymen
from the attacks of their enemies, and had gone off'
into Crete, at that very time Titus won a victory
over Philip in the heart of Greece and set her
peoples and all her cities free. And if we examine
into the battles which each fought, we shall find
that the Greeks slain by Philopoemen as general
of the Achaeans were more in number than the
Macedonians slain by Titus as helper of the Greeks.

And then as to their errors, in the one they were

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

TOV Be (f)i\oveiKias yeyove, KOI Trpo? opyrjv o
evtcivrjTos, 6 Be teal BvcrTrapaiTrjTOS. Ttro? /j,€v 382
yap teal QiK'nnrw TO a^Lw/Jia rrjs
e(f)v\aj;e teal rrpos AtrcoXou? evyvwfJLOvrjcre,
Troifi^v &e TT}? Trar/oi'So? St' opyrjv d<pei\ero rrjv
3 Trepioi/ciSa crvvre\eiav. en Be o /uez' TO!? eu
TraOovcnv ael /SeySato?, o Se ^u/.tw Xucrai XaPiv
Aafce&ai/jiovLcov yap evepyerr)? irpoTepov
vcrrepov teal ra rei^rj tcarecrKa-^e teal rrjv
pieKo^re teal reXo? avrr/v yuere/SaXe Kal
TYJV 7ro\iTeiav. eSo/cei Be teal TOV jSiov
opyf) irpoeaOai Kal $>L\oveiKLa, fxrj Kara tcaipdv,
a\X' ogvrepov TOV SeovTOs ei? Mecrcrt]vr)v 67re£%^6t?,
ovy wa-rrep Ttro? TrdvTa \oyicr JHM teal TT/JO? acrcpd-
\eiav a-TpaTrjyijaas.

II. 'AXXa TC\r)6eL ye rroke/jicav teal Tpoiraiwv 77
<&i\07roL/jLevos e^Treipia fieftaioTepa. TO> fj,ev yap
TO, 7T/30? <$>i\nnrov etcpidrj Svoiv dycovoiv, 6 8e
jjivpias yita^a? /taro/j^oocra? ovBe/^iav dju,(j)i(T/3iJT'r)crLV

dTTo\e\onrev. ert

o /xet' T^ 'PfouaLwv dtc^rjv e^ovcrrj

, 6 Se Tt}9 cE\Xa8o9 ijSrj
erraK/Jidcras, Bogav ea-^ev, coo-re TOV fiev VSiov, TOV
Be KOIVOV epyov elvcu TO KaTOpOov^evov o pep
yap r)pxev dyaOwv, 6 Be apywv dyaOovs errolei.
2 Kal /JLijV TO ye 7rposr'Ei\\rjvas TOVTtpyepeaOai
dycovas OVK
388

PHILOPOEMEN, TITUS COMPARED, i. 2-11. 2

due to ambition, in the other to a spirit of conten-
tion. For Titus preserved Philip's royal dignity and
showed favour to the Aetolians ; whereas the anger
of Philopoemen led him to rob his native city of its
supremacy over the surrounding villages. And
further, the one was always constant towards his
beneficiaries, while the other, to indulge his wrath,
was ever ready to cancel a kindness. For instance,
though he had once been a benefactor of Sparta, he
afterwards tore down her walls, reduced her terri-
tory, and finally altered and destroyed her very
constitution. And it would appear that he threw
away his life in a fit of anger and contentiousness,
by hastening to attack Messene before occasion
offered and more quickly than was feasible ; for he
did not, like Titus, conduct all his military opera-
tions with deliberation and a due regard for safety.

II. But surely the multitude of his wars and
trophies put the military experience of Philopoemen
on a firmer basis. For the campaign of Titus
against Philip was decided by two conflicts, whereas
Philopoemen was successful in countless battles and
left no room for the claim that his victories were
due to fortune rather than to skill. And besides,
Titus, in his quest of fame, availed himself of the
culminating power of Rome ; whereas Philopoemen
flourished when Greece was already in declension.
Therefore the success of Philopoemen was his own
work, while that of Titus was the result of a com-
munity of effort ; for the latter was commander of
good soldiers, while the former, as commander, had
to make his soldiers good. And surely the fact that
Philopoemen's conflicts were with Greeks furnished
a proof of his valour which was convincing even

389

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

Trapel^ev ol? yap ofwia raXXa, TO>
aperfj Kparovat. Kal yap Bij TroXe-
Ei\\i]V(0v Kpijcrl Kal

7roXeyu,?;cra9, rwv ^ev Travovpyordrcdv B6\(o,

8* a\Ki/j,ooTdra)i> TO\/^TJ Trepieyevero.

3 11/30? 8e TOUTO69 TtTO? fJ,€l> €% VTTOK61 [Ji€VWV

evifca, %p(t)/j.€i'os 6rr\icrp.oL^ KOL rd^ctrtv al? rrape-
\a/3e, QiXoTTOi/jMiv Se ai)ro? eTreicreveyKcbi' /cal
/j.€ra/3a\ci)v TOV irepl ravra KOCT^OV, cocrre TO
v<fi* ov p.€v OVK ov evpfjaOai, ra> Be
/SoijOelv. Kara ^elpa TOIVVV <&i\07roi-
epya 7roX\a /cal /j,6yd\a, Oarepov 8e
ov$€v, d\\a Kal TWV AITO»\&V rt? avrov 'Ap%e-
STJ/J.OS eTrecrKCOTrTev w?, ore ai^ro? ecrTracryae^o? rrjv
fj,d%aipav Wei Bpo/^w TT/OO? TOU? yu-a^o/zeVov? KOI
TOU? o-f^ecrrwra? ra)i> MaxeSovcov, TOV TLTOV ra?
%€ipas et? Toy ovpavov uTrrta? avaTtivavros ecrra)-
TO? Kal Trpoo-ev^o/jLevov.

III. Kal firjv Ttrw fjiev ap^ovTi crvve/3^ Kal
TtpecrfSevovTi irdvra Trpa^ai TCL KaXd,
Be ov %eipova Trapecr^ev ovBe cnrpaKTOTepov
ISl&Trjv rj (TTpaTijyov roi9 'A^aioT?. lBtct)TTj<;
yap <bv Na/3t^ ege/BaXev IK Mecrcr?;
yiOL»9 r)\ev6epwcrev, ^106x779 Be Aio<pdv>]v TOV
crTpaTtjybv Kal TLTOV eTrep^oju-evovs d7reK\€icr€
2 S7rap-n;9 /cat AaKeBaifiioviovs Si
390

PHILOPOEMEN, TITUS COMPARED, n. 2-111. 2

though unfortunate : for where other things are
equal, they prevail who surpass in valour. And so
it was that although he carried on war with the
most warlike of the Greeks, namely, the Cretans
and Lacedaemonians, he surpassed the first in wiles,
though they were most crafty, and the second in
daring, though they were most brave.

In addition to this it mav be said that Titus won

•/

his victories by using what lay ready to his hand,
since he availed himself of styles of armour and
formation which had come down to him, whereas
Philopoemen won his successes by making contribu-
tions and changes of his own in these matters, so
that in the one case what was most essential for
victory did not exist and had to be discovered,
while in the other it lay ready for service. In
the way of personal prowess, moreover, Philopoe-
men performed much that was great, but Titus
nothing at all ; nay, an Aetolian named Archedemus
mocked at him because, when he himself had drawn
his sword and was running at full speed against the
Macedonians who were holding together and fight-
ing, Titus was standing with his hands stretched up
towards heaven and praying for help.

III. And further, Titus was either a commander
or an ambassador when he did all his noble deeds,
whereas Philopoemen showed himself no less active
and effective for the Achaeans when he was a
private citizen than when he was their general.
For it was as a private citizen that he expelled
Nabis from Messene and set the Messenians free,
and as a private citizen that he shut the gates of
Sparta against the coming of Diophanes the general
and Titus, and so saved the Lacedaemonians.

391

1'LrTARCH'S I.1VKS

jjj6/.toriKtji' cfu'cr/r <.' -\<sr or Kara rov* ro/^n's-, i\\\a

T&vvofJMw ap%€iv vjirtimiTO wpbs TO trvp

ov $€OfA€VO$ Trapa rior ap%O/JL£voi>V\a/3€lV TO ap\€iv,

, 07TOU A'a/pOs" t'nj, TOI' VTTfp
tfrpOVOVVTO /.ia\\oi' )} Tor VTT" dVT&V ?;/

3 Vtrraiu /.itr ovr Tirov ra irpbs

) ica\

TO. c

- paov jap \apL±ta-fiai TOI$ ^to/ic'ro/? ?}
avrtreivovra TOVS SwaTwrcDOV?. tVei Se

ias TTO\€-

l ffrparrjyia^ are^avov, Ty £>€ Pa>//.ai$)
roi' &(Kaioo-i>i'))<; Kal ^J/CTTOT^TO? aTroS/Soj'Tes' oi<

392

PHILOPOEMEN, TITUS COMPARED, in. 2-3

Having this natural gift of leadership, he not only
knew how to use it in accordance with the laws,
but also how to dominate the laws for the common
good ; he did not think it necessary to be appointed
commander by the people, but took them under his
command when occasion required it, considering
that he who took wise counsel in their behalf, rather
than he who had been elected by them, was their
real general.

Nobly generous, then, was the clemency and
humanity which Titus showed to the Greeks, but more
nobly generous was the firmness and love of freedom
with which Philopoemen opposed the Romans ;
for it is easier to confer favours on suppliants than
it is to vex with opposition those who are more
powerful. But since, after this examination, the
difference between the two men is hard to define,
I leave it to my reader to say whether, if we award
to the Greek the crown for military experience and
generalship, and to the Roman that for justice and
goodness of heart, we shall not make a fair decision.

393

A PARTIAL DICTIONARY OF
PROPER NAMES

A PARTIAL DICTIONARY OF
PROPER NAMES

A

Acrotatus, 11, elder son of Cleo-
menes King of the Lacedae-
monians, died before coming to
the throne.

Acrotatus, 11, grandson of above,
became King of the Lacedae-
monians ca. 265 B.C. ; defeated
and slain at Megalopolis, 11.

Agathocleia, Mistress of Ptolemy
IV Philopator, her influence, 125.

Agesilaiis, uncle of King Agis,
supported him in his reforms, 15 ;
his motives corrupt, 17 ; ap-
pointed ephor, 29 ; his deception
of Agis, 31 ; tampered with the
calendar, 35 ; driven into exile,
37.

Agesilaiis, king of the Lacedae-
monians, his descendants in the
royal line, 9.

Agesipolis, 9, king of the Lace-
daemonians in 395 B.C.

Agesipolis, 9, king of the Lace-
daemonians after Cleombrotus.

Agesistrata, 11, mother of King
Agis ; supported him in his re-
forms, 17 ; her death, 47.

Agiatis, wife of King Agis, married
Cleomenes, son of King Leoni-
das, 51 ; his great love for her,
her death, 99.

Agis, 9, third in descent from
Agesilaiis, slain by Antipater at
Megalopolis in 330 B.C.

Agis, 9, king of the Lacedae-
monians, sixth in descent from
Agesilaiis.

Agis, 9, king of the Lacedaemonians
from 244 B.C. ; his qualities and
achievements, passim in his Life.

Amphares, betrayal of Agis, 41.

PLUT. X.

Antigonos Doson, king of Macedon,
intervened in Peloponnesian
affairs by invitation of Aratus,
83 ; captured Argos, 97 ; victory
over Cleomenes at Sellasia, 113,
267 ; captured Sparta, 119.

Antiochus II, king of Syria, made
war with the Romans in Greece
in 191 B.C., 303, 349 ; defeated
by Titus Flamininus, 365.

Antipater, second son of Cassander,
regent of Alexander, attempt to
corrupt Phocion, 5 ; slew Agis
at Megalopolis in 330 B.C., 9.

Aratus, general of the Achaean
League, was assisted by Agis in
opposing the Aetolian invasion
of the Peloponnesus, 33 ; attempt
to bring Sparta into the League,
55 ; captured Mantineia, 61 ;
refused the generalship of the
League after the defeat at Dymae,
81 ; invited the intervention of
Antigonus, 83 ; dependence of
the League upon Macedonian
help during his life, 275.

Arcesilaiis, betrayed Agis, 41.

Archidamia, 11, grandmother of
King Agis ; supported him in his
reforms, 17 ; her death, 47.

Archidamus, son of Agesilaiis king
of the Lacedaemonians, slain by
the Messapians at Mandurium in
Italy in 338 B.C., 9.

Archidamus, brother of King Agis,
placed on the throne of Sparta by
Aratus, but put to death by the
murderers of Agis, 61.

Areus, 11, son of Acrotatus, king
of the Lacedaemonians, 11 ; fell
in battle at Corinth about 265
B.C.

Argos, occupied by Cleomenes, 89 ;

397

DICTIONARY OF PROPER NAMES

successfully revolted from Cleo-

menes and joined Antigonus,

95, 97.
Aristomenes, king of the Messen-

ians, wounded and slew the

Spartan king Theopompus in

battle, 49.
Attalus Pliilometor, king of Per-

gamum, made the Roman people

his heir, 177.

B

Belbina, precinct of Athena on the
borders of Arcadia and Lace-
daemon, 57.

C

Cassandra, daughter of Priam,
supposed to give oracles as Pasi-
pliae at Thalamae in Laconia, 21.

Centaurs, begotten by Ixion, who
embraced a cloud, not Hera, 3.

Chalcis, saved by Titus Flamininus,
367.

Chilpnis, daughter of Leonidas and
wife of King Cleombrotus, her
loyalty to both father and hus-
band, 37.

Claudius, Appius, marries his
daughter to Tiberius Claudius,
151.

Cleombrotus, 9, king of the Lace-
daemonians after his brother
Agesipolis.

Cleombrotus, only Spartan king to
be slain in battle, 49.

Cleombrotus, son-in-law of Leoni-
das, became king of the Lace-
daemonians in his stead ca. 242
B.C., 29 ; was deposed, 37 ; his
life spared by the supplications
of his wife Chilonis, 40.

Cleomenes, 9, king of the Lace-
daemonians after his brother
Agesipolis.

Cleomenes, son of Leonidas,
married the wife of Agis, 51 ;
came to the throne of Sparta in
235 B.C., 53 ; his character and
achievements, passim in his Life.

Cleonymus, 11, son of Cleomenes
king of the Lacedaemonians, did
not succeed to the throne.

Corinth, occupied by Cleomenes,

92.
Cornelia, mother of the Gracchi,

her demeanour after the death

of her sons, 241.
Cratesicleia. mother of Cleomenes,

61 ; went to Egypt as host.-igc,

99; executed by Ptolemy, !;>'.).
Cynoacepbalae, defeat of Philip V

by Titus Flamininus, 341 11'.

D

Daphne, daughter of Amyclas,
fleeing from Apollo, was meta-
morphosed into a tree, becoming
the oracular Pasiphae, 21.

Pemochares, betrayer of Agis, 41.

Diophanes, general of the Achaean
League, opposed to Philopoemen,
301.

Drusus, I.ivius, popular tribune
with Cnius (Jracchus, took the
side of the Senate in the conflict
with Caius, 215.

Dymae, battle at, between Cleo-
menes and the Arcadians, 81.

B

Ectrephes, ephor at Sparta, cut
out two of the ninn strings in the
harp of Phrynis, 25.

Epitadeus, ephor at Sparta, changed
the law regulating inheritance,
13.

Eudamidas, 9, king of the Lace-
daemonians after the death of
A sis in :>IH> B.C.

Eudamidas, 9, king of the Lace-
daemonians after Archidamus.

F

Flamininus, Titus, defeated Philip
V of Macedon at Cynoscephalae,
293 ; became jealous of Philo-
poemen, 297 ; his character and
achievements, passim in his Life.

39*

DICTIONARY OF PROPER NAMES

Fulvius Flaccus, friend and sup-
porter of Cains Gracchus. 21 (J ;
murdered by the agents of Opi-
ruius, 235 ff. ; his high char-
acter, 239.

G

Gracchus, Cains, character and
achievements, passim in his Life.

Gracchus, Tiberius, character and
achievements, passim in his Life.

H

Hannibal, Carthaginian general,
stirred Antiochus against the
Romans, 347 : his death through
the persecution of Titus Flamin-
inus, 381.

Hera, loved by Ixion, 3.

Hippomedon, supported the re-
forms of King Agis, 17.

Ixion, embraced a cloud instead of
Hera and begat the Centaurs, 3.

Leuctra, rout of the Arcadians by
Cleomenes there, 61.

Lycurgus, founder of the Spartan
institutions, 13 ; his memory
detested by Spartans in later
times, 15.

Lysander, supported the reforms of
King Agis, 15; became ephor,
and introduced a bill for the
abolition of debts, 19 ; indicted
Leonidas, 25 ; was indicted in
turn, 29.

M

Machanidas, tyrant of Sparta,
defeated and killed by Philo-
poemen at Mantineia, 281 ff.

Mancinus, Caius, campaign against
Numantia, 153.

Mandrocleidas, supported the re-
forms of King Agis, 15 ; indicted
for this, 29.

Megalopolis, captured by Cleo-
menes, 103.

Megistonoiis, step-father of King
Cleomenes of Sparta, assisted the
latter in overthrowing the
ephors, 65.

Laelius, Caius, attempted without
success to remedy the social and
economic condition of the
Romans, 161.

Leonidas. king of the Lacedae-
monians, eighth in descent from
the Pausanias who defeated
Mardonius at Plataea in 488 B.C.,
9.

Leonidas, 11, became king of the
Lacedaemonians ca. 256 B.C.,
luxury -loving and weak ; assisted
the rich in opposing the reforms
of Agis, 19, 24 ; was indicted for
having children by a foreign
woman, 27 ; deposed as king
about 242 B.C., 29 ; was brought
back to Sparta by his partisans,
37 ; expelled the ephors from
office, 41.

Nabis, tyrant of Sparta, yielded to
Philopoemen at Messene, 289 ;
defeated Philopoemen at sea,
293 ; was defeated at Sparta by
Philopoemen, 295 ; assassinated,
297.

Xasica, P. Cornelius Scipio, leader
of the Senate in the murder of
Tiberius Gracchus. 193 ; in-
curred thereby the popular
hatred, 195.

Nicanor. Messenian, enemy of King
Cleomenes of Sparta, plotted
against him in Egypt, 129.

0

Octavius, Marcus, popular tribune.,
opposed the m°asures of Tiberius
Gracchus, 167 ; was ejected from
his office by Tiberius, 173.

399

DICTIONARY OF PROPER NAMES

Opimius, Lucius, as consul led in
the opposition to Caius Gracchus,
223, 227, 229, 233 ; restored the
Temple of Concord, 239 ; guilty
of corruption, 239.

him asylum after his defeat at
Sellasia, 123.

Ptolemy IV, Philopator, his char-
acter and his attitude toward
King Cleomenes of Sparta, 125.

Pasiphae", her temple and oracle at
Thalamae in Laconia ; she was
daughter of Atlas and mother by
Zeus of Hermes, or else was
another name for Cassandra,
daughter of Priam, or else
identical with Daphne, 21.

Pausanias, 9, king of the Lace-
daemonians, defeated Mardonius
at Plataea in 488 B.C. ; his suc-
cessors on the throne down to
Agis, 9.

Pausanias, 9, son of Pleistoanax,
king of the Lacedaemonians,
went hi exile to Tegea.

Pherecydes, though a foreigner, was
honoured in Sparta, 25.

Philip V, king of Macedon, opposed
Philopoemen, 287 ; the campaign
of Titus Flamininus against him,
329 ff., 339 ff. ; his defeat at
Cynoscephalae, 341 ff.

Philopoemen, successor of Aratus as
leader of the Achaean League, his
character and achievements,
passim in his Life; aroused the
jealousy of Titus Flamininus,
361 ; kept Megalopolis faithful to
the League, 105, 265.

Phrynis, harpist, was obliged in
Sparta to modify his harp of nine
strings, 25.

Pleistoanax, king of the Lace-
daemonians after his father
Pausanias, 9.

Ptolemy II, Euergetes, aided King
Cleomenes of Sparta, 99 ; gave

S

Sellasia, decisive defeat of King
Cleomenes there by Antigonus,
113, 267.

Sosibius, minister of Ptolemy IV,
Philopator, hostile to King
Cleomenes of Sparta, 125.

Sparta, the two lines of kings in
descent from Agesilaus and Pau-
sanias, 9 ff. ; after its overthrow
of Athens became wealthy and
corrupt, 11 ; decline in Spartan
families and concentration of the
wealth in the hands of a few. 15 ;
its wealth in the hands of the
women, 17 ; economic and social
condition when Cleomenes came
to the throne in 235 B.C., 54 ;
defeated by Philopoemen and
forced into the Achaean League,
297.

Terpander, though an alien, was
honoured at Sparta, 25.

Thalamae, in Laconia, seat of the
oracle of Pasiphae, 21.

Thales, though a foreigner, was
honoured at Sparta, 25.

Theopompus, king of the Lace-
daemonians, wounded (or slain)
by Aristoiuenes in battle, 49.

Xenares, friend of King Cleomenes
of Sparta, 55.

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